Source: Bahá'í Library Online (bahai-library.com), curated by Jonah Winters. Used by permission of the curator. Original citation: Seena Fazel, Religious Pluralism, bahai-library.com.
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

Religious Pluralism

Seena Fazel

1995

Philosophically, religious pluralism is the theory that the great world
religions constitute varying conceptions of, and responses to, the one
ultimate, mysterious divine reality. We can approach this theory by comparing
it to its two main rivals, exclusivism and inclusivism.

Although we may find instances in Bahá'í scripture capable of exclusivist
development, exclusivism - the view that one particular tradition alone teaches
the truth and constitutes the way to salvation or liberation - is not supported
by a reading of the Bahá'í writings in context. A fundamental tenet of Bahá'í
belief is the common foundation of all the world's revealed religions:
"Unequivocally and without the least reservation it proclaims all established
religions to be divine in origin" (WOB, p. 58). With this perspective, the
superiority of one religious tradition over another is denied: "One cannot call
one World Faith superior to another, as they all come from God." (Shoghi
Effendi, Letter 19.11.45)

Inclusivist theologies and religious philosophies state that one particular
tradition presents the final truth while other traditions, instead of being
regarded as wrong, are seen to reflect aspects of, or to constitute approaches
to, that final truth. The Bahá'í writings do not portray an inclusivist outlook
as the Bahá'í Faith does not claim to represent the final truth. As Shoghi
Effendi explains, Bahá'ís "claim no finality for the Revelation with which they
stand identified" (WOB, p. 59). Inclusivist trends do exist in the Bahá'í
writings in that the Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh marks "the last and highest
stage in the stupendous evolution of man's collective life on this planet"
(WOB, p. 163). Man's individual life will "continue indefinitely to progress
and develop" but his planetary life has reached "the furthermost limits in the
organization of human society" (ibid). This should be attributed not to "any
inherent superiority" (WOB, p. 166) or "superior merit" (WOB, p. 60) of the
Bahá'í Faith but rather to the fact that the present age is one which is
"infinitely more advanced, more receptive, and more insistent to receive an
ampler measure of Divine Guidance than has hitherto been vouchsafed to mankind"
(ibid). It is the present age, not the religion of the age, that is superior.

Explicit pluralism accepts the more radical position implied by inclusivism:
the view that the great world faiths embody different perceptions and
conceptions of, and correspondingly different responses to, the Real of the
Ultimate, and that within each salvation is occuring. Thus Bahá'u'lláh writes:
"There can be no doubt whatever that the peoples of the world, of whatever race
or religion, derive their inspiration from one heavenly Source, and are the
subjects of one God." (Gleanings, p. 217)

Nevertheless there are Bahá'í writings which seemingly do not support pluralist
thinking, by implying that the different religions will cease to exist in the
future as all believers become Bahá'ís. In the tablet to Queen Victoria,
Bahá'u'lláh declares: "That which the Lord has ordained as the sovereign remedy
and mightiest instrument for the healing of all the world is the union of all
its peoples in one universal Cause, one common Faith". (WOB, p. 163)
Bahá'u'lláh is reported to have said to Edward Granville Browne that there
would come a time when "all nations should become one in faith" and when
"diversity of religion should cease" (qtd in Esslemont, p. 117-8). A tablet of
TAbdu'l-Bahá written in 1906 contains the following passage: "The fourth candle
[of unity] is unity in religions (vahdat-i-din) which is the corner-stone of
the foundation itself, and which, by the power of God, will be revealed in all
its splendour." (qtd. in WOB, p. 39.) Another passage from TAbdu'l-Bahá's
writings, explaining the nature of the events to come in this Dispensation
forecasts the moment that "All men will adhere to one religion, will have one
common faith" (qtd. in WOB, p. 205).

Taken at face value, these statements must be tempered with the condition that
any predictions of the future religious development of the world will be
largely inaccurate. The expected World Order of Bahá'u'lláh will not reflect
any of our present-day conceptions: "All we can reasonably venture to attempt
is to strive to obtain a glimpse of the first streaks of the promised Dawn that
must, in the fullness of time, chase away the gloom that has encircled
humanity" (WOB, p. 35).

Most Bahá'í writers, however, have understood this "one religion" as the
religion of God. Shoghi Effendi explains that the different religions are like
"stages in the eternal history and constant evolution of one religion, Divine
and indivisible, of which it itself forms but an integral part." (WOB, p. 114)
The founders of the past religions have shed, according to Bahá'í belief, "with
ever-increasing intensity, the splendor of one common Revelation" (WOB, p. 166)
and "allegiance to one common Revelation . . . is the goal towards which
humanity, impelled by the unifying forces of life, is moving." (WOB, p. 204).
It is as humanity awakens to the realization that there is only one religion,
"the changeless Faith of God, eternal in the past, eternal in the future", that
the future will see no more diversity of religion. This is analogous to Bahá'í
explanations of the Qur'anic verses 3:16 and 79, which state, "The true
religion with God is Islam" and "Whoso desires another religion then Islam
shall not be accepted of him" (Arberry's translation), which refer to "Islam"
as faith in God and submission to His Will, rather than the Islamic faith as
practised historically by Muslims.

The Bahá'í principle of freedom of religion supports the concept that the
Bahá'í Faith will not become an imperialist religion. Consequently, to Bahá'ís,
non-Bahá'ís are not impure, need not pay a poll-tax, and there are no rules
limiting their freedom of work, education, habitation, or marriage with
Bahá'ís. Freedom of religion renders the concept of apostasy meaningless to
Bahá'ís. Therefore children born into Bahá'í families are free to remain Bahá'í
or to leave the religion of their parents when these children reach the age of
fifteen. In conjunction with this freedom, they have the obligation to
investigate the truth independently, and discouraged to imitate others in
matters of religion.

How is religious pluralism articulated philosophically? This has yet to be
widely discussed in Bahá'í scholarship. What is needed is a theory that fully
acknowledges the vast range and complexity of the differences apparent in the
phenomenology of religion while at the same time enabling us to understand the
major streams of religious experience and thought as embodying different
awarenesses of one ultimate reality. Such a theory will be based on the
fundamental principle of the Bahá'í Faith that religious truth is relative.

The principle of the relativity of religious truth leads to a belief that any
absolute knowledge of ultimate reality is impossible, so that man has no access
to absolute truth. Bahá'u'lláh states of God: "Exalted, immeasurably exalted,
art thou above the strivings of mortal man to unravel Thy mystery, to describe
Thy glory, or even hint at the nature of Thine Essence" (Gleanings, p. 4).
Consequently all descriptions, all schemata, all attempts to define the nature
of God, are limited by the viewpoint of the particular person making them. All
such attempts "are but a reflection of that which hath been created within
themselves" (Gleanings, p. 204). This has led to the theory of "metaphysical
relativism" or "cognitive relativism" as an approach to deal with conflicting
truth claims between the religions.

The Bahá'í writings discuss two important concepts based on relativism that
provide some explanation of religious diversity. The perspective of one is from
the social evolution of mankind, and the historical development of society.
This is that some of the differences between the religions can be ascribed to
the varying requirements of the ages into which these religions were born. This
social part of religion which administers to the material needs of society "is
modified and altered in each prophetic cycle in accordance with the necessities
of time" (SAQ, p. 48). TTAbdu'l-Bahá uses this explanation to account for the
differences in the laws of capital punishment and divorce between Judaism and
Christianity (see Esslemont, p. 123). Shoghi Effendi explains that the central
themes of Christianity, Islam and the Bahá'í Faith have differed because of the
conditions of society: "[T]he fundamental distinction between the Mission of
Jesus Christ, concerning primarily the individual" and the Message of
Bahá'u'lláh is that the latter is "directed more particularly to mankind as a
whole" (PDIC, p. 119). The conception of the nation as a unit is the central
theme of the Faith of Islam "inasmuch as the evolution of human society
required it at that time" (ibid, p. 120).

Other differences between the religions can be explained by the increasing
spiritual maturity and receptivity of mankind. Bahá'u'lláh declares the
religions differ "only in the intensity of their revelation and the comparative
potency of their light" (Bahá'u'lláh qtd. in WOB, p. 58). Bahá'u'lláh uses the
analogy of feeding children to explain this principle: "Words are revealed
according to the capacity so that the beginners may make progress. The milk
must be given according to measure so that the babe of the world may enter into
the Realm of Grandeur and be established in the Court of Unity" (qtd. in
Esslemont, p. 122). Therefore Bahá'u'lláh states that "The Revelation of which
I am the bearer is adapted to humanity's spiritual receptiveness and capacity"
(qtd. in WOB, p. 60).

Another consequence of metaphysical relativism is the resolution of the
seemingly contradictory ontological statements of monism and dualism in the
different world religions. TAbdu'l-Bahá states in his commentary of the Islamic
tradition "I was a Hidden Treasure . . . " that no matter how hard an
individual strives in his efforts to gain knowledge of the Absolute, the only
success is to achieve a better knowledge of his own self. TAbdu'l-Bahá likens
this state of affairs to a compass: no matter how far the compass travels, it
is only going around the point at its centre and, similarly, however much men
may strive and achieve within the realms of spiritual knowledge, ultimately
they are only attaininging a better and greater knowledge of themselves, not of
any exterior Absolute.

In His Kitab-i-Aqdas, Bahá'u'lláh provides the normative standard for Bahá'ís
in their relation to other religionists: "Consort (casharua) with all religions
with amity and concord . . . " (Synopsis, p. 25). "The second Taraz [ornament]
is to consort (mu'casharat) with the followers of all religions in a spirit of
friendliness and fellowship . . . " (TB, 34-5, see also p. 87). "[T]he
shunning of the followers of other religions" (TB, p. 94) is therefore
forbidden. TAbdu'l-Bahá says that "Conflict and contention are categorically
forbidden in His Book" (Will and Testament). He also recommends in one of his
talks that all believers must visit their houses of worship: "All must abandon
prejudices and must even go to each other's churches and mosques, for, in all
of these worshipping places, the Name of God is mentioned. . . All of the
leaders must, likewise, go to each other's Churches and speak of the foundation
and of the fundamental principles of the divine religions. In the utmost unity
and harmony they must worship God, in the worshipping places of one another,
and must abandon fanaticism" (qtd. in Esslemont, p. 120-1).

Integral to the Bahá'í peace programme is the vision of a future where "The
causes of religious strife will be permanently removed" (WOB, p. 204), and of
the creation of a universal peace in which "universal peace amongst religions"
(SOW 4, p. 254) will be established. Consequently the Bahá'í Peace Statement
urges religious leaders to discuss the possible resolution of conflicts between
the religions, and the means to cooperate to improve the lot of humanity: "How
are the differences between them to be resolved both in theory and in practice?
The challenge facing the religious leaders of mankind is to contemplate, with
hearts filled with compassion and a desire for truth, the plight of humanity,
and to ask themselves whether they cannot, in humility before their Almighty
Creator, submerge their theological differences in a great spirit of mutual
forbearance that will enable them to work together for the advancement of human
understanding and peace" (Promise of World Peace, p. 14). Bahá'ís have
suggested that this indicates that they act as a "propelling power" (PUP, p.
12) toward the process of peace between the religions. The Bahá'í International
Community's support of the World Wildlife Fund's Network of Religion, thousands
of local communities endeavours to supporting World Religion Day activities,
and individual Bahá'ís attempts to consort with other religionists are all
practical examples of grassroots efforts towards this goal.

Bibliography

Momen, M. "Relativism: A Basis for Bahá'í Metaphysics" in Studies in the Babi
and Bahá'í Religions volume 5. Los Angeles: Kalimat Press, 1988. Fazel, S. and
Fananapazir, K. "A Bahá'í Approach to the Question of Uniqueness and
Exclusivity in Christianity". The Journal of Bahá'í Studies 3:2, 1992. Moayyad,
H. "The Historical Interrelationship of the Bahá'í Faith and Islam" in The
Bahá'í Faith and Islam. Ottawa: ABS, 1992. Martin, J. Douglas. "Bahá'u'lláh's
Model for World Fellowship." World Order, 11.1 (Fall 1976): 6-20.

METADATA

Views18832 views since posted 1999; last edit 2014-03-16 14:45 UTC;

previous at archive.org.../fazel_encyclopedia_religious_pluralism;
URLs changed in 2010, see archive.org.../bahai-library.org
Language
English
Permission
author
Share

Shortlink: bahai-library.com/446
Citation: ris/446

select Collection:
Archives
Articles
Articles-unpublished
Audio
Bibliographies
BIC
Biographies
Books
Chronologies
Compilations
Compilations-NSA
Compilations-personal
Documents
East-asia
Encyclopedia
Essays
Etc
Excerpts
Fiction
Glossaries
Guardian
Histories
Introductory
Letters
Maps
Music
Newspapers
NSA-documents
NSA-letters
Personal
Pilgrims
Poetry
Presentations
Resources
Reviews
Scripts
Software
Statistics
Study
Talks
Theses
Transcripts
Translations
UHJ-documents
UHJ-letters
Video
Visual
Writings

home

sitemap

series

chronology

search:
author

title

date

tags

adv. search
languages

inventory

bibliography

abbreviations

links

about

contact

RSS

new

Kies een tweede tekst om parallel te lezen — een vertaling, of een willekeurige andere tekst.