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CONSERVATION OF THE EARTH'S RESOURCES
1. FOUNDATION PRINCIPLES
The approach of the world-wide Baha'i community to the conservation and protection of the earth's resources is based on a number of fundamental principles derived from the Baha'i Writings. These include:
1.1 NATURE AS A REFLECTION OF THE DIVINE
Nature is held in high regard. Baha'u'llah states that the contemplation of nature creates an awareness of the "signs"[1] and "tokens"[2] of God and constitutes proof of His existence. Thus:
...whatever I behold I readily discover that it maketh Thee known unto me, and it remindeth me of Thy signs, and of Thy tokens, and of Thy testimonies. By Thy glory! Every time I lift up mine eyes unto Thy heaven, I call to mind Thy highness and Thy loftiness, and Thine incomparable glory and greatness; and every time I turn my gaze to Thine earth, I am made to recognize the evidences of Thy power and the tokens of Thy bounty. And when I behold the sea, I find that it speaketh to me of Thy majesty, and of the potency of Thy might, and of Thy sovereignty and Thy grandeur. And at whatever time I contemplate the mountains, I am led to discover the ensigns of Thy victory and the standards of Thine omnipotence.[3]
Nature reflects the "names and attributes of God".[4] It is the expression of "God's Will ... in ... the contingent world".[5] Baha'u'llah writes:
Say: Nature in its essence is the embodiment of My Name, the Maker, Creator. Its manifestations are diversified by varying causes, and in this diversity there are signs for men of discernment. Nature is God's Will and is its expression in and through the contingent world. It is a dispensation of Providence ordained by the Ordainer, the All-Wise.[6]
1.2 THE EARTH ONE COUNTRY
Baha'u'llah expounds a world view which acknowledges that the "earth is but one country, and mankind its citizens"[7] and He calls for the promotion of "the best interests of the peoples and kindreds of the earth".[8]
'Abdu'l-Baha draws attention to the increasing interdependence of the world and the fact that "self-sufficiency"[9] is no longer possible. He envisages that the trend towards a united world will increase and will manifest itself in the form of "unity of thought in world undertakings"[10] and in other important realms of existence. One critical area for unified action is that of preserving the resources of the planet.
1.3 MAN'S STATION AND Responsibility
'Abdu'l-Baha indicates that man, "by reason of the ideal and heavenly force latent and manifest in him",[11] occupies a station that is "higher and nobler"[12] than nature, that "man is ruler over nature's sphere and province".[13]
It is evident, therefore, that man is ruler over nature's sphere and province. Nature is inert; man is progressive. Nature has no consciousness; man is endowed with it. Nature is without volition and acts perforce, whereas man possesses a mighty will. Nature is incapable of discovering mysteries or realities, whereas man is especially fitted to do so. Nature is not in touch with the realm of God; man is attuned to its evidences. Nature is uninformed of God; man is conscious of Him. Man acquires divine virtues; nature is denied them. Man can voluntarily discontinue vices; nature has no power to modify the influence of its instincts. Altogether it is evident that man is more noble and superior, that in him there is an ideal power surpassing nature. He has consciousness, volition, memory, intelligent power, divine attributes and virtues of which nature is completely deprived and bereft; therefore, man is higher and nobler by reason of the ideal and heavenly force latent and manifest in him.[14]
Man, possessed of an inner faculty which plants and animals do not have, a power which enables him to discover the secrets of nature and gain mastery over the environment, has a special responsibility to use his God-given powers for positive ends. The Universal House of Justice indicates that "the proper exercise of this responsibility is the key to whether his inventive genius produces beneficial results, or creates havoc in the material world".[15]
1.4 APPROACH TOWARD THE PHYSICAL WORLD--INTERACTION OF SPIRITUAL AND MATERIAL
'Abdu'l-Baha stresses that the development of the physical world and the happiness of mankind are dependent on both the "call of civilization, of the progress of the material world"[16] and the "soul-stirring call of God, Whose spiritual teachings are safeguards of the everlasting glorY, the eternal happiness and illumination of the world of humanity".[17] He states:
However, until material achievements, physical accomplishments and human virtues are reinforced by spiritual perfections, luminous qualities and characteristics of mercy, no fruit or result shall issue therefrom, nor will the happiness of the world of humanity, which is the ultimate aim, be attained. For although, on the one hand, material achievements and the development of the physical world produce prosperity, which exquisitely manifests its intended aims, on the other hand dangers, severe calamities and violent afflictions are imminent.
Consequently, when thou lookest at the orderly pattern of kingdoms, cities and villages, with the attractiveness of their adornments, the freshness of their natural resources, the refinement of their appliances, the ease of their means of travel, the extent of knowledge available about the world of nature, the great inventions, the colossal enterprises, the noble discoveries and scientific researches, thou wouldst conclude that civilization conduceth to the happiness and the progress of the human world. Yet shouldst thou turn thine eye to the discovery of destructive and infernal machines, to the development of forces of demolition and the invention of fiery implements, which uproot the tree of life, it would become evident and manifest unto thee that civilization is conjoined with barbarism. Progress and barbarism go hand in hand, unless material civilization be confirmed by Divine Guidance, by the revelations of the All-Merciful and by godly virtues, and be reinforced by spiritual conduct, by the ideals of the Kingdom and by the outpourings of the Realm of Might....
Therefore, this civilization and material progress should be combined with the Most Great Guidance so that this nether world may become the scene of the appearance of the bestowals of the Kingdom, and physical achievements may be conjoined with the effulgences of the Merciful. This in order that the beauty and perfection of the world of man may be unveiled and be manifested before all in the utmost grace and splendour. Thus everlasting glory and happiness shall be revealed.[18]
Baha'u'llah describes the fate of those whose lives demonstrate a heedlessness of spiritual values and a failure to act in conformity with such values. He comments:
...ye walk on My earth complacent and self-satisfied, heedless that My earth is weary of you and everything within it shunneth you....[19]
Shoghi Effendi asserts that man's negligence contributes to the decline of the "present-day Order"[20] and impacts on the environment in a practical way:
The violent derangement of the world's equilibrium; the trembling that will seize the limbs of mankind; the radical transformation of human society; the rolling up of the present-day Order; the fundamental changes affecting the structure of government; ... the development of infernal engines of war; the burning of cities; the contamination of the atmosphere of the earth --these stand out as the signs and portents that must either herald or accompany the retributive calamity which, as decreed by Him Who is the Judge and Redeemer of mankind, must, sooner or later, afflict a society which, for the most part, and for over a century, has turned a deaf ear to the Voice of God's Messenger in this day--a calamity which must purge the human race of the dross of its age-long corruptions, and weld its component parts into a firmly knit world-embracing Fellowship--a Fellowship destined, in the fullness of time, to be incorporated in the framework, and to be galvanized by the spiritualizing influences, of a mysteriously expanding, divinely appointed Order, and to flower, in the course of future Dispensations, into a Civilization, the like of which mankind has, at no stage in its evolution, witnessed.[21]
2. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAN AND NATURE
The relationship between man and nature is very complex. An appreciation of the dimensions of this subject requires consideration of some of the characteristics of nature described in the Baha'i Writings and an awareness of certain values and attitudes that guide individual behaviour and the establishment of priorities.
2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURE
2.1.1 A Unified System
'Abdu'l-Baha indicates that the "temple of the world"[22] has been "fashioned after the image and likeness of the human body".[23] He explains that:
By this is meant that even as the human body in this world, which is outwardly composed of different limbs and organs, is in reality a closely integrated, coherent entity, similarly the structure of the physical world is like unto a single being whose limbs and members are inseparably linked together.
Were one to observe with an eye that discovereth the realities of all things, it would become clear that the greatest relationship that bindeth the world of being together lieth in the range of created things themselves, and that co-operation, mutual aid and reciprocity are essential characteristics in the unified body of the world of being, inasmuch as all created things are closely related together and each is influenced by the other or deriveth benefit therefrom, either directly or indirectly.
Consider for instance how one group of created things constituteth the vegetable kingdom, and another the animal kingdom. Each of these two maketh use of certain elements in the air on which its own life dependeth, while each increaseth the quantity of such elements as are essential for the life of the other. In other words, the growth and development of the vegetable world is impossible without the existence of the animal kingdom, and the maintenance of animal life is inconceivable without the co-operation of the vegetable kingdom. Of like kind are the relationships that exist among all created things. Hence it was stated that co-operation and reciprocity are essential properties which are inherent in the unified system of the world of existence, and without which the entire creation would be reduced to nothingness.[24]
In another passage 'Abdu'l-Baha describes the interconnectedness of "every part of the universe"[25] and the importance of maintaining balance in the system:
Reflect upon the inner realities of the universe, the secret wisdoms involved, the enigmas, the inter- relationships, the rules that govern all. For every part of the universe is connected with every other part by ties that are very powerful and admit of no imbalance, nor any slackening whatever....[26]
2.1.2 Subject to Law and Organization
'Abdu'l-Baha states that "The phenomenal world is entirely subject to the rule and control of natural law."[27] He contrasts nature's "absolute organization"[28] and its lack of "intelligence"[29] and "will"[30] with man's ability to "[command] the forces of Nature"[31] through discovery of "the constitution of things":[32]
This Nature is subjected to an absolute organization, to determined laws, to a complete order and a finished design, from which it will never depart to such a degree, indeed, that if you look carefully and with keen sight, from the smallest invisible atom up to such large bodies of the world of existence as the globe of the sun or the other great stars and luminous spheres, whether you regard their arrangement, their composition, their form or their movement, you will find that all are in the highest degree of organization and are under one law from which they will never depart.
But when you look at Nature itself, you see that it has no intelligence, no will. For instance, the nature of fire is to burn; it burns without will or intelligence. The nature of water is fluidity; it flows without will or intelligence. The nature of the sun is radiance; it shines without will or intelligence. The nature of vapour is to ascend; it ascends without will or intelligence. Thus it is clear that the natural movements of all things are compelled; there are no voluntary movements except those of animals and, above all, those of man. Man is able to resist and to oppose Nature because he discovers the constitution of things, and through this he commands the forces of Nature; all the inventions he has made are due to his discovery of the constitution of things. For example, he invented the telegraph, which is the means of communication between the East and the West. It is evident, then, that man rules over Nature.
Now, when you behold in existence such organizations, arrangements and laws, can you say that all these are the effect of Nature, though Nature has neither intelligence nor perception? If not, it becomes evident that this Nature, which has neither perception nor intelligence, is in the grasp of Almighty God, Who is the Ruler of the world of Nature; whatever He wishes, He causes Nature to manifest.[33]
2.1.3 Change and Motion
Change is a law governing the whole of physical creation. It is seen in the passage of the seasons.
'Abdu'l-Baha writes:
The earth is in motion and growth; the mountains, hills and prairies are green and pleasant; the bounty is overflowing; the mercy universal; the rain is descending from the cloud of mercy; the brilliant Sun is shining; the full moon is ornamenting the horizon of ether;
The great ocean-tide is flooding every little stream; the gifts are successive; the favours consecutive; and the refreshing breeze is blowing, wafting the fragrant perfume of the blossoms. Boundless treasure is in the hand of the King of Kings! Lift the hem of thy garment in order to receive it.[34]
Soon the whole world, as in springtime, will change its garb. The turning and falling of the autumn leaves is past; the bleakness of the winter time is over. The new year hath appeared and the spiritual springtime is at hand. The black earth is becoming a verdant garden; the deserts and mountains are teeming with red flowers; from the borders of the wilderness the tall grasses are standing like advance guards before the cypress and jessamine trees; while the birds are singing among the rose branches like the angels in the highest heavens, announcing the glad-tidings of the approach of that spiritual spring, and the sweet music of their voices is causing the real essence of all things to move and quiver.[35]
'Abdu'l-Baha states that "absolute repose does not exist in nature",[36] that "movement is essential to existence".[37] In relation to existence He describes the processes of "composition and decomposition":[38]
...consider the phenomenon of composition and decomposition, of existence and non-existence. Every created thing in the contingent world is made up of many and varied atoms, and its existence is dependent on the composition of these. In other words, through the divine creative power a conjunction of simple elements taketh place so that from this composition a distinct organism is produced. The existence of all things is based upon this principle. But when the order is deranged, decomposition is produced and disintegration setteth in, then that thing ceaseth to exist. That is, the annihilation of all things is caused by decomposition and disintegration. Therefore attraction and composition between the various elements is the means of life, and discord, decomposition and division produce death. Thus the cohesive and attractive forces in all things lead to the appearance of fruitful results and effects, while estrangement and alienation of things lead to disturbance and annihilation. Through affinity and attraction all living things like plants, animals and men come into existence, while division and discord bring about decomposition and destruction.[39]
He also explains that, in the physical world, the course of evolution is in the direction of increasing levels of complexity:
In the physical creation, evolution is from one degree of perfection to another. The mineral passes with its mineral perfections to the vegetable; the vegetable, with its perfections, passes to the animal world, and so on to that of humanity....[40]
2.1.4 Diversity
'Abdu'l-Baha describes diversity as "the essence of perfection and the cause of the appearance of the bestowals"[41] of God, and He states:
Consider the flowers of a garden: though differing in kind, colour, form and shape, yet, inasmuch as they are refreshed by the waters of one spring, revived by the breath of one wind, invigorated by the rays of one sun, this diversity increaseth their charm, and addeth unto their beauty. Thus when that unifying force, the penetrating influence of the Word of God, taketh effect, the difference of customs, manners, habits, ideas, opinions and dispositions embellisheth the world of humanity. This diversity, this difference is like the naturally created dissimilarity and variety of the limbs and organs of the human body, for each one contributeth to the beauty, efficiency and perfection of the whole....
How unpleasing to the eye if all the flowers and plants, the leaves and blossoms, the fruits, the branches and the trees of that garden were all of the same shape and colour! Diversity of hues, form and shape, enricheth and adorneth the garden, and heighteneth the effect thereof...[42]
The extent of the diversity of the "world of created beings"[43] is underlined in the following passage:
... the forms and organisms of phenomenal being and existence in each of the kingdoms of the universe are myriad and numberless. The vegetable plane or kingdom, for instance, has its infinite variety of types and material structures of plant life--each distinct and different within itself, no two exactly alike in composition and detail--for there are no repetitions in nature, and the augmentative virtue cannot be confined to any given image or shape. Each leaf has its own particular identity--so to speak, its own individuality as a leaf....[44]
2.1.5 Serves the Human World
'Abdu'l-Baha describes the "causes and circumstances"[45] of the "perfection"[46] of the mineral, vegetable and animal worlds, and He distinguishes this from their "real prosperity"[47] which conduces to the honour of the various kingdoms. The honour and exaltation of every existing being depends upon causes and circumstances.
The excellency, the adornment and the perfection of the earth is to be verdant and fertile through the bounty of the clouds of springtime. Plants grow; flowers and fragrant herbs spring up; fruit-bearing trees become full of blossoms and bring forth fresh and new fruit. Gardens become beautiful, and meadows adorned; mountains and plains are clad in a green robe, and gardens, fields, villages and cities are decorated. This is the prosperity of the mineral world.
The height of exaltation and the perfection of the vegetable world is that a tree should grow on the bank of a stream of fresh water, that a gentle breeze should blow on it, that the warmth of the sun should shine on it, that a gardener should attend to its cultivation, and that day by day it should develop and yield fruit. But its real prosperity is to progress into the animal and human world, and replace that which has been exhausted in the bodies of animals and men.
The exaltation of the animal world is to possess perfect members, organs and powers, and to have all its needs supplied. This is its chief glory, its honour and exaltation. So the supreme happiness of an animal is to have possession of a green and fertile meadow, perfectly pure flowing water, and a lovely, verdant forest. If these things are provided for it, no greater prosperity can be imagined. For example, if a bird builds its nest in a green and fruitful forest, in a beautiful high place, upon a strong tree, and at the top of a lofty branch, and if it finds all it needs of seeds and water, this is its perfect prosperity.
But real prosperity for the animal consists in passing from the animal world to the human world, like the microscopic beings that, through the water and air, enter into man and are assimilated, and replace that which has been consumed in his body. This is the great honour and prosperity for the animal world; no greater honour can be conceived for it.[48]
2.1.6 Imperfection of Nature
Two views of nature are contrasted--one which holds that the "world of nature is complete",[49] and one that declares that it is "incomplete"[50] because "it has need of intelligence and education".[51] 'Abdu'l-Baha states that the "mineral, vegetable, animal and human worlds are all in need of an educator":[52]
The materialists hold to the opinion that the world of nature is complete. The divine philosophers declare that the world of nature is incomplete. There is a wide difference between the two. The materialists call attention to the perfection of nature, the sun, moon and stars, the trees in their adornment, the whole earth and the sea--even unimportant phenomena revealing the most perfect symmetry. The divine philosophers deny this seeming perfection and completeness in nature's kingdom, even though admitting the beauty of its scenes and aspects and acknowledging the irresistible cosmic forces which control the colossal suns and planets. They hold that while nature seems perfect, it is, nevertheless, imperfect because it has need of intelligence and education. In proof of this they say that man, though he be a very god in the realm of material creation, is himself in need of an educator. Man undeveloped by education is savage, animalistic, brutal. Laws and regulations, schools, colleges and universities have for their purpose the training of man and his uplift from the dark borderland of the animal kingdom....[53]
When we consider existence, we see that the mineral, vegetable, animal and human worlds are all in need of an educator.
If the earth is not cultivated, it becomes a jungle where useless weeds grow; but if a cultivator comes and tills the ground, it produces crops which nourish living creatures. It is evident, therefore, that the soil needs the cultivation of the farmer. Consider the trees: if they remain without a cultivator, they will be fruitless, and without fruit they are useless; but if they receive the care of a gardener, these same barren trees become fruitful, and through cultivation, fertilization and engrafting the trees which had bitter fruits yield sweet fruits....
The same is true with respect to animals: notice that when the animal is trained it becomes domestic, and also that man, if he is left without education, becomes bestial, and, moreover, if left under the rule of nature, becomes lower than an animal, whereas if he is educated he becomes an angel....[54]
2.2 ATTITUDES AND VALUES
The Baha'i Writings articulate certain spiritual values and attitudes that guide the relationship of man toward nature. These include:
2.2.1 Appreciation
An awareness of the fact that the earth is the "source"[55] of man's "prosperity"[56] is tempered by the realization that "the honour and exaltation of man must be something more than material riches".[57] Thus: Every man of discernment, while walking upon the earth, feeleth indeed abashed, inasmuch as he is fully aware that the thing which is the source of his prosperity, his wealth, his might, his exaltation, his advancement and power is, as ordained by God, the very earth which is trodden beneath the feet of all men. There can be no doubt that whoever is cognizant of this truth, is cleansed and sanctified from all pride, arrogance, and vainglory....[58]
What is it of which ye can rightly boast? Is it on your food and your drink that ye pride yourselves, on the riches ye lay up in your treasuries, on the diversity and the cost of the ornaments with which ye deck yourselves? If true glory were to consist in the possession of such perishable things, then the earth on which ye walk must needs vaunt itself over you, because it supplieth you, and bestoweth upon you, these very things, by the decree of the Almighty. In its bowels are contained, according to what God hath ordained, all that ye possess. From it, as a sign of His mercy, ye derive your riches. Behold then your state, the thing in which ye glory! Would that ye could perceive it![59] Then it is clear that the honour and exaltation of man must be something more than material riches. Material comforts are only a branch, but the root of the exaltation of man is the good attributes and virtues which are the adornments of his reality. These are the divine appearances, the heavenly bounties, the sublime emotions, the love and knowledge of God; universal wisdom, intellectual perception, scientific discoveries, justice, equity, truthfulness, benevolence, natural courage and innate fortitude; the respect for rights and the keeping of agreements and covenants; rectitude in all circumstances; serving the truth under all conditions; the sacrifice of one's life for the good of all people; kindness and esteem for all nations; obedience to the teachings of God; service in the Divine Kingdom; the guidance of the people, and the education of the nations and races. This is the prosperity of the human world! This is the exaltation of man in the world! This is eternal life and heavenly honour![60]
2.2.2 Moderation
The Baha'i Writings encourage detachment from "this world and the vanities thereof",[61] since "attachment"[62] distracts the individual from awareness of God. This does not, however, constitute a form of asceticism or imply a rejection of life's pleasures. Baha'u'llah explains:
Should a man wish to adorn himself with the ornaments of the earth, to wear its apparels, or partake of the benefits it can bestow, no harm can befall him, if he alloweth nothing whatever to intervene between him and God, for God hath ordained every good thing, whether created in the heavens or in the earth, for such of His servants as truly believe in Him. Eat ye, O people, of the good things which God hath allowed you, and deprive not yourselves from His wondrous bounties. Render thanks and praise unto Him, and be of them that are truly thankful.[63]
The standard is one of moderation: In all matters moderation is desirable. If a thing is carried to excess, it will prove a source of evil....[64]
2.2.3 Kindness to Animals
Baha'u'llah calls for man to "show kindness to animals"[65] and He warns against "hunting to excess".[66] In relation to the former, 'Abdu'l-Baha writes:
Briefly, it is not only their fellow human beings that the beloved of God must treat with mercy and compassion, rather must they show forth the utmost loving-kindness to every living creature. For in all physical respects, and where the animal spirit is concerned, the selfsame feelings are shared by animal and man. Man hath not grasped this truth, however, and he believeth that physical sensations are confined to human beings, wherefore is he unjust to the animals, and cruel.
And yet in truth, what difference is there when it cometh to physical sensations? The feelings are one and the same, whether ye inflict pain on man or on beast. There is no difference here whatever. And indeed ye do worse to harm an animal, for man hath a language, he can lodge a complaint, he can cry out and moan; if injured he can have recourse to the authorities and these will protect him from his aggressor. But the hapless beast is mute, able neither to express its hurt nor take its case to the authorities. If a man inflict a thousand ills upon a beast, it can neither ward him off with speech nor hale him into court. Therefore is it essential that ye show forth the utmost consideration to the animal, and that ye be even kinder to him than to your fellow-man.
Train your children from their earliest days to be infinitely tender and loving to animals. If an animal be sick, let the children try to heal it, if it be hungry, let them feed it, if thirsty, let them quench its thirst, if weary, let them see that it rests.
Most human beings are sinners, but the beasts are innocent. Surely those without sin should receive the most kindness and love--all except animals which are harmful... But to blessed animals the utmost kindness must be shown, the more the better. Tenderness and loving-kindness are basic principles of God's heavenly Kingdom. Ye should most carefully bear this matter in mind.[67]
The Baha'i Writings also assert that the consumption of meat is not a prerequisite to health:
Regarding the eating of animal flesh and abstinence therefrom, ... he [man] is not in need of meat, nor is he obliged to eat it. Even without eating meat he would live with the utmost vigour and energy.... Truly, the killing of animals and the eating of their meat is somewhat contrary to pity and compassion, and if one can content oneself with cereals, fruit, oil and nuts, such as pistachios, almonds and so on, it would undoubtedly be better and more pleasing.[68]
2.2.4 Development of Nature
In the Baha'i view, physical creation is dynamic and evolving from "one degree of perfection to another".[69] It is, however, "incomplete",[70] since it lacks "intelligence and education".[71] It stands in need of development by man in order to create not only a higher degree of order and beauty, which are standards upheld in the Baha'i teachings, but also to increase its fertility and productivity. In relation to the creation of order and beauty in the realm of nature 'Abdu'l-Baha writes:
Nature is the material world. When we look upon it, we see that it is dark and imperfect. For instance, if we allow a piece of land to remain in its natural condition, we will find it covered with thorns and thistles; useless weeds and wild vegetation will flourish upon it, and it will become like a jungle. The trees will be fruitless, lacking beauty and symmetry...[72]
And if, as thou passest by fields and plantations, thou observest that the plants, flowers and sweet-smelling herbs are growing luxuriantly together, forming a pattern of unity, this is an evidence of the fact that that plantation and garden is flourishing under the care of a skilful gardener. But when thou seest it in a state of disorder and irregularity thou inferrest that it hath lacked the training of an efficient farmer and thus hath produced weeds and tares.[73]
'Abdu'l-Baha also mentions the contribution of cultivation as a means of increasing the fertility of the earth and its productivity. He states:
If we should relegate this plot of ground to its natural state, allow it to return to its original condition, it would become a field of thorns and useless weeds, but by cultivation it will become fertile soil, yielding a harvest. Deprived of cultivation, the mountain slopes would be jungles and forests without fruitful trees. The gardens bring forth fruits and flowers in proportion to the care and tillage bestowed upon them by the gardener....[74]
A grain of wheat, when cultivated by the farmer, will yield a whole harvest, and a seed, through the gardener's care, will grow into a great tree....[75] While the world of nature stands in need of development, man's approach to such development must be tempered by moderation, a commitment to protecting the "heritage [of] future generations",[76] and an awareness of the sanctity of nature that pervades the Writings of the Baha'i Faith. For example, Baha'u'llah states: Blessed is the spot, and the house, and the place, and the city, and the heart, and the mountain, and the refuge, and the cave, and the valley, and the land, and the sea, and the island, and the meadow where mention of God hath been made, and His praise glorified.[77]
2.2.5 Importance of Agriculture
Baha'u'llah states that "Special regard must be paid to agriculture."[78] He characterizes it as an activity which is "conducive to the advancement of mankind and to the reconstruction of the world".[79] 'Abdu'l-Baha asserts that
The fundamental basis of the community is agriculture,--tillage of the soil....[80] He describes agriculture as "a noble science"[81] whose practice is an "act of worship",[82] and He encourages both women and men to engage in "agricultural sciences".[83] He indicates that should an individual "become proficient in this field, he will become a means of providing for the comfort of untold numbers of people".[84]
In relation to the economic and social development of the nations, the Universal House of Justice underlines the importance of "agriculture and the preservation of the ecological balance of the world".[85]
2.2.6 Use of Science
Science is described as "the governor of nature and its mysteries, the one agency by which man explores the institutions of material creation":[86]
...man through the exercise of his scientific, intellectual power ... can modify, change and control nature according to his own wishes and uses. Science, so to speak, is the breaker of the laws of nature.
Consider, for example, that man according to natural law should dwell upon the surface of the earth. By overcoming this law and restriction, however, he sails in ships over the ocean, mounts to the zenith in airplanes and sinks to the depths of the sea in submarines. This is against the fiat of nature and a violation of her sovereignty and dominion. Nature's laws and methods, the hidden secrets and mysteries of the universe, human inventions and discoveries, all our scientific acquisitions should naturally remain concealed and unknown, but man through his intellectual acumen searches them out of the plane of the invisible, draws them into the plane of the visible, exposes and explains them. For instance, one of the mysteries of nature is electricity. According to nature this force, this energy, should remain latent and hidden, but man scientifically breaks through the very laws of nature, arrests it and even imprisons it for his use.
In brief, man through the possession of this ideal endowment of scientific investigation is the most noble product of creation, the governor of nature....[87]
'Abdu'l-Baha links scientific endeavour with the implementation of a noble goal. He states:
This endowment is the most praiseworthy power of man, for through its employment and exercise the betterment of the human race is accomplished, the development of the virtues of mankind is made possible and the spirit and mysteries of God become manifest....[88] And He enumerates the general principle that ...any agency whatever, though it be the instrument of mankind's greatest good, is capable of misuse. Its proper use or abuse depends on the varying degrees of enlightenment, capacity, faith, honesty, devotion and highmindedness of the leaders of public opinion.[89]
3. PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
A number of issues pertinent to the protection of the environment are addressed in the Writings of the Baha'i Faith. Several of these are set out below.
3.1 PRESERVATION OF RESOURCES
Shoghi Effendi links the preservation and reclamation of the earth's resources with both the "protection of the] physical world and [the] heritage [of] future generations".[90] He affirms that the work of such groups as the Men of the Trees and the World Forestry Charter is "essentially humanitarian",[91] and he applauds their "noble objective"[92] of reclaiming the "desert areas [of] Africa".[93]
It is interesting to note that among the "powers and duties"[94] of the Universal House of Justice are "the advancement and betterment of the world"[95] and "the development of countries".[96]
3.2 CONTROL OF NATURAL RESOURCES
The Baha'i Writings envisage that the protection, exploration, and exploitation of the earth's "unimaginably vast resources"[97] must, inevitably, in the long term, come under the jurisdiction of a "world federal system".[98] Such a system, based on recognition of the "unity of the human race",[99] will not only exercise "unchallengeable authority"[100] over the earth's resources, but it will also ensure economic and social justice. Shoghi Effendi writes:
The unity of the human race, as envisaged by Baha'u'llah, implies the establishment of a world commonwealth in which all nations, races, creeds and classes are closely and permanently united, and in which the autonomy of its state members and the personal freedom and initiative of the individuals that compose them are definitely and completely safeguarded.... In such a world society, science and religion, the two most potent forces in human life, will be reconciled, will co-operate, and will harmoniously develop.... The economic resources of the world will be organized, its sources of raw materials will be tapped and fully utilized, its markets will be co-ordinated and developed, and the distribution of its products will be equitably regulated.
National rivalries, hatreds, and intrigues will cease, and racial animosity and prejudice will be replaced by racial amity, understanding and co-operation. The causes of religious strife will be permanently removed, economic barriers and restrictions will be completely abolished, and the inordinate distinction between classes will be obliterated. Destitution on the one hand, and gross accumulation of ownership on the other, will disappear. The enormous energy dissipated and wasted on war, whether economic or political, will be consecrated to such ends as will extend the range of human inventions and technical development, to the increase of the productivity of mankind, to the extermination of disease, to the extension of scientific research, to the raising of the standard of physical health, to the sharpening and refinement of the human brain, to the exploitation of the unused and unsuspected resources of the planet, to the prolongation of human life, and to the furtherance of any other agency that can stimulate the intellectual, the moral, and spiritual life of the entire human race.
A world federal system, ruling the whole earth and exercising unchallengeable authority over its unimaginably vast resources, blending and embodying the ideals of both the East and the West, liberated from the curse of war and its miseries, and bent on the exploitation of all the available sources of energy on the surface of the planet, a system in which Force is made the servant of Justice, whose life is sustained by its universal recognition of one God and by its allegiance to one common Revelation--such is the goal towards which humanity, impelled by the unifying forces of life, is moving.[101]
3.3 APPROACHES TO PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT
The conservation and protection of the environment must be addressed on the individual and societal levels. Shoghi Effendi, in a letter written on his behalf, states:
We cannot segregate the human heart from the environment outside us and say that once one of these is reformed everything will be improved. Man is organic with the world. His inner life moulds the environment and is itself also deeply affected by it. The one acts upon the other and every abiding change in the life of man is the result of these mutual reactions.
No movement in the world directs its attention upon both these aspects of human life and has full measures for their improvement, save the teachings of Baha'u'llah. And this is its distinctive feature. If we desire therefore the good of the world we should strive to spread those teachings and also practise them in our own life. Through them will the human heart be changed, and also our social environment provides the atmosphere in which we can grow spiritually and reflect in full the light of God shining through the revelation of Baha'u'llah.[102]
And, with regard to the solution of the world's problems, he indicates that:
We need a change of heart, a reframing of all our conceptions and a new orientation of our activities. The inward life of man as well as his outward environment have to be reshaped if human salvation is to be secured.[103]
On a governmental level, the Universal House of Justice calls for "global cooperation of the family of nations in devising and adopting measures designed to preserve the ecological balance this earth was given by its Creator".[104] The House of Justice asserts:
Until such time as the nations of the world understand and follow the admonitions of Baha'u'llah to whole-heartedly work together in looking after the best interests of all humankind, and unite in the search for ways and means to meet the many environmental problems besetting our planet, the House of Justice feels that little progress will be made towards their solution....[105]
The Universal House of Justice sets out the role of the individual Baha'i and of Baha'i communities in relation to saving "the wildlife and natural condition of the world" [106] as follows:
...the best way in which you can help to save the wildlife and natural condition of the world is to exert every effort to bring the Message of Baha'u'llah to the attention of your fellow-men and to win their allegiance to His Cause.
As the hearts of men are changed, and they begin to work in unity in the light of Baha'u'llah's teachings, they can begin to implement many practical improvements to the condition of the world. This is already beginning in the efforts at social and economic development in those areas where large Baha'i communities have been founded.
Of course, you can also assist those with whom you come into contact who have an interest in improving the environment, but the fundamental solution is the one that Baha'u'llah has brought.[107]
In addition to addressing the issue on a fundamental spiritual level, collaboration with individuals and groups interested in improving the environment is encouraged. The Baha'i communities are called upon to make the conservation of the environment an integral part of their ongoing activities by ...assisting in endeavours to conserve the environment in ways which blend with the rhythm of life of our community...[108]
4. PROSPECT FOR THE FUTURE
'Abdu'l-Baha sketches the following picture of the future state of life on earth:
The Lord of all mankind hath fashioned this human realm to be a Garden of Eden, an earthly paradise. If, as it must, it findeth the way to harmony and peace, to love and mutual trust, it will become a true abode of bliss, a place of manifold blessings and unending delights. Therein shall be revealed the excellence of humankind, therein shall the rays of the Sun of Truth shine forth on every hand.[109]
5. REFERENCES
1. Baha'u'llah, "Prayers and Meditations by Baha'u'llah" (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1987), sec. CLXXVI, p. 272.
2. ibid.
3. ibid.
4. Baha'u'llah, "Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah", rev. ed. (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1984), sec. XC, p. 178.
5. Baha'u'llah, "Tablets of Baha'u'llah Revealed after the Kitab-i-Aqdas" [rev. ed.], (Haifa: Baha'i World Centre, 1982), p. 142.
6. ibid.
7. "Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah", sec. CXVII, p. 250.
8. ibid.
9. 'Abdu'l-Baha, "Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha" [rev. ed.], (Haifa: Baha'i World Centre, 1982), sec. 15, p. 32.
10. ibid.
11. 'Abdu'l-Baha, "The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Baha during His Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912", 2nd.ed. (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1982), p. 178.
12. ibid.
13. ibid.
14. ibid.
15. Universal House of Justice, from a letter dated 19 May 1971 written on its behalf to an individual believer.
16. "Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha", sec. 225, p. 283.
17. ibid.
18. ibid., sec. 225, pp. 283-85.
19. Baha'u'llah, "the Hidden Words of Baha'u'llah", rev. ed. (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1985), Persian no. 20, pp. 28-29.
20. Shoghi Effendi, from a letter dated April 1957, published in "Messages to the Baha'i World 1950-1957" (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1971), p. 103.
21. ibid.
22. 'Abdu'l-Baha, from a Tablet translated from the Persian.
23. ibid.
24. ibid.
25. "Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha", sec. 137, p. 157.
26. ibid.
27. "The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Baha during His Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912", p.17.
28. 'Abdu'l-Baha, "Some Answered Questions", rev. ed. (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1985), p. 3.
29. ibid.
30. ibid.
31. ibid.
32. ibid., pp. 3-4.
33. ibid.
34. 'Abdu'l-Baha, "Tablets of Abdul-Baha Abbas", vol. III (Chicago: Baha'i Publishing Committee, 1930), p. 641.
35. 'Abdu'l-Baha, "Tablets of Abdul-Baha Abbas", vol. II (Chicago: Baha'i Publishing Committee, 1940), pp. 318-19.
36. 'Abdu'l-Baha, "Paris Talks: Addresses given by 'Abdu'l-Baha in Paris in 1911-1912", 10th ed. (London: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1979), p.88.
37. ibid., p. 89.
38. "Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha", sec. 225, p. 289.
39. ibid., pp. 289-90.
40. "Paris Talks: Addresses given by 'Abdu'l-Baha in Paris in 1911-1912", p. 66.
41. "Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha", sec. 225, p. 291.
42. ibid.
43. "Paris Talks: Addresses given by 'Abdu'l-Baha in Paris in 1911-1912", p.51.
44. "The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Baha during His Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912", p. 285.
45. "Some Answered Questions", p. 78.
46. ibid.
47. ibid.
48. ibid., pp. 78-79.
49. "The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Baha during His Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912, p. 329.
50. ibid.
51. ibid.
52. "Some Answered Questions", p. 7.
53. "The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Baha during His Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912", p. 329.
54. "Some Answered Questions, p. 7.
55. Baha'u'llah, "Epistle to the Son of the Wolf", rev. ed. (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1979), p. 44.
56. ibid.
57. "Some Answered Questions, p. 79.
58. "Epistle to the Son of the Wolf", p. 44.
59. "Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah", sec. CXVIII, pp. 252-53.
60. "Some Answered Questions, pp. 79-80.
61. "Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah", sec. CXXVIII, p. 276.
62. ibid.
63. ibid.
64. Baha'u'llah, "Tablets of Baha'u'llah Revealed after the Kitab-i-Aqdas", p. 69.
65. "Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah", sec. CXXV, p. 265.
66. Universal House of Justice, "A Synopsis and Codification of the Kitab-i-Aqdas, the Most Holy Book of Baha'u'llah", 1st ed. (Haifa: Baha'i World Centre, 1973), note 34, p. 63.
67. "Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha", sec. 138, pp. 158-60.
68. 'Abdu'l-Baha, from a Tablet translated from the Persian.
69. "Paris Talks: Addresses given by 'Abdu'l-Baha in Paris in 1911-1912 ,p.66.
70. "The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Baha during His Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912",p.329.
71. ibid.
72. ibid., p. 308.
73. "Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha", sec. 225, p. 290.
74. "The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Baha during His Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912", pp. 353.
75. "Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha", sec. 104, p. 132.
76. Shoghi Effendi, from a cable dated 23 May 1951 to the New Earth Luncheon, London, U.K
77. Baha'u'llah, in "Baha'i Prayers: A Selection of Prayers Revealed by Baha'u'llah, the Bab, and 'Abdu'l-Baha", 1985 ed. (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1985), frontispiece.
78. "Tablets of Baha'u'llah Revealed after the Kitab-i-Aqdas", p. 90.
79. ibid., p. 89.
80. 'Abdu'l-Baha, quoted in "Star of the West", vol. 4, no. 6 (24 June 1913), p. 103.
81. 'Abdu'l-Baha, from a Tablet translated from the Persian.
82. "Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha", sec. 126, p. 145.
83. ibid., and "The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Baha during His Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912", p. 283.
84. 'Abdu'l-Baha, from a Tablet translated from the Persian.
85. Universal House of Justice, Department of the Secretariat, from a letter dated 31 March 1985 to an Association for Baha'i Studies.
86. "The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Baha during His Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912", p. 29.
87. ibid., p. 30.
88. ibid., p. 31.
89. 'Abdu'l-Baha, "The Secret of Divine Civilization", 2nd ed. (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1983), p. 16.
90. Shoghi Effendi, from a cable dated 23 May 1951 to the New Earth Luncheon, London, U.K
91. Shoghi Effendi, from a cable dated 21 May 1956 to the World Forestry Charter Luncheon, London, U.K.
92. ibid.
93. Shoghi Effendi, from a cable dated 22 May 1957 to the World Forestry Charter Luncheon, London, U.K
94. Universal House of Justice, "The Constitution of the Universal House of Justice" (Haifa: Baha'i World Centre, 1972), p. 5.
95. ibid.
96. ibid.
97. Shoghi Effendi, from a letter dated 11 March 1936, published in "The World Order of Baha'u'llah: Selected Letters", rev. ed. (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1982), p. 204.
98. ibid.
99. ibid., p. 203.
100. ibid., p. 204.
101. ibid., pp. 203-4.
102. Secretary to Shoghi Effendi, from a letter dated 17 February 1933 to an individual believer.
103. Secretary to Shoghi Effendi, from a letter dated 27 May 1932 to an individual believer.
104. Universal House of Justice, Department of the Secretariat, from a letter dated 18 October 1981 to an individual believer.
105. ibid.
106. Universal House of Justice, Department of the Secretariat, from a letter dated 14 June 1984 to an individual believer.
107. ibid.
108. Universal House of Justice, from the 1989 Ridvan Message to the Baha'is of the World.
109. "Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha", sec. 220, p. 275. 91
1. FOUNDATION PRINCIPLES
The approach of the world-wide Baha'i community to the conservation and protection of the earth's resources is based on a number of fundamental principles derived from the Baha'i Writings. These include:
1.1 NATURE AS A REFLECTION OF THE DIVINE
Nature is held in high regard. Baha'u'llah states that the contemplation of nature creates an awareness of the "signs"[1] and "tokens"[2] of God and constitutes proof of His existence. Thus:
...whatever I behold I readily discover that it maketh Thee known unto me, and it remindeth me of Thy signs, and of Thy tokens, and of Thy testimonies. By Thy glory! Every time I lift up mine eyes unto Thy heaven, I call to mind Thy highness and Thy loftiness, and Thine incomparable glory and greatness; and every time I turn my gaze to Thine earth, I am made to recognize the evidences of Thy power and the tokens of Thy bounty. And when I behold the sea, I find that it speaketh to me of Thy majesty, and of the potency of Thy might, and of Thy sovereignty and Thy grandeur. And at whatever time I contemplate the mountains, I am led to discover the ensigns of Thy victory and the standards of Thine omnipotence.[3]
Nature reflects the "names and attributes of God".[4] It is the expression of "God's Will ... in ... the contingent world".[5] Baha'u'llah writes:
Say: Nature in its essence is the embodiment of My Name, the Maker, Creator. Its manifestations are diversified by varying causes, and in this diversity there are signs for men of discernment. Nature is God's Will and is its expression in and through the contingent world. It is a dispensation of Providence ordained by the Ordainer, the All-Wise.[6]
1.2 THE EARTH ONE COUNTRY
Baha'u'llah expounds a world view which acknowledges that the "earth is but one country, and mankind its citizens"[7] and He calls for the promotion of "the best interests of the peoples and kindreds of the earth".[8]
'Abdu'l-Baha draws attention to the increasing interdependence of the world and the fact that "self-sufficiency"[9] is no longer possible. He envisages that the trend towards a united world will increase and will manifest itself in the form of "unity of thought in world undertakings"[10] and in other important realms of existence. One critical area for unified action is that of preserving the resources of the planet.
1.3 MAN'S STATION AND Responsibility
'Abdu'l-Baha indicates that man, "by reason of the ideal and heavenly force latent and manifest in him",[11] occupies a station that is "higher and nobler"[12] than nature, that "man is ruler over nature's sphere and province".[13]
It is evident, therefore, that man is ruler over nature's sphere and province. Nature is inert; man is progressive. Nature has no consciousness; man is endowed with it. Nature is without volition and acts perforce, whereas man possesses a mighty will. Nature is incapable of discovering mysteries or realities, whereas man is especially fitted to do so. Nature is not in touch with the realm of God; man is attuned to its evidences. Nature is uninformed of God; man is conscious of Him. Man acquires divine virtues; nature is denied them. Man can voluntarily discontinue vices; nature has no power to modify the influence of its instincts. Altogether it is evident that man is more noble and superior, that in him there is an ideal power surpassing nature. He has consciousness, volition, memory, intelligent power, divine attributes and virtues of which nature is completely deprived and bereft; therefore, man is higher and nobler by reason of the ideal and heavenly force latent and manifest in him.[14]
Man, possessed of an inner faculty which plants and animals do not have, a power which enables him to discover the secrets of nature and gain mastery over the environment, has a special responsibility to use his God-given powers for positive ends. The Universal House of Justice indicates that "the proper exercise of this responsibility is the key to whether his inventive genius produces beneficial results, or creates havoc in the material world".[15]
1.4 APPROACH TOWARD THE PHYSICAL WORLD--INTERACTION OF SPIRITUAL AND MATERIAL
'Abdu'l-Baha stresses that the development of the physical world and the happiness of mankind are dependent on both the "call of civilization, of the progress of the material world"[16] and the "soul-stirring call of God, Whose spiritual teachings are safeguards of the everlasting glorY, the eternal happiness and illumination of the world of humanity".[17] He states:
However, until material achievements, physical accomplishments and human virtues are reinforced by spiritual perfections, luminous qualities and characteristics of mercy, no fruit or result shall issue therefrom, nor will the happiness of the world of humanity, which is the ultimate aim, be attained. For although, on the one hand, material achievements and the development of the physical world produce prosperity, which exquisitely manifests its intended aims, on the other hand dangers, severe calamities and violent afflictions are imminent.
Consequently, when thou lookest at the orderly pattern of kingdoms, cities and villages, with the attractiveness of their adornments, the freshness of their natural resources, the refinement of their appliances, the ease of their means of travel, the extent of knowledge available about the world of nature, the great inventions, the colossal enterprises, the noble discoveries and scientific researches, thou wouldst conclude that civilization conduceth to the happiness and the progress of the human world. Yet shouldst thou turn thine eye to the discovery of destructive and infernal machines, to the development of forces of demolition and the invention of fiery implements, which uproot the tree of life, it would become evident and manifest unto thee that civilization is conjoined with barbarism. Progress and barbarism go hand in hand, unless material civilization be confirmed by Divine Guidance, by the revelations of the All-Merciful and by godly virtues, and be reinforced by spiritual conduct, by the ideals of the Kingdom and by the outpourings of the Realm of Might....
Therefore, this civilization and material progress should be combined with the Most Great Guidance so that this nether world may become the scene of the appearance of the bestowals of the Kingdom, and physical achievements may be conjoined with the effulgences of the Merciful. This in order that the beauty and perfection of the world of man may be unveiled and be manifested before all in the utmost grace and splendour. Thus everlasting glory and happiness shall be revealed.[18]
Baha'u'llah describes the fate of those whose lives demonstrate a heedlessness of spiritual values and a failure to act in conformity with such values. He comments:
...ye walk on My earth complacent and self-satisfied, heedless that My earth is weary of you and everything within it shunneth you....[19]
Shoghi Effendi asserts that man's negligence contributes to the decline of the "present-day Order"[20] and impacts on the environment in a practical way:
The violent derangement of the world's equilibrium; the trembling that will seize the limbs of mankind; the radical transformation of human society; the rolling up of the present-day Order; the fundamental changes affecting the structure of government; ... the development of infernal engines of war; the burning of cities; the contamination of the atmosphere of the earth --these stand out as the signs and portents that must either herald or accompany the retributive calamity which, as decreed by Him Who is the Judge and Redeemer of mankind, must, sooner or later, afflict a society which, for the most part, and for over a century, has turned a deaf ear to the Voice of God's Messenger in this day--a calamity which must purge the human race of the dross of its age-long corruptions, and weld its component parts into a firmly knit world-embracing Fellowship--a Fellowship destined, in the fullness of time, to be incorporated in the framework, and to be galvanized by the spiritualizing influences, of a mysteriously expanding, divinely appointed Order, and to flower, in the course of future Dispensations, into a Civilization, the like of which mankind has, at no stage in its evolution, witnessed.[21]
2. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAN AND NATURE
The relationship between man and nature is very complex. An appreciation of the dimensions of this subject requires consideration of some of the characteristics of nature described in the Baha'i Writings and an awareness of certain values and attitudes that guide individual behaviour and the establishment of priorities.
2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURE
2.1.1 A Unified System
'Abdu'l-Baha indicates that the "temple of the world"[22] has been "fashioned after the image and likeness of the human body".[23] He explains that:
By this is meant that even as the human body in this world, which is outwardly composed of different limbs and organs, is in reality a closely integrated, coherent entity, similarly the structure of the physical world is like unto a single being whose limbs and members are inseparably linked together.
Were one to observe with an eye that discovereth the realities of all things, it would become clear that the greatest relationship that bindeth the world of being together lieth in the range of created things themselves, and that co-operation, mutual aid and reciprocity are essential characteristics in the unified body of the world of being, inasmuch as all created things are closely related together and each is influenced by the other or deriveth benefit therefrom, either directly or indirectly.
Consider for instance how one group of created things constituteth the vegetable kingdom, and another the animal kingdom. Each of these two maketh use of certain elements in the air on which its own life dependeth, while each increaseth the quantity of such elements as are essential for the life of the other. In other words, the growth and development of the vegetable world is impossible without the existence of the animal kingdom, and the maintenance of animal life is inconceivable without the co-operation of the vegetable kingdom. Of like kind are the relationships that exist among all created things. Hence it was stated that co-operation and reciprocity are essential properties which are inherent in the unified system of the world of existence, and without which the entire creation would be reduced to nothingness.[24]
In another passage 'Abdu'l-Baha describes the interconnectedness of "every part of the universe"[25] and the importance of maintaining balance in the system:
Reflect upon the inner realities of the universe, the secret wisdoms involved, the enigmas, the inter- relationships, the rules that govern all. For every part of the universe is connected with every other part by ties that are very powerful and admit of no imbalance, nor any slackening whatever....[26]
2.1.2 Subject to Law and Organization
'Abdu'l-Baha states that "The phenomenal world is entirely subject to the rule and control of natural law."[27] He contrasts nature's "absolute organization"[28] and its lack of "intelligence"[29] and "will"[30] with man's ability to "[command] the forces of Nature"[31] through discovery of "the constitution of things":[32]
This Nature is subjected to an absolute organization, to determined laws, to a complete order and a finished design, from which it will never depart to such a degree, indeed, that if you look carefully and with keen sight, from the smallest invisible atom up to such large bodies of the world of existence as the globe of the sun or the other great stars and luminous spheres, whether you regard their arrangement, their composition, their form or their movement, you will find that all are in the highest degree of organization and are under one law from which they will never depart.
But when you look at Nature itself, you see that it has no intelligence, no will. For instance, the nature of fire is to burn; it burns without will or intelligence. The nature of water is fluidity; it flows without will or intelligence. The nature of the sun is radiance; it shines without will or intelligence. The nature of vapour is to ascend; it ascends without will or intelligence. Thus it is clear that the natural movements of all things are compelled; there are no voluntary movements except those of animals and, above all, those of man. Man is able to resist and to oppose Nature because he discovers the constitution of things, and through this he commands the forces of Nature; all the inventions he has made are due to his discovery of the constitution of things. For example, he invented the telegraph, which is the means of communication between the East and the West. It is evident, then, that man rules over Nature.
Now, when you behold in existence such organizations, arrangements and laws, can you say that all these are the effect of Nature, though Nature has neither intelligence nor perception? If not, it becomes evident that this Nature, which has neither perception nor intelligence, is in the grasp of Almighty God, Who is the Ruler of the world of Nature; whatever He wishes, He causes Nature to manifest.[33]
2.1.3 Change and Motion
Change is a law governing the whole of physical creation. It is seen in the passage of the seasons.
'Abdu'l-Baha writes:
The earth is in motion and growth; the mountains, hills and prairies are green and pleasant; the bounty is overflowing; the mercy universal; the rain is descending from the cloud of mercy; the brilliant Sun is shining; the full moon is ornamenting the horizon of ether;
The great ocean-tide is flooding every little stream; the gifts are successive; the favours consecutive; and the refreshing breeze is blowing, wafting the fragrant perfume of the blossoms. Boundless treasure is in the hand of the King of Kings! Lift the hem of thy garment in order to receive it.[34]
Soon the whole world, as in springtime, will change its garb. The turning and falling of the autumn leaves is past; the bleakness of the winter time is over. The new year hath appeared and the spiritual springtime is at hand. The black earth is becoming a verdant garden; the deserts and mountains are teeming with red flowers; from the borders of the wilderness the tall grasses are standing like advance guards before the cypress and jessamine trees; while the birds are singing among the rose branches like the angels in the highest heavens, announcing the glad-tidings of the approach of that spiritual spring, and the sweet music of their voices is causing the real essence of all things to move and quiver.[35]
'Abdu'l-Baha states that "absolute repose does not exist in nature",[36] that "movement is essential to existence".[37] In relation to existence He describes the processes of "composition and decomposition":[38]
...consider the phenomenon of composition and decomposition, of existence and non-existence. Every created thing in the contingent world is made up of many and varied atoms, and its existence is dependent on the composition of these. In other words, through the divine creative power a conjunction of simple elements taketh place so that from this composition a distinct organism is produced. The existence of all things is based upon this principle. But when the order is deranged, decomposition is produced and disintegration setteth in, then that thing ceaseth to exist. That is, the annihilation of all things is caused by decomposition and disintegration. Therefore attraction and composition between the various elements is the means of life, and discord, decomposition and division produce death. Thus the cohesive and attractive forces in all things lead to the appearance of fruitful results and effects, while estrangement and alienation of things lead to disturbance and annihilation. Through affinity and attraction all living things like plants, animals and men come into existence, while division and discord bring about decomposition and destruction.[39]
He also explains that, in the physical world, the course of evolution is in the direction of increasing levels of complexity:
In the physical creation, evolution is from one degree of perfection to another. The mineral passes with its mineral perfections to the vegetable; the vegetable, with its perfections, passes to the animal world, and so on to that of humanity....[40]
2.1.4 Diversity
'Abdu'l-Baha describes diversity as "the essence of perfection and the cause of the appearance of the bestowals"[41] of God, and He states:
Consider the flowers of a garden: though differing in kind, colour, form and shape, yet, inasmuch as they are refreshed by the waters of one spring, revived by the breath of one wind, invigorated by the rays of one sun, this diversity increaseth their charm, and addeth unto their beauty. Thus when that unifying force, the penetrating influence of the Word of God, taketh effect, the difference of customs, manners, habits, ideas, opinions and dispositions embellisheth the world of humanity. This diversity, this difference is like the naturally created dissimilarity and variety of the limbs and organs of the human body, for each one contributeth to the beauty, efficiency and perfection of the whole....
How unpleasing to the eye if all the flowers and plants, the leaves and blossoms, the fruits, the branches and the trees of that garden were all of the same shape and colour! Diversity of hues, form and shape, enricheth and adorneth the garden, and heighteneth the effect thereof...[42]
The extent of the diversity of the "world of created beings"[43] is underlined in the following passage:
... the forms and organisms of phenomenal being and existence in each of the kingdoms of the universe are myriad and numberless. The vegetable plane or kingdom, for instance, has its infinite variety of types and material structures of plant life--each distinct and different within itself, no two exactly alike in composition and detail--for there are no repetitions in nature, and the augmentative virtue cannot be confined to any given image or shape. Each leaf has its own particular identity--so to speak, its own individuality as a leaf....[44]
2.1.5 Serves the Human World
'Abdu'l-Baha describes the "causes and circumstances"[45] of the "perfection"[46] of the mineral, vegetable and animal worlds, and He distinguishes this from their "real prosperity"[47] which conduces to the honour of the various kingdoms. The honour and exaltation of every existing being depends upon causes and circumstances.
The excellency, the adornment and the perfection of the earth is to be verdant and fertile through the bounty of the clouds of springtime. Plants grow; flowers and fragrant herbs spring up; fruit-bearing trees become full of blossoms and bring forth fresh and new fruit. Gardens become beautiful, and meadows adorned; mountains and plains are clad in a green robe, and gardens, fields, villages and cities are decorated. This is the prosperity of the mineral world.
The height of exaltation and the perfection of the vegetable world is that a tree should grow on the bank of a stream of fresh water, that a gentle breeze should blow on it, that the warmth of the sun should shine on it, that a gardener should attend to its cultivation, and that day by day it should develop and yield fruit. But its real prosperity is to progress into the animal and human world, and replace that which has been exhausted in the bodies of animals and men.
The exaltation of the animal world is to possess perfect members, organs and powers, and to have all its needs supplied. This is its chief glory, its honour and exaltation. So the supreme happiness of an animal is to have possession of a green and fertile meadow, perfectly pure flowing water, and a lovely, verdant forest. If these things are provided for it, no greater prosperity can be imagined. For example, if a bird builds its nest in a green and fruitful forest, in a beautiful high place, upon a strong tree, and at the top of a lofty branch, and if it finds all it needs of seeds and water, this is its perfect prosperity.
But real prosperity for the animal consists in passing from the animal world to the human world, like the microscopic beings that, through the water and air, enter into man and are assimilated, and replace that which has been consumed in his body. This is the great honour and prosperity for the animal world; no greater honour can be conceived for it.[48]
2.1.6 Imperfection of Nature
Two views of nature are contrasted--one which holds that the "world of nature is complete",[49] and one that declares that it is "incomplete"[50] because "it has need of intelligence and education".[51] 'Abdu'l-Baha states that the "mineral, vegetable, animal and human worlds are all in need of an educator":[52]
The materialists hold to the opinion that the world of nature is complete. The divine philosophers declare that the world of nature is incomplete. There is a wide difference between the two. The materialists call attention to the perfection of nature, the sun, moon and stars, the trees in their adornment, the whole earth and the sea--even unimportant phenomena revealing the most perfect symmetry. The divine philosophers deny this seeming perfection and completeness in nature's kingdom, even though admitting the beauty of its scenes and aspects and acknowledging the irresistible cosmic forces which control the colossal suns and planets. They hold that while nature seems perfect, it is, nevertheless, imperfect because it has need of intelligence and education. In proof of this they say that man, though he be a very god in the realm of material creation, is himself in need of an educator. Man undeveloped by education is savage, animalistic, brutal. Laws and regulations, schools, colleges and universities have for their purpose the training of man and his uplift from the dark borderland of the animal kingdom....[53]
When we consider existence, we see that the mineral, vegetable, animal and human worlds are all in need of an educator.
If the earth is not cultivated, it becomes a jungle where useless weeds grow; but if a cultivator comes and tills the ground, it produces crops which nourish living creatures. It is evident, therefore, that the soil needs the cultivation of the farmer. Consider the trees: if they remain without a cultivator, they will be fruitless, and without fruit they are useless; but if they receive the care of a gardener, these same barren trees become fruitful, and through cultivation, fertilization and engrafting the trees which had bitter fruits yield sweet fruits....
The same is true with respect to animals: notice that when the animal is trained it becomes domestic, and also that man, if he is left without education, becomes bestial, and, moreover, if left under the rule of nature, becomes lower than an animal, whereas if he is educated he becomes an angel....[54]
2.2 ATTITUDES AND VALUES
The Baha'i Writings articulate certain spiritual values and attitudes that guide the relationship of man toward nature. These include:
2.2.1 Appreciation
An awareness of the fact that the earth is the "source"[55] of man's "prosperity"[56] is tempered by the realization that "the honour and exaltation of man must be something more than material riches".[57] Thus: Every man of discernment, while walking upon the earth, feeleth indeed abashed, inasmuch as he is fully aware that the thing which is the source of his prosperity, his wealth, his might, his exaltation, his advancement and power is, as ordained by God, the very earth which is trodden beneath the feet of all men. There can be no doubt that whoever is cognizant of this truth, is cleansed and sanctified from all pride, arrogance, and vainglory....[58]
What is it of which ye can rightly boast? Is it on your food and your drink that ye pride yourselves, on the riches ye lay up in your treasuries, on the diversity and the cost of the ornaments with which ye deck yourselves? If true glory were to consist in the possession of such perishable things, then the earth on which ye walk must needs vaunt itself over you, because it supplieth you, and bestoweth upon you, these very things, by the decree of the Almighty. In its bowels are contained, according to what God hath ordained, all that ye possess. From it, as a sign of His mercy, ye derive your riches. Behold then your state, the thing in which ye glory! Would that ye could perceive it![59] Then it is clear that the honour and exaltation of man must be something more than material riches. Material comforts are only a branch, but the root of the exaltation of man is the good attributes and virtues which are the adornments of his reality. These are the divine appearances, the heavenly bounties, the sublime emotions, the love and knowledge of God; universal wisdom, intellectual perception, scientific discoveries, justice, equity, truthfulness, benevolence, natural courage and innate fortitude; the respect for rights and the keeping of agreements and covenants; rectitude in all circumstances; serving the truth under all conditions; the sacrifice of one's life for the good of all people; kindness and esteem for all nations; obedience to the teachings of God; service in the Divine Kingdom; the guidance of the people, and the education of the nations and races. This is the prosperity of the human world! This is the exaltation of man in the world! This is eternal life and heavenly honour![60]
2.2.2 Moderation
The Baha'i Writings encourage detachment from "this world and the vanities thereof",[61] since "attachment"[62] distracts the individual from awareness of God. This does not, however, constitute a form of asceticism or imply a rejection of life's pleasures. Baha'u'llah explains:
Should a man wish to adorn himself with the ornaments of the earth, to wear its apparels, or partake of the benefits it can bestow, no harm can befall him, if he alloweth nothing whatever to intervene between him and God, for God hath ordained every good thing, whether created in the heavens or in the earth, for such of His servants as truly believe in Him. Eat ye, O people, of the good things which God hath allowed you, and deprive not yourselves from His wondrous bounties. Render thanks and praise unto Him, and be of them that are truly thankful.[63]
The standard is one of moderation: In all matters moderation is desirable. If a thing is carried to excess, it will prove a source of evil....[64]
2.2.3 Kindness to Animals
Baha'u'llah calls for man to "show kindness to animals"[65] and He warns against "hunting to excess".[66] In relation to the former, 'Abdu'l-Baha writes:
Briefly, it is not only their fellow human beings that the beloved of God must treat with mercy and compassion, rather must they show forth the utmost loving-kindness to every living creature. For in all physical respects, and where the animal spirit is concerned, the selfsame feelings are shared by animal and man. Man hath not grasped this truth, however, and he believeth that physical sensations are confined to human beings, wherefore is he unjust to the animals, and cruel.
And yet in truth, what difference is there when it cometh to physical sensations? The feelings are one and the same, whether ye inflict pain on man or on beast. There is no difference here whatever. And indeed ye do worse to harm an animal, for man hath a language, he can lodge a complaint, he can cry out and moan; if injured he can have recourse to the authorities and these will protect him from his aggressor. But the hapless beast is mute, able neither to express its hurt nor take its case to the authorities. If a man inflict a thousand ills upon a beast, it can neither ward him off with speech nor hale him into court. Therefore is it essential that ye show forth the utmost consideration to the animal, and that ye be even kinder to him than to your fellow-man.
Train your children from their earliest days to be infinitely tender and loving to animals. If an animal be sick, let the children try to heal it, if it be hungry, let them feed it, if thirsty, let them quench its thirst, if weary, let them see that it rests.
Most human beings are sinners, but the beasts are innocent. Surely those without sin should receive the most kindness and love--all except animals which are harmful... But to blessed animals the utmost kindness must be shown, the more the better. Tenderness and loving-kindness are basic principles of God's heavenly Kingdom. Ye should most carefully bear this matter in mind.[67]
The Baha'i Writings also assert that the consumption of meat is not a prerequisite to health:
Regarding the eating of animal flesh and abstinence therefrom, ... he [man] is not in need of meat, nor is he obliged to eat it. Even without eating meat he would live with the utmost vigour and energy.... Truly, the killing of animals and the eating of their meat is somewhat contrary to pity and compassion, and if one can content oneself with cereals, fruit, oil and nuts, such as pistachios, almonds and so on, it would undoubtedly be better and more pleasing.[68]
2.2.4 Development of Nature
In the Baha'i view, physical creation is dynamic and evolving from "one degree of perfection to another".[69] It is, however, "incomplete",[70] since it lacks "intelligence and education".[71] It stands in need of development by man in order to create not only a higher degree of order and beauty, which are standards upheld in the Baha'i teachings, but also to increase its fertility and productivity. In relation to the creation of order and beauty in the realm of nature 'Abdu'l-Baha writes:
Nature is the material world. When we look upon it, we see that it is dark and imperfect. For instance, if we allow a piece of land to remain in its natural condition, we will find it covered with thorns and thistles; useless weeds and wild vegetation will flourish upon it, and it will become like a jungle. The trees will be fruitless, lacking beauty and symmetry...[72]
And if, as thou passest by fields and plantations, thou observest that the plants, flowers and sweet-smelling herbs are growing luxuriantly together, forming a pattern of unity, this is an evidence of the fact that that plantation and garden is flourishing under the care of a skilful gardener. But when thou seest it in a state of disorder and irregularity thou inferrest that it hath lacked the training of an efficient farmer and thus hath produced weeds and tares.[73]
'Abdu'l-Baha also mentions the contribution of cultivation as a means of increasing the fertility of the earth and its productivity. He states:
If we should relegate this plot of ground to its natural state, allow it to return to its original condition, it would become a field of thorns and useless weeds, but by cultivation it will become fertile soil, yielding a harvest. Deprived of cultivation, the mountain slopes would be jungles and forests without fruitful trees. The gardens bring forth fruits and flowers in proportion to the care and tillage bestowed upon them by the gardener....[74]
A grain of wheat, when cultivated by the farmer, will yield a whole harvest, and a seed, through the gardener's care, will grow into a great tree....[75] While the world of nature stands in need of development, man's approach to such development must be tempered by moderation, a commitment to protecting the "heritage [of] future generations",[76] and an awareness of the sanctity of nature that pervades the Writings of the Baha'i Faith. For example, Baha'u'llah states: Blessed is the spot, and the house, and the place, and the city, and the heart, and the mountain, and the refuge, and the cave, and the valley, and the land, and the sea, and the island, and the meadow where mention of God hath been made, and His praise glorified.[77]
2.2.5 Importance of Agriculture
Baha'u'llah states that "Special regard must be paid to agriculture."[78] He characterizes it as an activity which is "conducive to the advancement of mankind and to the reconstruction of the world".[79] 'Abdu'l-Baha asserts that
The fundamental basis of the community is agriculture,--tillage of the soil....[80] He describes agriculture as "a noble science"[81] whose practice is an "act of worship",[82] and He encourages both women and men to engage in "agricultural sciences".[83] He indicates that should an individual "become proficient in this field, he will become a means of providing for the comfort of untold numbers of people".[84]
In relation to the economic and social development of the nations, the Universal House of Justice underlines the importance of "agriculture and the preservation of the ecological balance of the world".[85]
2.2.6 Use of Science
Science is described as "the governor of nature and its mysteries, the one agency by which man explores the institutions of material creation":[86]
...man through the exercise of his scientific, intellectual power ... can modify, change and control nature according to his own wishes and uses. Science, so to speak, is the breaker of the laws of nature.
Consider, for example, that man according to natural law should dwell upon the surface of the earth. By overcoming this law and restriction, however, he sails in ships over the ocean, mounts to the zenith in airplanes and sinks to the depths of the sea in submarines. This is against the fiat of nature and a violation of her sovereignty and dominion. Nature's laws and methods, the hidden secrets and mysteries of the universe, human inventions and discoveries, all our scientific acquisitions should naturally remain concealed and unknown, but man through his intellectual acumen searches them out of the plane of the invisible, draws them into the plane of the visible, exposes and explains them. For instance, one of the mysteries of nature is electricity. According to nature this force, this energy, should remain latent and hidden, but man scientifically breaks through the very laws of nature, arrests it and even imprisons it for his use.
In brief, man through the possession of this ideal endowment of scientific investigation is the most noble product of creation, the governor of nature....[87]
'Abdu'l-Baha links scientific endeavour with the implementation of a noble goal. He states:
This endowment is the most praiseworthy power of man, for through its employment and exercise the betterment of the human race is accomplished, the development of the virtues of mankind is made possible and the spirit and mysteries of God become manifest....[88] And He enumerates the general principle that ...any agency whatever, though it be the instrument of mankind's greatest good, is capable of misuse. Its proper use or abuse depends on the varying degrees of enlightenment, capacity, faith, honesty, devotion and highmindedness of the leaders of public opinion.[89]
3. PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
A number of issues pertinent to the protection of the environment are addressed in the Writings of the Baha'i Faith. Several of these are set out below.
3.1 PRESERVATION OF RESOURCES
Shoghi Effendi links the preservation and reclamation of the earth's resources with both the "protection of the] physical world and [the] heritage [of] future generations".[90] He affirms that the work of such groups as the Men of the Trees and the World Forestry Charter is "essentially humanitarian",[91] and he applauds their "noble objective"[92] of reclaiming the "desert areas [of] Africa".[93]
It is interesting to note that among the "powers and duties"[94] of the Universal House of Justice are "the advancement and betterment of the world"[95] and "the development of countries".[96]
3.2 CONTROL OF NATURAL RESOURCES
The Baha'i Writings envisage that the protection, exploration, and exploitation of the earth's "unimaginably vast resources"[97] must, inevitably, in the long term, come under the jurisdiction of a "world federal system".[98] Such a system, based on recognition of the "unity of the human race",[99] will not only exercise "unchallengeable authority"[100] over the earth's resources, but it will also ensure economic and social justice. Shoghi Effendi writes:
The unity of the human race, as envisaged by Baha'u'llah, implies the establishment of a world commonwealth in which all nations, races, creeds and classes are closely and permanently united, and in which the autonomy of its state members and the personal freedom and initiative of the individuals that compose them are definitely and completely safeguarded.... In such a world society, science and religion, the two most potent forces in human life, will be reconciled, will co-operate, and will harmoniously develop.... The economic resources of the world will be organized, its sources of raw materials will be tapped and fully utilized, its markets will be co-ordinated and developed, and the distribution of its products will be equitably regulated.
National rivalries, hatreds, and intrigues will cease, and racial animosity and prejudice will be replaced by racial amity, understanding and co-operation. The causes of religious strife will be permanently removed, economic barriers and restrictions will be completely abolished, and the inordinate distinction between classes will be obliterated. Destitution on the one hand, and gross accumulation of ownership on the other, will disappear. The enormous energy dissipated and wasted on war, whether economic or political, will be consecrated to such ends as will extend the range of human inventions and technical development, to the increase of the productivity of mankind, to the extermination of disease, to the extension of scientific research, to the raising of the standard of physical health, to the sharpening and refinement of the human brain, to the exploitation of the unused and unsuspected resources of the planet, to the prolongation of human life, and to the furtherance of any other agency that can stimulate the intellectual, the moral, and spiritual life of the entire human race.
A world federal system, ruling the whole earth and exercising unchallengeable authority over its unimaginably vast resources, blending and embodying the ideals of both the East and the West, liberated from the curse of war and its miseries, and bent on the exploitation of all the available sources of energy on the surface of the planet, a system in which Force is made the servant of Justice, whose life is sustained by its universal recognition of one God and by its allegiance to one common Revelation--such is the goal towards which humanity, impelled by the unifying forces of life, is moving.[101]
3.3 APPROACHES TO PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT
The conservation and protection of the environment must be addressed on the individual and societal levels. Shoghi Effendi, in a letter written on his behalf, states:
We cannot segregate the human heart from the environment outside us and say that once one of these is reformed everything will be improved. Man is organic with the world. His inner life moulds the environment and is itself also deeply affected by it. The one acts upon the other and every abiding change in the life of man is the result of these mutual reactions.
No movement in the world directs its attention upon both these aspects of human life and has full measures for their improvement, save the teachings of Baha'u'llah. And this is its distinctive feature. If we desire therefore the good of the world we should strive to spread those teachings and also practise them in our own life. Through them will the human heart be changed, and also our social environment provides the atmosphere in which we can grow spiritually and reflect in full the light of God shining through the revelation of Baha'u'llah.[102]
And, with regard to the solution of the world's problems, he indicates that:
We need a change of heart, a reframing of all our conceptions and a new orientation of our activities. The inward life of man as well as his outward environment have to be reshaped if human salvation is to be secured.[103]
On a governmental level, the Universal House of Justice calls for "global cooperation of the family of nations in devising and adopting measures designed to preserve the ecological balance this earth was given by its Creator".[104] The House of Justice asserts:
Until such time as the nations of the world understand and follow the admonitions of Baha'u'llah to whole-heartedly work together in looking after the best interests of all humankind, and unite in the search for ways and means to meet the many environmental problems besetting our planet, the House of Justice feels that little progress will be made towards their solution....[105]
The Universal House of Justice sets out the role of the individual Baha'i and of Baha'i communities in relation to saving "the wildlife and natural condition of the world" [106] as follows:
...the best way in which you can help to save the wildlife and natural condition of the world is to exert every effort to bring the Message of Baha'u'llah to the attention of your fellow-men and to win their allegiance to His Cause.
As the hearts of men are changed, and they begin to work in unity in the light of Baha'u'llah's teachings, they can begin to implement many practical improvements to the condition of the world. This is already beginning in the efforts at social and economic development in those areas where large Baha'i communities have been founded.
Of course, you can also assist those with whom you come into contact who have an interest in improving the environment, but the fundamental solution is the one that Baha'u'llah has brought.[107]
In addition to addressing the issue on a fundamental spiritual level, collaboration with individuals and groups interested in improving the environment is encouraged. The Baha'i communities are called upon to make the conservation of the environment an integral part of their ongoing activities by ...assisting in endeavours to conserve the environment in ways which blend with the rhythm of life of our community...[108]
4. PROSPECT FOR THE FUTURE
'Abdu'l-Baha sketches the following picture of the future state of life on earth:
The Lord of all mankind hath fashioned this human realm to be a Garden of Eden, an earthly paradise. If, as it must, it findeth the way to harmony and peace, to love and mutual trust, it will become a true abode of bliss, a place of manifold blessings and unending delights. Therein shall be revealed the excellence of humankind, therein shall the rays of the Sun of Truth shine forth on every hand.[109]
5. REFERENCES
1. Baha'u'llah, "Prayers and Meditations by Baha'u'llah" (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1987), sec. CLXXVI, p. 272.
2. ibid.
3. ibid.
4. Baha'u'llah, "Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah", rev. ed. (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1984), sec. XC, p. 178.
5. Baha'u'llah, "Tablets of Baha'u'llah Revealed after the Kitab-i-Aqdas" [rev. ed.], (Haifa: Baha'i World Centre, 1982), p. 142.
6. ibid.
7. "Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah", sec. CXVII, p. 250.
8. ibid.
9. 'Abdu'l-Baha, "Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha" [rev. ed.], (Haifa: Baha'i World Centre, 1982), sec. 15, p. 32.
10. ibid.
11. 'Abdu'l-Baha, "The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Baha during His Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912", 2nd.ed. (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1982), p. 178.
12. ibid.
13. ibid.
14. ibid.
15. Universal House of Justice, from a letter dated 19 May 1971 written on its behalf to an individual believer.
16. "Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha", sec. 225, p. 283.
17. ibid.
18. ibid., sec. 225, pp. 283-85.
19. Baha'u'llah, "the Hidden Words of Baha'u'llah", rev. ed. (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1985), Persian no. 20, pp. 28-29.
20. Shoghi Effendi, from a letter dated April 1957, published in "Messages to the Baha'i World 1950-1957" (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1971), p. 103.
21. ibid.
22. 'Abdu'l-Baha, from a Tablet translated from the Persian.
23. ibid.
24. ibid.
25. "Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha", sec. 137, p. 157.
26. ibid.
27. "The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Baha during His Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912", p.17.
28. 'Abdu'l-Baha, "Some Answered Questions", rev. ed. (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1985), p. 3.
29. ibid.
30. ibid.
31. ibid.
32. ibid., pp. 3-4.
33. ibid.
34. 'Abdu'l-Baha, "Tablets of Abdul-Baha Abbas", vol. III (Chicago: Baha'i Publishing Committee, 1930), p. 641.
35. 'Abdu'l-Baha, "Tablets of Abdul-Baha Abbas", vol. II (Chicago: Baha'i Publishing Committee, 1940), pp. 318-19.
36. 'Abdu'l-Baha, "Paris Talks: Addresses given by 'Abdu'l-Baha in Paris in 1911-1912", 10th ed. (London: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1979), p.88.
37. ibid., p. 89.
38. "Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha", sec. 225, p. 289.
39. ibid., pp. 289-90.
40. "Paris Talks: Addresses given by 'Abdu'l-Baha in Paris in 1911-1912", p. 66.
41. "Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha", sec. 225, p. 291.
42. ibid.
43. "Paris Talks: Addresses given by 'Abdu'l-Baha in Paris in 1911-1912", p.51.
44. "The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Baha during His Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912", p. 285.
45. "Some Answered Questions", p. 78.
46. ibid.
47. ibid.
48. ibid., pp. 78-79.
49. "The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Baha during His Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912, p. 329.
50. ibid.
51. ibid.
52. "Some Answered Questions", p. 7.
53. "The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Baha during His Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912", p. 329.
54. "Some Answered Questions, p. 7.
55. Baha'u'llah, "Epistle to the Son of the Wolf", rev. ed. (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1979), p. 44.
56. ibid.
57. "Some Answered Questions, p. 79.
58. "Epistle to the Son of the Wolf", p. 44.
59. "Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah", sec. CXVIII, pp. 252-53.
60. "Some Answered Questions, pp. 79-80.
61. "Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah", sec. CXXVIII, p. 276.
62. ibid.
63. ibid.
64. Baha'u'llah, "Tablets of Baha'u'llah Revealed after the Kitab-i-Aqdas", p. 69.
65. "Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah", sec. CXXV, p. 265.
66. Universal House of Justice, "A Synopsis and Codification of the Kitab-i-Aqdas, the Most Holy Book of Baha'u'llah", 1st ed. (Haifa: Baha'i World Centre, 1973), note 34, p. 63.
67. "Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha", sec. 138, pp. 158-60.
68. 'Abdu'l-Baha, from a Tablet translated from the Persian.
69. "Paris Talks: Addresses given by 'Abdu'l-Baha in Paris in 1911-1912 ,p.66.
70. "The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Baha during His Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912",p.329.
71. ibid.
72. ibid., p. 308.
73. "Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha", sec. 225, p. 290.
74. "The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Baha during His Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912", pp. 353.
75. "Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha", sec. 104, p. 132.
76. Shoghi Effendi, from a cable dated 23 May 1951 to the New Earth Luncheon, London, U.K
77. Baha'u'llah, in "Baha'i Prayers: A Selection of Prayers Revealed by Baha'u'llah, the Bab, and 'Abdu'l-Baha", 1985 ed. (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1985), frontispiece.
78. "Tablets of Baha'u'llah Revealed after the Kitab-i-Aqdas", p. 90.
79. ibid., p. 89.
80. 'Abdu'l-Baha, quoted in "Star of the West", vol. 4, no. 6 (24 June 1913), p. 103.
81. 'Abdu'l-Baha, from a Tablet translated from the Persian.
82. "Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha", sec. 126, p. 145.
83. ibid., and "The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Baha during His Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912", p. 283.
84. 'Abdu'l-Baha, from a Tablet translated from the Persian.
85. Universal House of Justice, Department of the Secretariat, from a letter dated 31 March 1985 to an Association for Baha'i Studies.
86. "The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Baha during His Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912", p. 29.
87. ibid., p. 30.
88. ibid., p. 31.
89. 'Abdu'l-Baha, "The Secret of Divine Civilization", 2nd ed. (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1983), p. 16.
90. Shoghi Effendi, from a cable dated 23 May 1951 to the New Earth Luncheon, London, U.K
91. Shoghi Effendi, from a cable dated 21 May 1956 to the World Forestry Charter Luncheon, London, U.K.
92. ibid.
93. Shoghi Effendi, from a cable dated 22 May 1957 to the World Forestry Charter Luncheon, London, U.K
94. Universal House of Justice, "The Constitution of the Universal House of Justice" (Haifa: Baha'i World Centre, 1972), p. 5.
95. ibid.
96. ibid.
97. Shoghi Effendi, from a letter dated 11 March 1936, published in "The World Order of Baha'u'llah: Selected Letters", rev. ed. (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1982), p. 204.
98. ibid.
99. ibid., p. 203.
100. ibid., p. 204.
101. ibid., pp. 203-4.
102. Secretary to Shoghi Effendi, from a letter dated 17 February 1933 to an individual believer.
103. Secretary to Shoghi Effendi, from a letter dated 27 May 1932 to an individual believer.
104. Universal House of Justice, Department of the Secretariat, from a letter dated 18 October 1981 to an individual believer.
105. ibid.
106. Universal House of Justice, Department of the Secretariat, from a letter dated 14 June 1984 to an individual believer.
107. ibid.
108. Universal House of Justice, from the 1989 Ridvan Message to the Baha'is of the World.
109. "Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha", sec. 220, p. 275. 91
CONSERVACIÓN DE LOS RECURSOS DE LA TIERRA
PREPARADO POR EL
DEPARTAMENTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN DE
LA CASA UNIVERSAL DE JUSTICIA
Título original en inglés:
Conservation of the Earth's Resources
ÍNDICE
1.- PRINCIPIOS FUNDAMENTALES
1.1 La naturaleza como reflejo de lo divino
1.2 La tierra, un solo país
1.3 La posición y la responsabilidad del hombre
1.4 Cómo entender el mundo físico. Interacción entre lo espiritual y lo material
2.- RELACIÓN ENTRE EL HOMBRE Y LA NATURALEZA
2.1 Características de la naturaleza
2.1.1 Un sistema unificado
2.1.2 Sujeto a leyes y organización
2.1.3 Cambio y movimiento
2.1.4 Diversidad
2.1.5 Sirve al mundo humano
2.1.6 Imperfección de la naturaleza
2.2 Actitudes y valores
2.2.1 Aprecio
2.2.2 Moderación
2.2.3 Amabilidad con los animales
2.2.4 El desarrollo de la naturaleza
2.2.5 La importancia de la agricultura
2.2.6 Uso de la ciencia 34
3.- PROTECCIÓN DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE
3.1 Preservación de recursos
3.2 Control de recursos naturales
3.3 Propuestas para la protección del medio ambiente
4.- PERSPECTIVAS PARA EL FUTURO
1 PRINCIPIOS FUNDAMENTALES
Los planteamientos de la comunidad mundial bahá'í sobre la conservación y protección de los recursos de la Tierra están basados en una serie de principios fundamentales derivados de los Escritos Bahá'ís. Éstos son:
1.1 LA NATURALEZA COMO REFLEJO DE LO DIVINO
Se tiene gran consideración por la naturaleza. Bahá'u'lláh afirma que la contemplación de la naturaleza nos hace ser conscientes de los "signos"1 y "señales"2 de Dios y constituye una prueba de su existencia. Así:
... cualquier cosa que contemplo, de inmediato descubro que Te da a conocer ante mí, y me recuerda tus signos, y tus señales, y tus testimonios. ¡Por tu gloria! Cada vez que elevo mis ojos hacia tu cielo, me trae a la memoria tu excelsitud, y tu sublimidad, y tu incomparable gloria y grandeza; y cada vez que vuelvo mi mirada hacia tu tierra, me siento compelido a reconocer las evidencias de tu poder y las señales de tu generosidad. Y cuando observo el mar, encuentro que me habla de tu majestad, de la potencia de tu fuerza, y de tu soberanía y de tu grandeza. Y cuando quiera que contemplo las montañas, me llevan a descubrir los emblemas de tu victoria y los estandartes de tu omnipotencia3.
La naturaleza refleja "los nombres y atributos de Dios"4. Es la expresión de "la Voluntad de Dios... dentro... del mundo contingente"5. Bahá'u'lláh escribe:
Di: En su esencia, la naturaleza es la encarnación de mi Nombre, el Hacedor, el Creador. Sus manifestaciones son diversificadas por diferentes causas, y en su diversidad existen signos para los hombres de entendimiento. La naturaleza es la Voluntad de Dios y su expresión dentro y a través del mundo contingente. Es una dispensación de la Providencia ordenada por el Ordenador, el Omnisapiente6.
1.2 LA TIERRA, UN SOLO PAÍS
Bahá'u'lláh expone una visión del mundo que reconoce que la "Tierra es un solo país, y la humanidad sus ciudadanos", y hace un llamamiento para la promoción de "los mejores intereses de los pueblos y familias de la Tierra"7.
'Abdu'l-Bahá llama la atención sobre la creciente interdependencia del mundo, y el hecho de que "bastarse a sí mismo"8 ya no es posible. Él prevé que la tendencia hacia un mundo unido aumentará y se manifestará en forma de "unidad de pensamiento en empresas mundiales"9 y en otras esferas importantes de la existencia. Un campo importante en el que se precisa acción unificada es el de la preservación de los recursos del planeta.
1.3 LA POSICIÓN Y LA RESPONSABILIDAD DEL HOMBRE
'Abdu'l-Bahá indica que el hombre, "en virtud de la fuerza ideal y celestial latente y manifiesta en él"10, ocupa una posición que es "más elevada y más noble"11 que la naturaleza, que "el hombre es el que gobierna en la esfera de la naturaleza"12.
Es evidente, por lo tanto, que el hombre es el que gobierna en la esfera de la naturaleza. Ésta es inerte; el hombre, progresivo. La naturaleza no tiene conciencia, el hombre está dotado de ella. La naturaleza carece de volición, actúa por fuerza, mientras que el hombre posee una poderosa voluntad. La naturaleza es incapaz de descubrir los misterios o realidades, pero el hombre está especialmente dotado para hacerlo. La naturaleza no está en contacto con el Reino Divino, el hombre está en armonía con sus evidencias. La naturaleza no está informada de Dios, el hombre es consciente de Él. El hombre adquiere virtudes divinas, lo que se ha negado a la naturaleza. El hombre puede voluntariamente cesar en sus vicios, la naturaleza no tiene poder para modificar la influencia de su fatalismo. Por ello, es evidente que el hombre es más noble y superior; que en él hay un poder ideal que sobrepasa a la naturaleza. Él tiene conciencia, voluntad, memoria, poder de inteligencia, atributos divinos y virtudes de las cuales está la naturaleza completamente desprovista, despojada, carente; por lo tanto, el hombre es más elevado y más noble en virtud de la fuerza ideal y celestial latente y manifiesta en él13.
El hombre, poseedor de una facultad interior de la que las plantas y animales carecen, una capacidad que le permite descubrir los secretos de la naturaleza y llegar a dominar el entorno, tiene una responsabilidad especial en el uso de sus poderes dados por Dios para fines positivos. La Casa Universal de Justicia indica que "el ejercicio adecuado de esta responsabilidad es la clave de que su genio inventor produzca resultados benéficos o provoque la destrucción en el mundo material"14.
1.4 CÓMO ENTENDER EL MUNDO FÍSICO. INTERACCIÓN ENTRE LO ESPIRITUAL Y LO MATERIAL.
'Abdu'l-Bahá subraya que el desarrollo del mundo físico y la felicidad de la humanidad dependen tanto de la "llamada de la civilización, del progreso del mundo material"15 como de la "llamada de Dios que conmueve el alma, cuyas enseñanzas espirituales son la salvaguardia de la gloria imperecedera, la felicidad eterna y la iluminación del mundo de la humanidad"16; Él afirma:
No obstante, mientras los avances materiales, los logros físicos y las virtudes humanas no sean fortalecidos por las perfecciones espirituales, las luminosas cualidades y las características de la misericordia, no saldrá de ellos ningún fruto ni resultado, ni se logrará la felicidad del mundo de la humanidad, lo cual es el objetivo final. Pues aunque, por una parte, los logros materiales y el desarrollo del mundo físico producen prosperidad, lo cual manifiesta exquisitamente sus deseados fines, por otra parte los peligros, las severas calamidades y las violentas aflicciones son inminentes.
En consecuencia, cuando observas el ordenado diseño de los reinos, de las ciudades y aldeas, con el atractivo de sus ornamentos, con la frescura de sus recursos naturales, el refinamiento de sus dispositivos, la comodidad de sus medios de transporte, la extensión del conocimiento disponible referente al mundo de la naturaleza, las grandes invenciones, las colosales empresas, los nobles descubrimientos e investigaciones científicas, has de concluir que la civilización conduce a la felicidad y al progreso del mundo humano. Mas si vuelves tu mirada al descubrimiento de máquinas destructivas e infernales, al desarrollo de las fuerzas de demolición y la invención de utensilios ígneos, los cuales arrancan de raíz al árbol de la vida, se te hará evidente y manifiesto que la civilización está conjurada con la barbarie. El progreso y la barbarie marchan de la mano, a menos que la civilización material sea confirmada por la Guía Divina, por las revelaciones del Todo Misericordioso y por virtudes divinas, y sea vigorizada por la conducta espiritual, por los ideales del Reino y las efusiones del Dominio del Poder...
Por tanto, esta civilización y progreso material deben combinarse con la Guía Suprema, a fin de que este mundo inferior llegue a ser el escenario de la aparición de las dádivas del Reino, y los avances físicos se unan con las efulgencias del Misericordioso. Y todo ello para que la belleza y perfección del mundo del hombre sean reveladas y puestas de manifiesto ante todos con la mayor gracia y esplendor. Así, la gloria y felicidad sempiternas serán reveladas17.
Bahá'u'lláh describe el destino de aquellos cuyas vidas muestran una desconsideración por los valores espirituales y un fracaso al actuar en conformidad con tales valores. Comenta:
... camináis sobre mi tierra complacidos y satisfechos de vosotros mismos, sin reparar en que mi tierra está cansada de vosotros y todo cuanto hay en ella os rehúye...18.
Shoghi Effendi asegura que la negligencia del hombre contribuye a la decadencia del "Orden actual"19 y produce un impacto sobre el medio ambiente de una manera práctica:
El violento trastorno del equilibrio del mundo; el temblor que se apoderará de los miembros de la humanidad; la transformación radical de la sociedad humana; el repliegue del Orden actual; los cambios fundamentales que afectan a la estructura del gobierno; ... el desarrollo de máquinas de guerra infernales; la quema de las ciudades; la contaminación de la atmósfera de la Tierra, destacan como los signos y portentos que deben o bien anunciar o acompañar la calamidad retributiva que, como fue decretado por Quien es el Juez y Redentor de la humanidad, debe, más tarde o más temprano, afligir a una sociedad que, en su mayor parte, y durante más de un siglo, ha prestado oídos sordos a la Voz del Mensajero de Dios para este Día. Una calamidad que debe purgar a la raza humana de la escoria de las corrupciones que ha arrastrado por largo tiempo, y soldar sus partes componentes en una Mancomunidad firmemente unida que abarque todo el mundo; una Mancomunidad destinada, en la plenitud del tiempo, a ser incorporada dentro de la estructura, y a ser galvanizada por las influencias espiritualizadoras, de un Orden que se expande misteriosamente, un Orden divinamente designado, y a florecer, en el curso de Dispensaciones futuras, en forma de una Civilización, semejante a la cual la humanidad jamás ha atestiguado otra, en ninguna etapa de su evolución20.
2 RELACIÓN ENTRE EL HOMBRE Y LA NATURALEZA
La relación entre el hombre y la naturaleza es muy compleja. Para apreciar las dimensiones de esta cuestión es preciso considerar algunas de las características de la naturaleza descritas en los Escritos Bahá'ís y tener presentes ciertos valores y actitudes que sirven de guía para el comportamiento individual y el establecimiento de prioridades.
2.1 CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA NATURALEZA
2.1.1 Un sistema unificado
'Abdu'l-Bahá indica que el "templo del mundo"21 ha sido "modelado a imagen y semejanza del cuerpo humano"22. Él explica que:
Con esto se quiere decir que igual que el cuerpo humano en este mundo, que exteriormente está compuesto de órganos y miembros diferentes, es en realidad una entidad coherente, perfectamente integrada, de modo similar la estructura del mundo físico se asemeja a un ser único cuyos miembros y partes se encuentran enlazados inseparablemente.
Si uno observara con una visión que descubre las realidades de todas las cosas, llegaría a ver con claridad que la relación más importante que mantiene unido el mundo del ser se encuentra dentro de la esfera de las mismas cosas creadas, y que la cooperación, la ayuda mutua y la reciprocidad son características esenciales del cuerpo unificado del mundo del ser, en cuanto que todas las cosas creadas están relacionadas estrechamente entre sí y cada una es influida por la otra o saca algún beneficio de ella, sea directa o indirectamente.
Considérese, por ejemplo, cómo un grupo de cosas creadas constituyen el reino vegetal y otro el reino animal. Cada uno de estos dos hacen uso de ciertos elementos del aire del que su propia vida depende, mientras cada uno incrementa la cantidad de dichos elementos que son esenciales para la vida del otro. En otras palabras, el crecimiento y desarrollo del mundo vegetal es imposible sin la existencia del reino animal, y la conservación de la vida animal es inconcebible sin la cooperación del reino vegetal. Del mismo tipo son las relaciones que existen entre las cosas creadas. De ahí que se estableciera que la cooperación y reciprocidad son propiedades esenciales inherentes al sistema unificado del mundo de la existencia, sin las cuales la creación entera sería reducida a la nada23.
En otro pasaje 'Abdu'l-Bahá describe la interconexión de "cada una de las partes del universo"24 y la importancia de mantener el equilibrio en el sistema:
Reflexiona sobre las realidades intrínsecas del universo, las secretas sabidurías que comprende, los enigmas, las interrelaciones, las reglas que todo lo gobiernan. Pues cada parte del universo está vinculada con todas las demás partes con lazos que son muy poderosos y que no admiten ningún desequilibrio, ni tampoco ningún descuido...25.
2.1.2 Sujeto a leyes y organización
'Abdu'l-Bahá afirma que "El mundo fenoménico está completamente sujeto al gobierno y control de las leyes naturales"26. Contrasta la "absoluta organización"27 de la naturaleza y su falta de "inteligencia"28 y "voluntad"29 con la capacidad humana de "(dominar) las fuerzas de la naturaleza"30 mediante el descubrimiento de "la constitución de las cosas"31:
Esta naturaleza está sujeta a una organización absoluta, a determinadas leyes, a un orden completo y a un designio consumado de los cuales jamás se apartará; a tal grado, por cierto, que si observas con cuidado y con visión penetrante, desde el átomo más pequeño e invisible hasta los cuerpos más grandes del mundo de la existencia como el globo solar o los otros grandes astros y luminosas esferas, ya fijes tu atención en su distribución, en su composición, en su forma o en su movimiento, descubrirás que todos están en el más alto grado de organización y bajo una ley única de la cual jamás se apartarán.
Pero cuando contemplas la naturaleza en sí misma, observas que no posee ni inteligencia ni voluntad. Por ejemplo, la naturaleza del fuego es arder, arde sin voluntad ni inteligencia; el agua por naturaleza tiene fluidez, fluye sin voluntad o inteligencia; el sol, por su naturaleza, brilla, resplandece sin voluntad o inteligencia; el vapor por su naturaleza asciende, y lo hace sin inteligencia o voluntad. Por tanto es evidente que los movimientos naturales de todas las cosas son compelidos; no hay movimientos voluntarios excepto los de los animales y, sobre todo, los del hombre. El hombre puede desviarse de la naturaleza y oponerse a ella, porque descubre la constitución de las cosas y, por eso, domina las fuerzas de la naturaleza; todos los inventos que ha hecho se deben a su descubrimiento de la constitución de las cosas. Por ejemplo, inventó el telégrafo, que es el medio de comunicación entre Oriente y Occidente. Es evidente, entonces, que el hombre domina la naturaleza.
Ahora bien, cuando se ve que existen tales organizaciones, disposiciones y leyes, ¿puede decirse que todas ellas son el efecto de la naturaleza, aun cuando ésta no posee inteligencia ni percepción? Si no es así, entonces es evidente que esta naturaleza que no posee ni percepción ni inteligencia está en manos de Dios Todopoderoso, Quien es el Gobernador del mundo de la naturaleza; cualquier cosa que Él desee, hace que la naturaleza lo manifieste32.
2.1.3 Cambio y movimiento
El cambio es una ley que gobierna la totalidad de la creación física. Se ve en el paso de las estaciones. 'Abdu'l-Bahá escribe:
La Tierra está en movimiento y crecimiento; las montañas, colinas y praderas son verdes y agradables; la generosidad es desbordante; la misericordia es universal; la lluvia desciende de la nube de la misericordia; el sol luminoso resplandece; la luna llena adorna el horizonte de éter; la gran marea oceánica inunda todas las pequeñas corrientes; los dones se suceden; los favores se siguen uno a otro; y sopla la brisa refrescante, llevando suavemente en el aire el fragante perfume de las flores. ¡Un tesoro ilimitado está en las manos del Rey de reyes! Alzad el borde de vuestra vestidura para recibirlo33.
Pronto el mundo entero, como en la primavera, cambiará su atuendo. Ya pasó la mutación y caída de las hojas de otoño; la desnudez del invierno terminó. Ha aparecido el año nuevo y la primavera espiritual se acerca. La negra tierra se está convirtiendo en un verde jardín; los desiertos y montañas están cuajados de flores rojas; de los límites de la tierra virgen las hierbas crecidas se yerguen como avanzada ante los cipreses y árboles de jazmín; mientras los pájaros cantan entre las ramas de los rosales como los ángeles en el más elevado cielo, anunciando las buenas nuevas del acercamiento de esa primavera espiritual, y la música melodiosa de sus voces está haciendo que la verdadera esencia de todas las cosas se mueva y estremezca34.
'Abdu'l-Bahá afirma que "en la naturaleza no existe reposo absoluto"35, que "el movimiento es esencial para la existencia"36. Con relación a la existencia, Él describe los procesos de "composición y descomposición"37:
... considera el fenómeno de la composición y la descomposición, de la existencia y la no existencia. Cada cosa creada en el mundo contingente está formada por muchos y variados átomos, y su existencia depende de la composición de ellos. En otras palabras, por medio del divino poder creador tiene lugar una conjunción de elementos simples, de modo que de esta composición se produce un organismo diferente. La existencia de todas las cosas está basada en este principio. Pero cuando el orden se rompe se produce la descomposición y comienza la desintegración, y entonces tal cosa cesa de existir. Es decir, la aniquilación de todas las cosas es causada por la descomposición y la desintegración. Por tanto, la atracción y la composición entre los diversos elementos es el instrumento de la vida, y la discordia, la descomposición y la división producen la muerte. Así, las fuerzas de cohesión y atracción en todas las cosas conducen a la aparición de resultados y efectos fructíferos, mientras que el distanciamiento y el alejamiento de las cosas conducen a la perturbación y aniquilación. A través de la afinidad y la atracción llegan a la existencia todas las cosas vivientes como las plantas, los animales y el hombre, en tanto que la división y la discordia acarrean descomposición y destrucción38.
También explica que, en el mundo físico, el curso de la evolución va dirigiéndose hacia niveles cada vez mayores de complejidad:
En la creación física, la evolución es de uno a otro grado de perfección. El mineral pasa con sus perfecciones minerales a los vegetales; los vegetales con sus perfecciones pasan al mundo animal y, de la misma manera, a la humanidad...39.
2.1.4 Diversidad
'Abdu'l-Bahá describe la diversidad como "la esencia de la perfección y la causa de la aparición de las dádivas"40 de Dios, y afirma:
Considera las flores de un jardín: aunque difieren en tipo, en color, forma y aspecto, sin embargo, por cuanto son refrescadas por las aguas de una única fuente, vivificadas por los hálitos de un único viento, vigorizadas por los rayos de un único sol, esta diversidad aumenta su encanto y realza su belleza. Así, cuando esa fuerza unificadora, la penetrante influencia de la Palabra de Dios, surte efecto, la diferencia de costumbres, maneras, hábitos, ideas, opiniones y disposiciones embellecen el mundo de la humanidad. Esta diversidad, esta diferencia, es como la naturalmente creada disimilitud y variedad de los miembros y órganos del cuerpo humano, ya que cada uno de ellos contribuye a la belleza, la eficiencia y perfección del todo...
¡Qué ingrato a la vista sería si todas las flores y plantas, todas las hojas y capullos, los frutos, las ramas y los árboles de ese jardín fueran todos de la misma forma y color! La diversidad de tonos, de forma y aspecto, enriquece y adorna el jardín, y realza su efecto...41.
En el siguiente pasaje se subraya el alcance de la diversidad del "mundo de las cosas creadas"42:
... las formas y los organismos de los seres existentes, en cada uno de los reinos del universo, son numerosísimos e incontables. El reino vegetal, por ejemplo, tiene una infinita variedad de tipos y estructuras materiales de vida, diferentes entre sí, no encontrándose dos exactamente idénticas en su composición o en sus detalles, porque no hay repeticiones en la naturaleza y la virtud del desarrollo no puede confinarse a una sola imagen o forma. Cada hoja tiene su propia identidad particular, mejor dicho, su propia individualidad como hoja...43.
2.1.5 Sirve al mundo humano
'Abdu'l-Bahá describe las "causas y circunstancias"44 de la "perfección"45 de los mundos mineral, vegetal y animal, y la distingue de su "verdadera prosperidad"46, la cual conduce al honor de los diversos reinos.
El honor y dignidad de todo ser existente dependen de causas y circunstancias.
La excelencia, el adorno y la perfección de la Tierra residen en que sea verde y fértil mediante la generosidad de la lluvia primaveral. Las plantas crecen, las flores y fragantes hierbas se desarrollan, los árboles frutales se cargan de flores, y dan frutos frescos y nuevos. Los jardines se embellecen y las praderas se adornan; las montañas y las planicies se revisten de verde manto; se adornan jardines, campos, aldeas y ciudades. Ésta es la prosperidad del mundo mineral.
La cima de la exaltación y la perfección del mundo vegetal consisten en que el árbol crezca en la ribera de un arroyo de agua fresca, que sea mecido por una suave brisa, reciba el calor del sol que brilla sobre él, que sea cultivado por un jardinero y que cada día se desarrolle y dé frutos. Pero su verdadera prosperidad radica en que progrese hasta influir en el mundo animal y humano, y reemplace lo que se ha agotado en los cuerpos de los animales y de los hombres.
El ensalzamiento del mundo animal consiste en que sus integrantes posean miembros, órganos y facultades perfectos, y que todas sus necesidades sean proporcionadas. Ésta es su mayor gloria, su honor y perfección. De modo que la suprema felicidad de un animal es tener una pradera verde y fértil, agua corriente completamente pura, y un hermoso bosque verde. Si se lo provee de todo esto, mayor prosperidad no puede imaginarse. Por ejemplo, si un pájaro construye su nido en un verde y copioso bosque, en un lugar elevado y hermoso, en un árbol robusto, y en lo alto de una elevada rama, y si él encuentra todo lo que necesita de granos y agua, esto constituye su prosperidad perfecta.
Pero la verdadera prosperidad para el animal consiste en pasar del mundo animal al mundo humano, como los seres microscópicos que, por medio del agua y del aire, entran en el hombre y son asimilados, reemplazando lo que ha sido consumido en su cuerpo. Tal es el gran honor y prosperidad para el mundo animal; no puede concebírsele honor más grande47.
2.1.6 La imperfección de la naturaleza
Hay dos puntos de vista sobre la naturaleza que contrastan: uno, que sostiene que el "mundo de la naturaleza es completo"48, y otro, que declara que es "incompleto"49 porque "tiene necesidad de inteligencia y educación"50. 'Abdu'l-Bahá afirma que los "reinos mineral, vegetal, animal y el del hombre necesitan todos de un educador"51:
Los materialistas sostienen la opinión de que el mundo de la naturaleza es completo. Los filósofos divinos declaran que el mundo de la naturaleza es incompleto. Hay una abierta diferencia entre los dos. Los materialistas llaman la atención sobre la perfección de la naturaleza, el sol, la luna y las estrellas, los árboles en sus galas, la tierra entera y el mar, incluso fenómenos sin importancia que revelan la más perfecta simetría. Los filósofos divinos niegan esta aparente perfección y que el reino de la naturaleza sea completo, aun admitiendo la belleza de sus paisajes y aspectos y reconociendo las fuerzas cósmicas irresistibles que controlan los colosales soles y planetas. Sostienen que si bien la naturaleza parece perfecta, es, a pesar de ello, imperfecta porque tiene necesidad de inteligencia y educación. En prueba de esto dicen que el hombre, aun siendo un verdadero dios en el reino de la creación animal, está necesitado él mismo de un educador. El hombre que no se ha desarrollado por la educación es salvaje, animal, brutal. Las leyes y reglas, las escuelas, institutos y universidades tienen el propósito de adiestrar al hombre y elevarle de la oscura zona fronteriza con el reino animal...52.
Cuando meditamos sobre la existencia, vemos que los reinos mineral, vegetal, animal y el del hombre necesitan todos de un educador.
Si la tierra no se cultiva se convierte en una selva donde crecen las malezas inútiles; pero si aparece un agricultor que la cultiva, produce cosechas que alimentan a las criaturas vivientes. Es evidente, por lo tanto, que la tierra necesita la labranza del agricultor. Reflexiona sobre los árboles: si permanecen sin quien los cultive, serán infructuosos, y sin fruto son inútiles; pero si reciben el cuidado de un agricultor, estos mismos árboles estériles llegan a ser fructíferos y, por medio del cultivo, abonos e injertos, los árboles que producían frutos amargos ya los producen dulces...
Pasa lo mismo con respecto a los animales: observa que, cuando se amaestra al animal, éste se domestica, y que el hombre también, si no se le educa, se vuelve bestial, y, además, si se le deja bajo el dominio de la naturaleza, llega a ser inferior al animal, mientras que si se le educa se convierte en un ángel...53.
2.2 ACTITUDES Y VALORES
Los Escritos Bahá'ís articulan ciertos valores espirituales y actitudes que ofrecen una guía en la relación del hombre con la naturaleza. Éstos son:
2.2.1 Aprecio
El conocimiento del hecho de que la tierra es la "fuente"54 de la "prosperidad"55 del hombre es atemperado por la comprensión de que "el honor y la prosperidad del hombre han de ser algo más que las riquezas materiales"56. Así:
Todo hombre de discernimiento, al caminar sobre la tierra, realmente se siente avergonzado, porque sabe perfectamente que aquello que es la fuente de su prosperidad, su riqueza, su poder, su exaltación, su progreso y fuerza, como ha sido ordenado por Dios, es la tierra misma, la cual hollan los pies de todos los hombres. No cabe duda que quienquiera conozca esta verdad, se ha purificado y santificado de todo orgullo, arrogancia y vanagloria...57.
¿De qué podéis jactaros con derecho? ¿Es de vuestros alimentos o bebidas que os enorgullecéis, de las riquezas que almacenáis en vuestros tesoros, de la diversidad y valor de los ornamentos con que os adornáis? Si la verdadera gloria consistiera en la posesión de esas cosas perecederas, entonces la tierra sobre la cual camináis debería enaltecerse sobre vosotros, porque os suministra y confiere estas mismas cosas por decreto del Todopoderoso. En sus entrañas se halla, de acuerdo con lo que Dios ha ordenado, todo lo que poseéis. De ella, como un signo de su misericordia, deriváis vuestras riquezas. ¡Mirad, entonces, vuestra condición, aquella de que os gloriáis! ¡Oh, si pudierais comprenderlo!58.
Es evidente, entonces, que el honor y prosperidad del hombre ha de ser algo más que las riquezas materiales. El bienestar material no es más que una rama, mas la raíz de la exaltación humana son los buenos atributos y virtudes que constituyen los adornos de su realidad. Éstos son las apariencias divinas, las munificencias celestiales, las emociones sublimes, el amor y el conocimiento de Dios, la sabiduría universal, la percepción intelectual, los descubrimientos científicos, la justicia, la equidad, la veracidad, la benevolencia, el valor natural y la entereza innata, el respeto por los derechos, y el cumplimiento de los pactos y convenios, la rectitud bajo todas circunstancias, el estar al servicio de la verdad bajo todas las condiciones, el estar dispuesto a sacrificar la vida por el bien general, la bondad y estimación hacia todas las naciones, la obediencia a las enseñanzas de Dios, el servicio al Reino Divino, la guía de los pueblos, y la educación de las naciones y razas. ¡Tal es la prosperidad del mundo humano! ¡Tal es la exaltación del hombre en el mundo! ¡Ésta es la vida eterna y el honor celestial!59.
2.2.2 Moderación
Los Escritos Bahá'ís alientan a desligarse de "este mundo y sus vanidades"60, ya que el "apego"61 distrae al individuo del conocimiento de Dios. Esto, sin embargo, no constituye una forma de ascetismo ni implica un rechazo de los placeres de la vida. Bahá'u'lláh explica:
Si un hombre deseare adornarse con los ornamentos de la tierra, vestir sus prendas o participar de los beneficios que ésta pueda conferirle, ningún daño podrá acaecerle, con tal que no permita que nada se interponga entre él y Dios, pues Dios ha ordenado todas las cosas buenas, creadas en el cielo o en la tierra, para los siervos suyos que realmente creen en Él. Comed, oh pueblo, de las cosas buenas que Dios os ha permitido, y no os privéis de sus maravillosas dádivas. Dad gracias a Él y alabadle, y sed de aquellos que de verdad son agradecidos62.
La norma es la moderación:
Es deseable la moderación en todos los asuntos. Si una cosa es llevada al exceso, ella será fuente de perjuicio...63.
2.2.3 Amabilidad con los animales
Bahá'u'lláh pide del hombre "ser bondadoso con los animales"64, y advierte contra la "caza excesiva"65. En relación a lo primero, 'Abdu'l-Bahá escribe:
En breve, no sólo a sus semejantes del género humano deben los amados de Dios tratar con misericordia y compasión, sino que deben demostrar la mayor bondad hacia toda criatura viviente. Pues en todos los aspectos físicos, y en lo que concierne al espíritu animal, tanto el animal como el hombre comparten los mismos sentimientos. No obstante, el hombre no ha comprendido esta verdad y cree que las sensaciones físicas están limitadas a los seres humanos, por lo cual es injusto con los animales, y cruel.
Y, sin embargo, en verdad, ¿qué diferencia existe con respecto a las sensaciones físicas? Las percepciones son una y la misma, ya sea que causéis dolor al hombre o a la bestia. Aquí no existe ninguna diferencia. Y, de hecho, es peor que causéis daño al animal, pues el hombre tiene lenguaje; puede presentar una demanda, puede clamar y quejarse; si es perjudicado, puede recurrir a las autoridades y éstas le protegerán de su agresor. Mas la desventurada bestia es muda, incapaz de expresar su dolor y de llevar su caso a las autoridades. Si un hombre inflige un millar de maldades a una bestia, ésta no puede defenderse contra él con palabras ni arrastrarle a la corte. Por tanto, es esencial que demostréis la mayor consideración a los animales, y que seáis con ellos más bondadosos aún que con vuestros semejantes.
Enseñad a vuestros hijos desde sus primeros días a ser infinitamente tiernos y cariñosos con los animales. Si un animal está enfermo, que los niños traten de sanarlo; si tiene hambre, que lo alimenten; si está sediento, que apaguen su sed; si está fatigado, que se preocupen de que descanse.
La mayoría de los seres humanos son pecadores, pero las bestias son inocentes. Ciertamente, los que están libres de pecado deben recibir la mayor bondad y amor -todos, a excepción de los animales que son dañinos-... Pero a los animales benditos debe expresárseles la más grande bondad, cuanto más, tanto mejor. La ternura y la bondad son los principios fundamentales del celestial Reino de Dios. Con el mayor cuidado, debéis tener siempre presente esta cuestión66.
Los Escritos Bahá'ís también aseveran que el consumo de carne no es un requisito necesario para la salud:
Respecto a comer carne animal y la abstinencia de ella..., él (el hombre) no tiene necesidad de carne, ni está obligado a comerla. Aun sin comer carne viviría con el mayor vigor y energía... Verdaderamente, matar animales y comer su carne es algo contrario en cierta medida a la piedad y la compasión, y si uno puede contentarse con cereales, fruta, aceite y frutos secos, como pistachos, almendras y otros, sería indudablemente mejor y más grato67.
2.2.4 El desarrollo de la naturaleza
Desde el punto de vista bahá'í, la creación física es dinámica y evoluciona de "uno a otro grado de perfección"68. Es, sin embargo, "incompleta"69, ya que carece de "inteligencia y educación"70. Tiene necesidad de un desarrollo llevado a cabo por el hombre, no solamente para crear un grado más elevado de orden y belleza, valores que afirman las enseñanzas bahá'ís, sino también para aumentar su fertilidad y productividad. En relación a la creación de orden y belleza en el reino de la naturaleza, 'Abdu'l-Bahá escribe:
La naturaleza es el mundo material. Cuando lo observamos, vemos que es oscuro e imperfecto. Por ejemplo, si permitimos a un terreno permanecer en su condición natural, lo encontraremos cubierto de espinos y cardos; crecerán rápidamente sobre ella malas hierbas inútiles y vegetación salvaje y se convertirá como en una selva. Los árboles serán improductivos, carentes de belleza y simetría...71.
Y si al pasar por campos y plantaciones observas que las plantas, las flores y las perfumadas hierbas crecen juntas frondosamente, formando un diseño de unidad, ello evidencia el hecho de que esa plantación y ese jardín florecen bajo el cuidado de un hábil jardinero. Mas cuando lo ves en estado de desorden e irregularidad, infieres que le ha faltado el cuidado de un labrador eficiente, habiendo producido así malezas y cizañas72.
'Abdu'l-Bahá menciona también la contribución del cultivo como un medio de incrementar la fertilidad de la tierra y su productividad. Afirma:
Si relegásemos esta parcela de tierra a su estado natural y la permitiéramos regresar a su condición original, se convertiría en un campo de espinos y malas hierbas inútiles, pero mediante el cultivo se convertirá en un suelo fértil que dará una cosecha. Si se dejaran sin cultivar las laderas de las montañas, serían selvas y bosques sin árboles fructíferos. Los jardines producen frutos y flores en proporción a la labranza y los cuidados que les otorga el jardinero...73.
Un grano de trigo, cuando es cultivado por el labrador, produce una cosecha completa, y una semilla, por medio del cuidado del jardinero, crecerá hasta ser un gran árbol...74.
Si bien el mundo de la naturaleza tiene necesidad de un desarrollo, la manera de plantear ese desarrollo por parte del hombre debe ser temperada por la moderación, por un compromiso de proteger la "herencia de generaciones futuras"75, y por la conciencia de la santidad de la naturaleza que impregna las Escrituras de la Fe Bahá'í. Por ejemplo, Bahá'u'lláh afirma:
Bendito es el sitio, y la casa, y el lugar, y la ciudad, y el corazón, y la montaña, y el refugio, y la cueva, y el valle, y la tierra, y el mar, y la isla, y la pradera donde se ha hecho mención de Dios y se ha glorificado su alabanza76.
2.2.5 La importancia de la agricultura
Bahá'u'lláh afirma que "Se debe tener especial consideración hacia la agricultura"77. La caracteriza como una actividad que es "conducente al progreso de la humanidad y a la reconstrucción del mundo"78. 'Abdu'l-Bahá asevera que
La base fundamental de la comunidad es la agricultura, la labranza del suelo...79.
Él describe la agricultura como "una ciencia noble"80 cuya práctica es un "acto de adoración"81, y anima tanto a los hombres como a las mujeres a dedicarse a "las ciencias de la agricultura"82. Indica que si un individuo "llegara a ser competente en este campo, se convertirá en un medio para proporcionar lo necesario para el bienestar de un incalculable número de personas"83.
Con relación al desarrollo económico y social de las naciones, la Casa Universal de Justicia subraya la importancia de "la agricultura y la preservación del equilibrio ecológico del mundo"84.
2.2.6 Uso de la ciencia
La ciencia es descrita como "la gobernadora de la naturaleza y de sus misterios, el único agente por medio del cual el hombre explora las instituciones de la creación material"85.
... el hombre, a través del ejercicio de su poder científico e intelectual, puede elevarse por encima de esta condición: puede modificar, cambiar y controlar la naturaleza de acuerdo a sus propios deseos y necesidades. La ciencia, por decirlo así, es la infractora de las leyes de la naturaleza.
Consideremos, por ejemplo, que, de acuerdo a las leyes naturales, el hombre debe morar sobre la superficie de la tierra. Superando esta ley y sus restricciones, sin embargo se desliza en barcos sobre los océanos, asciende al cenit en aeroplanos y se sumerge en las profundidades del mar en submarinos. Esto está en contra del mandato de la naturaleza y es una violación a su soberanía y a su dominio. Las leyes y métodos de la naturaleza, los secretos ocultos y los misterios del universo, las invenciones humanas y sus descubrimientos, todas nuestras adquisiciones científicas, deberían naturalmente quedar ocultas y desconocidas; pero el hombre, por intermedio de su perspicacia intelectual, los descubre del plano de lo invisible, los trae al plano de lo visible, los expone y los explica. Por ejemplo, uno de los misterios de la naturaleza es la electricidad. De acuerdo a la naturaleza, esta fuerza, esta energía, debería permanecer latente y oculta, pero el hombre viola científicamente las leyes de la naturaleza, las detiene e incluso las aprisiona para su propio uso.
Brevemente, el hombre, por intermedio de la posesión de este don ideal de la investigación científica, es el más noble producto de la creación, el dominador de la naturaleza...86.
'Abdu'l-Bahá vincula el esfuerzo en el campo de la ciencia con la realización de un fin noble. Dice:
Esta facultad es en el hombre el poder más digno de alabanza, porque a través de su empleo y ejercicio se lleva a cabo el mejoramiento de la raza humana, el desarrollo de las virtudes del género humano se hace posible y el espíritu y los misterios de Dios se hacen evidentes87.
Y enuncia el principio general de que
... cualquier organismo, sea cual fuese, aunque fuera el instrumento del más grande beneficio para la humanidad, puede ser mal empleado. El uso apropiado o el abuso dependen de los fluctuantes grados de ilustración, capacidad, fe, honestidad, devoción y altruismo de los líderes de la opinión pública88.
3 PROTECCIÓN DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE
En los Escritos de la Fe Bahá'í se trata una serie de cuestiones que conciernen a la protección del medio ambiente. A continuación se exponen varias de ellas.
3.1 PRESERVACIÓN DE RECURSOS
Shoghi Effendi une la preservación y recuperación de los recursos de la Tierra con la "protección (del) mundo físico y (la) herencia (de) generaciones futuras"89. Afirma que el trabajo de grupos como Men of the Trees (Hombres de los Árboles) y World Forestry Charter (Carta Forestal Mundial) es "esencialmente humanitario"90, y aplaude su "noble objetivo"91 de recuperar las "zonas desiertas (de) África"92.
Es interesante observar que entre los "poderes y deberes"93 de la Casa Universal de Justicia están "el progreso y mejoramiento del mundo"94 y "el desarrollo de los países"95.
3.2 CONTROL DE RECURSOS NATURALES
Los Escritos Bahá'ís prevén que la protección, exploración y explotación de los "vastos e inimaginables recursos"96 de la Tierra habrán de situarse, inevitablemente, a largo plazo, bajo la jurisdicción de un "sistema federado mundial"97. Tal sistema, basado en el reconocimiento de la "unidad de la raza humana"98, ejercerá no solamente una "autoridad irrefutable"99 sobre los recursos de la Tierra, sino que también asegurará la justicia económica y social. Shoghi Effendi escribe:
La unidad de la raza humana, vista por Bahá'u'-lláh, implica el establecimiento de una mancomunidad mundial en la que todas las razas, credos y clases estén estrecha y permanentemente unidas, en que la autonomía de sus estados miembros, la libertad personal y la iniciativa de los individuos que la componen estén definitiva y completamente resguardadas... En semejante sociedad mundial, la ciencia y la religión, las dos fuerzas más potentes de la vida humana, se reconciliarán, cooperarán y se desarrollarán armoniosamente... Los recursos económicos del mundo serán organizados, sus fuentes de materias primas serán explotadas y totalmente utilizadas, sus mercados serán coordinados y desarrollados y la distribución de sus productos será equitativamente regulada.
Las rivalidades, odios e intrigas nacionales cesarán, y la animosidad y prejuicio raciales serán reemplazados por amistad, entendimiento y cooperación racial. Las causas de la lucha religiosa serán definitivamente eliminadas, las barreras y restricciones económicas serán completamente abolidas y la excesiva distinción entre clases será suprimida. Pobreza extrema por una parte y exagerada acumulación de bienes por otra desaparecerán. La enorme energía disipada y derrochada en la guerra, ya sea económica o política, será consagrada a aquellos fines que extiendan el alcance de las invenciones humanas y del desarrollo tecnológico, al aumento de la productividad de la humanidad, al exterminio de las enfermedades, a la extensión de la investigación científica, a la elevación del nivel de salud física, a la agudización y refinamiento del cerebro humano, a la explotación de los inusitados e insospechados recursos del planeta, a la prolongación de la vida humana y al fomento de cualquier otro agente que pueda estimular la vida intelectual, moral y espiritual de toda la raza humana.
Un sistema federado mundial, gobernando toda la Tierra y ejerciendo irrefutable autoridad sobre sus vastos e inimaginables recursos, que armonice y encarne los ideales del Este y Oeste, liberado de la maldición de la guerra y sus miserias y dedicado a la explotación de todos los recursos disponibles de energía sobre la superficie del planeta, un sistema en el cual la Fuerza es transformada en siervo de la Justicia, cuya vida es sostenida por el reconocimiento universal de un solo Dios y por su lealtad a una Revelación común, tal es la meta hacia la cual la humanidad, impelida por las fuerzas unificadoras de la vida, está avanzando100.
3.3 PROPUESTAS PARA LA PROTECCIÓN DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE
La conservación y protección del medio ambiente debe afrontarse en los niveles individual y social. Shoghi Effendi, en una carta escrita en su nombre, afirma:
No podemos separar el corazón humano del medio exterior y decir que, una vez hayamos reformado alguno de los dos, todo mejorará. El hombre es orgánico con el mundo. Su vida interior moldea el entorno y él mismo es profundamente afectado por éste. El uno actúa sobre el otro y todo cambio permanente en la vida del hombre es el resultado de estas reacciones mutuas.
No hay en el mundo un movimiento que dirija su atención hacia estos dos aspectos de la vida humana ni que tenga medidas globales para su mejora, salvo las enseñanzas de Bahá'u'lláh. Y ésta es su característica distintiva. Si deseamos, por lo tanto, el bien del mundo, deberíamos esforzarnos para difundir estas enseñanzas y practicarlas también en nuestra propia vida. A través de ellas se producirá el cambio del corazón humano, y además nuestro entorno social proporciona la atmósfera en la que podemos crecer espiritualmente y reflejar plenamente la luz de Dios que brilla a través de la Revelación de Bahá'u'lláh101.
Y, con respecto a la solución de los problemas del mundo, él indica que:
Necesitamos un cambio en el corazón, formular de nuevo todas nuestras concepciones y dar una nueva orientación a nuestras actividades. La vida interior del hombre, al igual que su medio ambiente externo, deben ser remodelados si se ha de conseguir la salvación humana102.
A nivel gubernamental, la Casa Universal de Justicia pide una "cooperación global de la familia de naciones para idear y adoptar medidas encaminadas a preservar el equilibrio ecológico que le fue dado a esta Tierra por su Creador"103. La Casa de Justicia asevera:
En tanto no llegue el momento en que las naciones del mundo comprendan y sigan las admoniciones de Bahá'u'lláh de trabajar juntos con plena entrega para ocuparse de los mejores intereses de toda la humanidad, y se unan en la búsqueda de métodos y medios para hacer frente a los numerosos problemas medioambientales que cercan nuestro planeta, la Casa de Justicia siente que se harán pocos progresos para su solución...104.
La Casa Universal de Justicia explica el papel del individuo bahá'í y de las comunidades bahá'ís en relación a la salvación de "la fauna y la condición natural del mundo"105 como sigue:
... la mejor forma en la que usted puede ayudar a salvar la fauna y la condición natural del mundo es esforzarse todo lo posible para presentar el Mensaje de Bahá'u'lláh ante la atención de sus semejantes y lograr su apoyo leal a esta Causa.
Cuando se produzca el cambio en los corazones de los hombres y empiecen a trabajar en unidad a la luz de las enseñanzas de Bahá'u'lláh, pueden empezar a efectuar muchas mejoras prácticas en la condición del mundo. Esto está comenzando ya en los esfuerzos para el desarrollo social y económico en aquellas zonas donde se han fundado comunidades bahá'ís grandes. Por supuesto, usted puede además ayudar a aquellos con quienes entre en contacto que tengan interés por mejorar el medio ambiente pero la solución fundamental es la que ha traído Bahá'u'lláh106.
Además de abordar la cuestión en un nivel esencialmente espiritual, se alienta la colaboración con individuos y grupos interesados en mejorar el medio ambiente. Se hace un llamado a las comunidades bahá'ís para que hagan de la conservación del medio ambiente una parte integral de las actividades que realizan corrientemente por medio de
... la ayuda a los esfuerzos por conservar el medio ambiente con medios que se armonicen con el ritmo de vida de nuestra comunidad...107.
4 PERSPECTIVAS PARA EL FUTURO
'Abdu'l-Bahá esboza el siguiente cuadro del futuro estado de la vida sobre la Tierra:
El Señor de toda la humanidad ha forjado este reino humano para que sea un Jardín del Edén, un paraíso terrenal. Si, como es debido, encuentra el camino de la armonía y la paz, del amor y la confianza mutua, llegará a ser una verdadera morada de dicha, un lugar de múltiples bendiciones e interminables delicias. En él se revelará la excelencia del género humano, en él resplandecerán por doquier los rayos del Sol de la Verdad108.
Notas:
1 Bahá'u'lláh, Oraciones y Meditaciones de Bahá'u'lláh, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1984, sec. CLXXVI, pág. 216.
2 Id.
3 Bahá'u'lláh, Oraciones y Meditaciones de Bahá'u'lláh, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1984, sec. CLXXVI, pág. 216.
4 Bahá'u'lláh, Pasajes de los Escritos de Bahá'u'lláh, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1978, sec. XC, pág. 118.
5 Bahá'u'lláh, Tablas de Bahá'u'lláh reveladas después del Kitáb-i-Aqdas, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1982, pág. 165.
6 Id.
7 Pasajes de los Escritos de Bahá'u'lláh, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1978, sec. CXVII, pág. 166.
8 'Abdu'l-Bahá, Selecciones de los Escritos de 'Abdu'l-Bahá, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1987, sec. 15, pág. 32.
9 Id., pág. 33.
10 'Abdu'l-Bahá, Fundamentos de Unidad mundial, Editorial Bahá'í de España, Terrassa, 1981, pág. 120.
11 Id.
12 Id., pág. 119.
13 'Abdu'l-Bahá, Fundamentos de Unidad mundial, Editorial Bahá'í de España, Terrassa, 1981, págs. 119-120.
14 Casa Universal de Justicia, de una carta fechada el 19 de mayo de 1971 escrita en su nombre a un creyente individual.
15 Selección de los Escritos de 'Abdu'l-Bahá, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1987, sec. 225, pág. 287.
16 Id.
17 Selección de los Escritos de 'Abdu'l-Bahá, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1987, sec. 225, págs. 288-289.
18 Bahá'u'lláh, Palabras Ocultas, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1986, nº 20 del persa.
19 Shoghi Effendi, de una carta fechada en abril de 1957, publicada en Messages to the Bahá'í World 1950-1957, pág. 103.
20 Shoghi Effendi, de una carta fechada en abril de 1957, publicada en Messages to the Bahá'í World 1950-1957, pág. 103.
21 'Abdu'l-Bahá, de una tabla traducida del persa.
22 Id.
23 'Abdu'l-Bahá, de una tabla traducida del persa.
24 Selección de los Escritos de 'Abdu'l-Bahá, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1987, sec. 137, pág. 159.
25 Id.
26 The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá during his visit to the United States and Canada in 1912, pág. 17.
27 'Abdu'l-Bahá, Respuestas a algunas preguntas, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1985, pág. 3.
28 Id.
29 Id.
30 Id.
31 Id.
32 'Abdu'l-Bahá, Respuestas a algunas preguntas, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1985, págs. 3-4.
33 'Abdu'l-Bahá, Tablets of 'Abdu'l-Bahá Abbas, vol. III, pág. 641.
34 'Abdu'l-Bahá, Tablets of 'Abdu'l-Bahá Abbas, vol. II, págs. 318-319.
35 'Abdu'l-Bahá, La sabiduría de 'Abdu'l-Bahá, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1986, pág. 91.
36 Id.
37 Selección de los Escritos de 'Abdu'l-Bahá, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1987, sec. 225, pág. 294.
38 Selección de los Escritos de 'Abdu'l-Bahá, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1987, sec. 225, pág. 294.
39 La sabiduría de 'Abdu'l-Bahá, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1986, pág. 65.
40 Selección de los Escritos de 'Abdu'l-Bahá, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1987, sec. 225, pág. 295.
41 Selección de los Escritos de 'Abdu'l-Bahá, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1987, sec. 225, págs. 295-296.
42 La sabiduría de 'Abdu'l-Bahá, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1986, pág. 50.
43 Fundamentos de unidad mundial, Editorial Bahá'í de España, Terrassa, pág. 98.
44 Respuestas a algunas preguntas, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1985, pág. 67.
45 Id.
46 Id.
47 Respuestas a algunas preguntas, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1985, págs. 67-68.
48 The Promulgation of Universal Peace, pág. 329.
49 Id.
50 Id.
51 Respuestas a algunas preguntas, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1985, pág. 7.
52 The Promulgation of Universal Peace, pág. 329.
53 Respuestas a algunas preguntas, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1985, pág. 7.
54 Bahá'u'lláh, Epístola al hijo del Lobo, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1985, pág. 39.
55 Id.
56 Respuestas a algunas preguntas, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1985, pág. 68.
57 Epístola al hijo del Lobo, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1985, pág. 39.
58 Pasajes de los Escritos de Bahá'u'lláh, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1978, sec. CXVIII, págs. 167-168.
59 Respuestas a algunas preguntas, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1985, pág. 68.
60 Pasajes de los Escritos de Bahá'u'lláh, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1978, sec. CXXVIII, pág. 183.
61 Id.
62 Id.
63 Tablas de Bahá'u'lláh reveladas después del Kitáb-i-Aqdas, EBILA, Buenos Aires, pág. 78.
64 Pasajes de los Escritos de Bahá'u'lláh, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1978, sec. CXXV, pág. 176.
65 Casa Universal de Justicia, Sinopsis y Codificación del Kitáb-i-Aqdas, el Libro Más Sagrado de Bahá'u'lláh, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1973, nota 34, pág. 63.
66 Selección de los Escritos de 'Abdu'l-Bahá, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1987, sec. 138, págs. 160-162.
67 'Abdu'l-Bahá, de una tabla traducida del persa.
68 La sabiduría de 'Abdu'l-Bahá, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1986, pág. 56.
69 The Promulgation of Universal Peace, pág. 329.
70 Id.
71 Id., pág. 308.
72 Selección de los Escritos de 'Abdu'l-Bahá, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1987, sec. 225, pág. 294-295.
73 The Promulgation of Universal Peace, pág. 353.
74 Selección de los Escritos de 'Abdu'l-Bahá, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1987, sec. 104, pág. 133.
75 Shoghi Effendi, de un telegrama fechado el 23 de mayo de 1951 al New Earth Luncheon, Londres, Reino Unido.
76 Bahá'u'lláh, en Oraciones Bahá'ís, Editorial Bahá'í de España, Terrassa, 1979, pág. 5.
77 Tablas de Bahá'u'lláh reveladas después del Kitáb-i-Aqdas, EBILA, Buenos Aires, págs. 103-104.
78 Id., pág. 103.
79 'Abdu'l-Bahá, citado en Star of the West, vol. 4, nº 6 (24 de junio de 1913), pág. 89.
80 'Abdu'l-Bahá, de una tabla traducida del persa.
81 Selección de los Escritos de 'Abdu'l-Bahá, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1987, sec. 126, pág. 146.
82 Id. y The Promulgation of Universal Peace, pág. 283.
83 'Abdu'l-Bahá, de una tabla traducida del persa.
84 Casa Universal de Justicia, Departamento de Secretaría, de una carta fechada el 31 de marzo de 1985 a una Asociación de Estudios Bahá'ís.
85 Fundamentos de unidad mundial, Editorial Bahá'í de España, Terrassa, pág. 82.
86 Fundamentos de unidad mundial, Editorial Bahá'í de España, Terrassa, págs. 82-85.
87 Id., pág. 84.
88 'Abdu'l-Bahá, El secreto de la civilización divina, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1986, pág. 20.
89 Shoghi Effendi, de un telegrama fechado el 23 de mayo de 1951 al New Earth Luncheon, Londres, Reino Unido.
90 Shoghi Effendi, de un telegrama fechado el 21 de mayo de 1956 al World Forestry Charter Luncheon, Londres, Reino Unido.
91 Id.
92 Shoghi Effendi, de un telegrama fechado el 22 de mayo de 1957 al World Forestry Charter Luncheon, Londres, Reino Unido.
93 Casa Universal de Justicia, La Constitución de la Casa Universal de Justicia, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1976, pág. 5.
94 Id.
95 Id., pág. 6.
96 Shoghi Effendi, de una carta fechada el 11 de marzo de 1936, publicada en The World Order of Bahá'u'lláh: Selected Letters, pág. 204.
97 Id.
98 Id. pág. 203.
99 Id., pág. 204.
100 Shoghi Effendi, de una carta fechada el 11 de marzo de 1936, publicada en The World Order of Bahá'u'lláh: Selected Letters, págs. 203-204.
101 Secretaría de Shoghi Effendi, de una carta fechada el 17 de febrero de 1933 a un creyente individual.
102 Secretaría de Shoghi Effendi, de una carta fechada el 27 de mayo de 1932 a un creyente individual.
103 Casa Universal de Justicia, Departamento de Secretaría, de una carta fechada el 18 de octubre de 1981 a un creyente individual.
104 Casa Universal de Justicia, Departamento de Secretaría, de una carta fechada el 18 de octubre de 1981 a un creyente individual.
105 Casa Universal de Justicia, Departamento de Secretaría, de una carta fechada el 14 de junio de 1984 a un creyente individual.
106 Id.
107 Casa Universal de Justicia, del Mensaje de Ridván de 1989 a los bahá'ís del mundo.
108 Selección de los Escritos de 'Abdu'l-Bahá, EBILA, Buenos Aires, 1987, sec. 220, pág. 279.
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