Source: Bahá'í Library Online (bahai-library.com), curated by Jonah Winters. Used by permission of the curator. Original citation: Julio Savi, The Development of Humankind, bahai-library.com.
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The Development of Humankind

Julio Savi

uman beings may be considered as the most perfect creatures originating from the evolutionary

H process. They have in themselves all the perfections of all other creatures. They share with the
mineral world the power of attraction, with the vegetable world the power of growth, with the
an im al world the power of sense perception, voluntary motion, memory, and natural emotions or
instincts. The similarities between human beings and an im als, especially apes, are such that many con-
sider human beings to be an im als themselves. However, unique among all the creatures, human beings
also have the power of rational perception. This power enables them to investigate reality and to per-
ceive what is true, both in the inner and in the outer worlds. This power is innate in them as a poten-
tiality, but for its fuller ac t u al iz ation the guidance and cooperation of other human beings are required,
through a process of education.
The cognitive asset acquired through the process of education includes the knowledge of both the outer and the
inner worlds. Knowledge of the outer world concerns, in a broad sense, science and technology. As to knowledge
of the inner world, first of all, human beings know their own bodies and all those behaviors that are required for
certain physical goals to be achieved—preservation, reproduction and regulation. These behaviors, common to
human beings and animals, are usually termed instincts or natural emotions. In the course of the process of their
education human beings learn a certain control over both their bodies and instincts, a control which is particular-
ly precious for social life. In this respect, human beings are different from the animals. Whereas the animals are
completely subjected to their instincts, human beings have the capacity of shaping their behaviors on the ground
of the results of their rational investigation of reality. In other words, they also have the capacity of throwing off
the yoke of nature, whereas all animals are always and wholly subjected to it. We can therefore distinguish in
human beings a lower, material nature, which they have in common with animals, i.e. their bodies and instincts,
and a higher, specifically human nature, which distinguishes them from the animals, i.e. their power of rational
perception.
Through their power of rational perception, human beings become conscious of a third aspect of their
nature. Initially, this consciousness may be perceived as a love of exaltation, a desire to reach a greater
world than the world in which one is, and to mount to a higher sphere than that in which one is. This
love of exaltation, which seems not to exist in the an im als, is the simplest expression of that which may
be def in ed as the divine or spiritual nature of human beings. Yet while human beings begin to perceive
this love of exaltation, they continue to be pressed by their instincts and thus to perceive natural emo-
tions typical of their material nature. Their natural emotions drive them toward the satisfaction of their
instincts and, therefore, toward self-centered behaviors, basically connected with the plane of physical
existence and conducive to inevitable conflicts with other human beings. The love for exaltation, on the
contrary, leads them to long, albeit obscurely, for an inner harmony with themselves and the outer world,
a harmony which requires reverse qualities like detachment from the self and the material world.
Therefore a tension arises in them between their emotions, born from their material nature, and the
love of exaltation, born from their divine or spiritual nature. This tension is often perceived as a feel-
ing of inner disharmony, discontent, loneliness, and vanity. At the same time their material nature dic-
tates self-centered behaviors conducive to conflicts with other human beings, which aggravate that feel-
ing. This condition of inner and outer conflict is so unpleasant, in itself and in its consequences, that
human beings want to escape from it.

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Human beings pursue this goal in different ways, according to their ind iv idualities and the ideas they
have acquired through their educational process and from their experiences. In the personal sphere, often
the path of amusement, in its archaic meaning of ‘diversion of the attention (as from the truth or one’s
real intent)’ (Webster, 74), is instinctively chosen. Human beings try to divert their attention from that
inner feeling of discomfort and to occupy themselves with other activities: not only play activities in
the exact meaning of the word, but also certain kinds of active works and even certain philosophical
thoughts, in which a refuge is, more or less unconsciously, sought. However, amusements, whatever they
are, do not solve con fl i c ts; they only conceal and postpone them. In the social sphere, sometimes human
beings look for meeting points, sharing of ideas, centers of aggregation—such as fam il y, nation, politi-
cal ideals—that may help in overcoming conflicts. However, such efforts invariably prove themselves to
be conducive to limited results and not to satisfactory solutions of those problems.
The humanistic philosophies prevailing in the contemporary world maintain that the development of
the power of rational perception, i.e. intellectual development, is the highest stage of maturity which
human beings can attain and that this growth is all they have and need so that they may gradually solve
any problem. However, history demonstrates that the power of rational perception is not able to formu-
late comprehensive views of reality, to elaborate standards of values, to discover and understand meta-
physical or spiritual reality, to find effective motivations for human struggle against natural emotions,
to bestow upon human beings the required forces and energies so that they may conquer in themselves
the binding power of nature and manifest their potential divine or spiritual nature, or to conceive and
create a society functioning according to the reality of that divine nature. So much so, that contempo-
rary societies are characterized on the one hand by a great development of the power of rational per-
ception and on the other by widespread feelings of anxiety and restlessness, by strong tensions between
individuals and peoples who seem to be confronted with enormous difficulties in their relations and
communications. Savater, the Spanish philosopher, writes in this regard: “...the only thing we agree about
is that we do not all agree” (Etica per un figlio, 6). In view of these facts, how can we believe intellec-
tual maturity to be the last stage in human development and thus in the whole evolution? Will such a
fascinating and rich adventure end in this disturbing condition of disharmony and conflict or, at best,
in the apathy of skepticism, in the carpe diem of epicurism, in the ataraxy of cynicism? Will all these
disquieting inner and outer tensions remain unsolved or ignored?
Religions are unanimous in their answer to these questions. Beyond their development on the mater-
ial and intellectual level, human beings can go through a further transformation: the attainment of spir-
ituality, something that draws them closer and closer to a longed-for inner and outer harmony.
Spirituality may be defined as the consciousness of the Divine, which human beings can attain with
the assistance of the Divine itself. It may be also def in ed as a deliberate and conscious process whereby
a human being becomes conscious, through the instrumentality of his rational perception, of the div in e
qualities with which he is endowed by birth (for example: equity and honesty; charity and selflessness;
courtesy and patience; chastity and holiness; faithfulness and loyalty; joy and radiance, etc.), qualities
which constitute his divine or spiritual nature.
The acquisition of this consciousness, i.e. spiritual growth, implies a passage from an inferior to a
superior plane of existence. Human beings are born from the world of creation: it is their first or mate-
rial birth. Through their spiritual growth, they learn how to actualize on the physical plane of their exis-
tence the potential qualities of their divine or spiritual nature, which do not belong to this world but to
the worlds of Spirit. Therefore, in the Gospels, man’s spiritual transformation is often def in ed as second
birth (cf. John 3:1–8). Such a transformation cannot occur through mere human powers; an external con-
tribution is required from the superior worlds of Spirit, just as the transformation of a seed into a tree
requires the energies emanating from the sun, the mineral substances absorbed from the air and soil, and
the care of a farmer.
All religions explain that man receives this assistance from God Himself through the guidance of His
Revelation. God proposes a very important and meaningful Covenant to humankind: If you want to be
assisted in your efforts toward the solution of your inner and outer, personal and collective conflicts,
learn how to know and love the guidance of Revelation which God Himself sends to you from the worlds

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of Spirit. At the same time, put in practice its counsels, following the guidance of this knowledge and
using the power of your own love. In this way you will become aware of your potential spiritual qu al i-
ties by practical experience. You will learn how to live in the world of matter, according to the laws of
the worlds of Spirit and thus you will learn how to solve your own conflicts.
Divine revelation is sent through spiritual Leaders who manifest to humankind as much of their
Creator as people can understand. History has handed down a record of some of them. They are the
founders of the world revealed religions: Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Mu˙ammad, Krishna, Buddha,
Zoroaster, the Báb and Bahá’u’lláh. These spiritual Masters guide human beings in their spiritual
progress in two ways. On the one hand, they reveal the laws of the worlds of Spirit, whose knowledge is
required so that a person may live according to the laws of those worlds. On the other, they bestow upon
us the required spiritual forces so that the instruments of our material nature may be bent to the pur-
poses of our divine or spiritual nature.
This concept will be more easily understood through a metaphor. The worlds of Spirit can be com-
pared to the world of matter and spiritual laws to the physical ones. We must know the reality and the
laws of the material universe so that we may properly employ our bodies. Matter is weighty—left by
itself, it falls down. Water does not permit breathing. Fire burns. Walking blindly is dangerous; and so
on. If a person were deprived of these simple notions, he could not survive. In the worlds of Spirit it is
just the same. Spirit is love. Any soul who is not able to love experiences pain. Envy and jealousy deprive
the soul of the forces of Spirit. Lying burns as a fire. A spiritually blind man, i.e. a man who ignores
spiritual reality and laws, cannot advance in the worlds of Spirit. The Founders of religions reveal to
humankind this reality and these laws in a comprehensible way. The language used by the Founders of
the past religions, while accomplishing their task of assisting a still infant humankind in its difficult
spiritual journey, has been interpreted throughout the centuries in such a way that today it is sometimes
an obstacle in some people’s understanding of the spiritual verities. Those spiritual laws were presented
as codes, whose disobedience—“sin”— in volved the torments of hell. Today we can understand that such
words have a metaphorical meaning and, therefore, the idea that the Founders of the world religions
revealed oppressive codes is a misinterpretation of their intentions. They have been careful parents will-
ing to guide us along our difficult journey toward the attainment of that conscious maturity that they
wish for us and for which we have been created. In fact, our final and most important transformation,
the spiritual one, is much easier if we let ourselves be guided by the light of our awareness of the reali-
ty and the laws of Spirit as revealed by them.
As to the forces required to bend the capacities and qualities of our material nature toward the supe-
rior purposes of our spiritual nature, an analogy will be useful. Life is possible upon the earth because
of the energies released by the sun and used by the creatures of the earth for their survival. In the spir-
itual worlds the Founders of religions are like a sun. Spiritual forces emanate from them, of which any-
one can partake by exposing himself to their influence. The awareness of the great gift vouchsafed upon
humankind by those Masters binds human hearts to them in a feeling of gratitude and love, often called
faith. This feeling is in itself a force of priceless value in the struggle to overcome material nature and
attain spiritual growth.
Thus human life is a school. The teacher is the spiritual Master, the text is the revealed book, the pupil
is each human being, the lessons are the facts themselves from which each human being can learn how
to discover in himself the qualities required to meet those lessons according to spiritual laws. Very often
pain is the feeling of inadequacy a human being experiences when confronted by a situation that he has
not yet learned how to meet spiritually. Further consequences of spiritual immaturity are interpersonal
con fl i c ts, since human beings that have not yet learned how to overcome selfishness through selfless-
ness are likely to come into conflict with one another.
Religions may thus be considered as the instruments through which God bestows upon humankind this
precious guidance: concepts through whose knowledge and enforcement human beings are enabled to
overcome many of their limitations. Therefore, ethical teachings are a fundamental part of all religions.
And in this respect religiousness can be defined as obedience to God’s commandments.

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If we study the spiritual and ethical teachings of all religions, we may discover a gradual improvement
of ethical standards in the succeeding religions and a simultaneous widening of the spheres within which
men are required to abide by those standards.
Let us consider, for instance, that group of religions that flourished in the so-called Near and Middle
East. The story of Adam and Eve can be seen as referring to the first time when human beings began to
understand the difference between good and evil, right and wrong. Moreover, the figure of Adam-Eve
could be seen as a pr im al human psycho-physical unity, whereby Adam symbolizes the spirit and Eve the
soul. The soul is bound to the material world, whereof it is conscious, and ignores the spirit, wherefrom
it comes, although at the beginning it is unaware of it. The world, in the form of a devil-snake, tempts
her through the fruits of its tree and incites her to infringe the (psychological-spiritual) space her Creator
has forbidden, exploiting her curiosity and ignorance. Thus soul-Eve enslaves spirit-Adam to the materi-
al world. The unhappy condition of exile and remoteness from a heavenly (spiritual) world, wherefrom
Eve comes, in which she finds herself after her transgression, teaches her the difficult consequences of
breaking the law and indirectly encourages her not to break the law in the future. The story of Noah
teaches that when a society fails to act on the distinction between good and evil, right and wrong, it
must face great difficulties. It also may suggest the idea that the remedy to such a plight and the method
whereby a balance may be restored and preserved within society is to obey to a covenant whose contents
is typically ethical. The Noachid Covenant has been def in ed by Küng as “an ethic for humankind” and
described “as a minimum basic order of reverence for life: not to murder” (‘since God has made human
beings in his image’ [Genesis 9:6]) and not to eat the flesh of an im als who are still liv in g...prohibitions
against theft, fornication, idolatry and blasphemy and the commandment to observe the law (to set up
courts). (Judaism, p. 33) According to Küng, Abraham is understood by the three monotheistic religions
(Judaism, Christianity and Islam) as a model respectively of “loyal obedience to the law...unshakable
faithfulness...unconditional submission (= Islam)” (Judaism, p. 14), which he showed through his will-
ingness to sacrifice his son, on the altar of God. These virtues may be considered as the kernel of the
ethics of Abraham’s religion and the foundation of the ethics taught by all the religions of this group.
The same Küng describes the Decalogue as the divine “guidance for a truly human life which was made
possible and demanded by God.” (Judaism, p. 42) In the meantime, independently from Judaism,
Zoroastrism flourished in a not very distant land. Campbell describes it as a “potent mythical formula
for the reorientation of the human spirit...summoning man to an assumption of autonomous responsi-
bility for the renovation of the universe in God’s name....” (Occidental Mythology, p. 190) This renewal
implies the establishment of peace, order and justice in the world through human action. Jesus may be
considered as the founder of the highest ethics of personal sanctification of the whole world history.
Jesus Himself synthesizes His own ethical teachings thus: “Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all
thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. This is the first and great commandment. And
the second is like unto it. Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. On these two commandments hang all
the law and the prophets.” (Matthew 22:37–40) Mu˙ammad stressed the concepts of each human being’s
responsibility for his own actions, and the equality of all before God. A list of prescriptions and prohi-
bitions very similar to the Decalogue may be easily identified in the Qur’án, in Surih 17 (Children of
Israel):
Set not up another god with God, lest thou sit thee down disgraced, helpless.
Thy Lord hath ordained that ye worship none but him; and, kindness to your parents, whether
one or both of them attain to old age with thee: ...
And to him who is of kin render his due, and also to the poor and to the wayfarer; yet waste
not wastefully,
And let not thy hand be tied up to thy neck; nor yet open it with all openness, lest thou sit
thee down in rebuke, in beggary. ...
Kill not your children for fear of want: for them and for you will we provide. Verily, the kill in g
them is a great wickedness.
Have nought to do with adultery; for it is a foul thing and an evil way:
Neither slay any one whom God hath forbidden you to slay, unless for a just cause: ...
And touch not the substance of the orphan, unless in an upright way, till he attain his age of

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strength: And perform your covenant; verily the covenant shall be enquired of:
And give full measure when you measure, and weigh with just balance. ...
And follow not that of which thou hast no knowledge; because the hearing and the sight and
the heart, —each of these shall be enquired of:
And walk not proudly on the earth, for thou canst not cleave the earth, neither shalt thou reach
to the mountains in height:
All this is evil; odious to thy Lord. (17:23–39)
Thus Küng’s ideas may be agreed upon, when he concludes that “we can speak of a common basic ethic
of the three prophetic religions.” (Judaism, pp. 43–44)
In this succession of religions a number of levels of widening circles wherein spiritual laws, which may
be summ ar iz ed in the law of love, are expected to be enforced may be identified. Adam gave the laws of
the ind iv idual; Noah the laws of the tribe; Abraham the laws of the group; Moses the laws of a people.
Mu˙ammad gave a law whereby the mere racial bonds of the Chosen people are substituted by the mem-
bership in a common supra-racial nation, the ummah or community of brothers, whereas any other local
or tribal bond is broken off.
A study of all the world religions will demonstrate that the same “common basic ethic” and the same
progress toward a universal enforcement of the spiritual law is also evident in their teachings and his-
tory. This advancement toward a deeper understanding of the reality, and of the universal enforcement,
of the spiritual law of love is the essence of spiritual evolution. Our age, the age of the global village,
seems ripe for a great step forward in human spiritual evolution, i.e., the adherence to a religious teach-
ing which may unite all the peoples of the world in the same understanding and practice of the law of
love: to love means to serve all humankind.

Bibliography
Campbell, Joseph. The Masks of God: Occidental Mythology, Arkana, 1991.
Küng, Hans. Judaism Between Yesterday and Tomorrow, New York: Crossroad, 1992
Savater, Fernando. Ética para amador, Barcelona: Editorial Ariel, 1991.

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