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الإنجليزية
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Source: Bahá'í Library Online (bahai-library.com), curated by Jonah Winters. Used by permission of the curator. Original citation: Moojan Momen, Transliteration, bahai-library.com.
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Transliteration
Moojan Momen
1991
Transliteration: The representation of a word from a language written in one alphabet to another
alphabet. The transliteration of Arabic and Persian words into the Roman alphabet has always
been a problem for orientalists and there is still no system that is completely satisfactory. Since
1923 Bahá'ís have adopted a standard system.
1. Early Bahá'í transliteration and transcription The early Western Bahá'ís had no standard way
of spelling Bahá'í names and terms. Though the works of E. G. Browne, who used forms
common to British orientalists of the time, certainly exercised an influence, early spellings
represented nonscholarly spellings adopted by early Middle Eastern Bahá'í teachers and by
western Bahá'ís. "Bahá'u'lláh," for example, could be spelled Beha'Ulläh, Behá'U'lláh, and so on.
In 1902, `Abdu'l-Bahá gave instructions for a change from the "Beha" that had been favored by
Kheiralla (q.v.) to "Baha." In 1906, `Abdu'l-Bahá wrote to Roy Wilhelm instructing that the
transliteration "Baha'o'llah" be used. In 1921, in a tablet to Jean Masson, `Abdu'l-Bahá stated
that the transliterations "Baha 'Ullah" and "Mashreq 'Ul-Azkar" be used (SoW 1921 12:168-170).
2. Shoghi Effendi's adoption of a standard system. The present Bahá'í system of transliteration
was initiated by Shoghi Effendi in a letter to the Bahá'ís of America dated 12 March 1923. He
enclosed a list of oriental terms and phrases spelled according a standard system of
transliteration and asked them henceforward to keep to this system (BA 43). He sent similar
letters to other National Spiritual Assemblies over the next few years. The list appeared in the
Bahá'í Year Book in 1926 (p. 131), though with many of the diacritical marks missing, probably
for typographical reasons. A corrected table appeared in Bahá'í World 2:213-14. This listing has
been reprinted in substantially the same form in every subsequent volume with the exception of
a few words added to the list over the years.
From the June 1923 issue of Star of the West, attempts were made to introduce the system
although these are at first very patchy. The first books that appear to be trying to put the system
into use are Esslemont's Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era and Herrick's Unity Triumphant (the latter
not entirely consistently), both published in 1923. Although some books appearing in 1924 did
not follow the system, from this time on, books and other printed material published under
Bahá'í auspices have followed it.
From Bahá'í World Volume 2 onwards, a statement appears on the reverse of the title page to the
effect that "The spelling of Oriental words and proper names in this issue of the bahá'í world
is according to the system of transliteration established at one of the International Oriental
Congresses." This refers to the Tenth International Congress of Orientalists held in September
1894 at Geneva, which, at the recommendation of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain,
adopted a system similar to one that had been adopted by the Society. In adapting this system for
Bahá'í use, Shoghi Effendi used the permitted alternative of two letters in all but one case where
the Congress recommended single letters (e.g. sh instead of s$(1); except for j where the
alternative dj is primarily for the French). Shoghi Effendi deviated from the Congress's system in
his handling of the Arabic definite article by using the double consonant in the case of the "Sun
letters": as-, ash-, ar-, etc., instead of "al-"--following the pronunciation rather than the Arabic
spelling. Also Shoghi Effendi uses v instead of w for the Persian letter vav.
One of the peculiarities of the Bahá'í transliteration system is the propensity to use the short
vowel "i" in many situations where the standard Persian pronunciation would be "a". Examples
of this are: Siyyid, Karbilá, Mázindarán, Mihdí, and Ádhirbáyján where the normal
pronunciation would give Sayyid, Karbalá, Mázarandán, Mahdí, and Ádharbáyján. It would
appear that this is due to the fact that Shoghi Effendi spoke Persian with an Isfahání accent
learned from his grandmother Munírih Khánum. She was from Isfahan and passed on her accent
to her daughters and grandchildren.
There are several other peculiarities. For example, the persistent use of -íyyi- in such words as
Bahíyyih, Bábíyyih, etc., in place of the more correct -íyi- or -iyyi-. A number of much-used
words and phrases also appear to be inconsistent: for example, Alláh-u-Abhá, which should be
Alláhu Abhá. Arabic words, names, and phrases are often spelled as though they were Persian;
for example, Kitáb-i-Aqdas instead of Kitábu'l-Aqdas.
3. Current Bahá'í practices and policies At present, the Bahá'í transliteration system is followed
by Bahá'í publishers and individuals in all languages using the Roman alphabet. The only major
exceptions are scholarly works written for publication by non-Bahá'í publishers following their
own system of transliteration.
Two letters from the Universal House of Justice, dated 20 October 1978 and 8 March 1979, have
developed the Bahá'í system of transliteration with the following additional principles: there is
no need to transliterate the names of well-known places; -a or -ah can be used to indicate the
Arabic tá marbútah; either Arabic or Persian forms of words and names may be used; and flat
accents may be used.
Attempts have been made to have similar standardization for languages using other scripts, such
as Japanese and Chinese.
Bibliography
For further details, see M. Momen, "The Bahá'í System of Transliteration" Bahá'í
Studies Bulletin 1991 5/1-2:13-55. J.E. Esslemont, Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era, London:
George Allen and Unwin, 1923. Elizabeth Herrick, Unity Triumphant: The Call of the Kingdom,
London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co, 1923.
Note:
1. This should be an "s" with a little "v" on top
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──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Transliteration
Moojan Momen
1991
Transliteration: The representation of a word from a language written in one alphabet to another
alphabet. The transliteration of Arabic and Persian words into the Roman alphabet has always
been a problem for orientalists and there is still no system that is completely satisfactory. Since
1923 Bahá'ís have adopted a standard system.
1. Early Bahá'í transliteration and transcription The early Western Bahá'ís had no standard way
of spelling Bahá'í names and terms. Though the works of E. G. Browne, who used forms
common to British orientalists of the time, certainly exercised an influence, early spellings
represented nonscholarly spellings adopted by early Middle Eastern Bahá'í teachers and by
western Bahá'ís. "Bahá'u'lláh," for example, could be spelled Beha'Ulläh, Behá'U'lláh, and so on.
In 1902, `Abdu'l-Bahá gave instructions for a change from the "Beha" that had been favored by
Kheiralla (q.v.) to "Baha." In 1906, `Abdu'l-Bahá wrote to Roy Wilhelm instructing that the
transliteration "Baha'o'llah" be used. In 1921, in a tablet to Jean Masson, `Abdu'l-Bahá stated
that the transliterations "Baha 'Ullah" and "Mashreq 'Ul-Azkar" be used (SoW 1921 12:168-170).
2. Shoghi Effendi's adoption of a standard system. The present Bahá'í system of transliteration
was initiated by Shoghi Effendi in a letter to the Bahá'ís of America dated 12 March 1923. He
enclosed a list of oriental terms and phrases spelled according a standard system of
transliteration and asked them henceforward to keep to this system (BA 43). He sent similar
letters to other National Spiritual Assemblies over the next few years. The list appeared in the
Bahá'í Year Book in 1926 (p. 131), though with many of the diacritical marks missing, probably
for typographical reasons. A corrected table appeared in Bahá'í World 2:213-14. This listing has
been reprinted in substantially the same form in every subsequent volume with the exception of
a few words added to the list over the years.
From the June 1923 issue of Star of the West, attempts were made to introduce the system
although these are at first very patchy. The first books that appear to be trying to put the system
into use are Esslemont's Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era and Herrick's Unity Triumphant (the latter
not entirely consistently), both published in 1923. Although some books appearing in 1924 did
not follow the system, from this time on, books and other printed material published under
Bahá'í auspices have followed it.
From Bahá'í World Volume 2 onwards, a statement appears on the reverse of the title page to the
effect that "The spelling of Oriental words and proper names in this issue of the bahá'í world
is according to the system of transliteration established at one of the International Oriental
Congresses." This refers to the Tenth International Congress of Orientalists held in September
1894 at Geneva, which, at the recommendation of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain,
adopted a system similar to one that had been adopted by the Society. In adapting this system for
Bahá'í use, Shoghi Effendi used the permitted alternative of two letters in all but one case where
the Congress recommended single letters (e.g. sh instead of s$(1); except for j where the
alternative dj is primarily for the French). Shoghi Effendi deviated from the Congress's system in
his handling of the Arabic definite article by using the double consonant in the case of the "Sun
letters": as-, ash-, ar-, etc., instead of "al-"--following the pronunciation rather than the Arabic
spelling. Also Shoghi Effendi uses v instead of w for the Persian letter vav.
One of the peculiarities of the Bahá'í transliteration system is the propensity to use the short
vowel "i" in many situations where the standard Persian pronunciation would be "a". Examples
of this are: Siyyid, Karbilá, Mázindarán, Mihdí, and Ádhirbáyján where the normal
pronunciation would give Sayyid, Karbalá, Mázarandán, Mahdí, and Ádharbáyján. It would
appear that this is due to the fact that Shoghi Effendi spoke Persian with an Isfahání accent
learned from his grandmother Munírih Khánum. She was from Isfahan and passed on her accent
to her daughters and grandchildren.
There are several other peculiarities. For example, the persistent use of -íyyi- in such words as
Bahíyyih, Bábíyyih, etc., in place of the more correct -íyi- or -iyyi-. A number of much-used
words and phrases also appear to be inconsistent: for example, Alláh-u-Abhá, which should be
Alláhu Abhá. Arabic words, names, and phrases are often spelled as though they were Persian;
for example, Kitáb-i-Aqdas instead of Kitábu'l-Aqdas.
3. Current Bahá'í practices and policies At present, the Bahá'í transliteration system is followed
by Bahá'í publishers and individuals in all languages using the Roman alphabet. The only major
exceptions are scholarly works written for publication by non-Bahá'í publishers following their
own system of transliteration.
Two letters from the Universal House of Justice, dated 20 October 1978 and 8 March 1979, have
developed the Bahá'í system of transliteration with the following additional principles: there is
no need to transliterate the names of well-known places; -a or -ah can be used to indicate the
Arabic tá marbútah; either Arabic or Persian forms of words and names may be used; and flat
accents may be used.
Attempts have been made to have similar standardization for languages using other scripts, such
as Japanese and Chinese.
Bibliography
For further details, see M. Momen, "The Bahá'í System of Transliteration" Bahá'í
Studies Bulletin 1991 5/1-2:13-55. J.E. Esslemont, Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era, London:
George Allen and Unwin, 1923. Elizabeth Herrick, Unity Triumphant: The Call of the Kingdom,
London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co, 1923.
Note:
1. This should be an "s" with a little "v" on top
METADATA
Views15305 views since posted 2010-05-25; last edit 2025-03-06 13:13 UTC;
previous at archive.org.../momen_transliteration
Language
English
Permission
author
Share
Shortlink: bahai-library.com/3899
Citation: ris/3899
select Collection:
Archives
Articles
Articles-unpublished
Audio
Bibliographies
BIC
Biographies
Books
Chronologies
Compilations
Compilations-NSA
Compilations-personal
Documents
East-asia
Encyclopedia
Essays
Etc
Excerpts
Fiction
Glossaries
Guardian
Histories
Introductory
Letters
Maps
Music
Newspapers
NSA-documents
NSA-letters
Personal
Pilgrims
Poetry
Presentations
Resources
Reviews
Scripts
Software
Statistics
Study
Talks
Theses
Transcripts
Translations
UHJ-documents
UHJ-letters
Video
Visual
Writings
home
sitemap
series
chronology
search:
author
title
date
tags
adv. search
languages
inventory
bibliography
abbreviations
links
about
contact
RSS
new
اختر نصًّا ثانيًا لقراءته بالتوازي — ترجمةً، أو أيّ نصٍّ آخر.
اختر نصًّا آخر