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LA MUJER
por
El Departamento de Investigación de la Casa Universal de Justicia
Título original en inglés:
The women
ÍNDICE
El concepto bahá'í de la igualdad
El papel de la educación en el desarrollo de la mujer
La aplicación del principio de igualdad a la vida familiar
La mujer en el mundo
Promoción del desarrollo de la mujer
Referencias
Bibliografía
I
EL CONCEPTO BAHÁ'Í
DE LA IGUALDAD
FRAGMENTOS DE LOS ESCRITOS DE BAHÁ'U'LLÁH
1. ¡Oh hijos de los hombres! ¿No sabéis acaso por qué os hemos creado a todos del mismo polvo? Para que ninguno se enaltezca a sí mismo por encima de otro. En todo momento, ponderad en vuestro corazón cómo habéis sido creados. Puesto que os hemos creado a todos de una misma sustancia, os incumbe ser como una sola alma, caminar con los mismos pies, comer con la misma boca y habitar en la misma tierra, para que mediante vuestros hechos y acciones se manifiesten, desde vuestro más íntimo ser, los signos de la unicidad y la esencia del desprendimiento. Éste es mi consejo para que obtengáis el fruto de la santidad del árbol de maravillosa gloria.1
2. Exaltado, inmensamente exaltado es aquel que ha eliminado las diferencias y establecido la armonía. Glorificado, infinitamente glorificado es aquel que ha hecho que cese la discordia y ha decretado la solidaridad y la unidad. Alabado sea Dios, la Pluma del Altísimo ha eliminado las distinciones entre Sus siervos y siervas y, por medio de sus consumados favores y abarcadora misericordia, ha conferido sobre todos una posición y rango al mismo nivel. Ha quebrado la espina dorsal de las vanas imaginaciones con la espada de la expresión y ha borrado los peligros de las ociosas fantasías por medio del poder penetrante de su fuerza.2
3. ¡Oh mi sierva, mi hoja! Este Agraviado ha oído tu voz y lo que tu lengua interior y exterior han expresado en alabanza a tu Señor. ¡Por la rectitud de Dios! Aquello que la gente posee, y los tesoros de la tierra, y lo que los gobernantes y reyes poseen, no iguala en este día el canto a su alabanza. El Señor del Reino así lo atestigua en este momento glorioso. Y habiendo oído tu gemido y tu lamento, respondemos con una Tabla que clama entre el cielo y la tierra y hace mención de ti con palabras que inmortalizan aquello que ha brotado de ti en su amor, en su servicio, en su recuerdo y en su alabanza. Y Él ha hecho de lo que ha emanado de tu boca un fideicomiso tuyo con Él. Él es, verdaderamente, el Más Bondadoso, el Más Generoso. Si verdaderamente escuchas lo que ha sido revelado para ti por Mi Pluma Suprema en este momento, te remontarás en las alas del anhelo por los cielos del amor hacia el Señor del Día del Convenio, y dirás durante el resto de tus días: Gracias a Ti, oh Tú, Deseo del mundo, y alabanza sea para Ti, oh Tú, Bienamado de la gente de entendimiento. Que toda la existencia sea un sacrificio por tu favor, y que todo lo que ha existido y existirá sea un rescate por Tu Palabra, oh Agraviado entre la gente de la enemistad, oh Tú, en cuyas manos están las riendas de todos los que están en el cielo y en la tierra...
4. En este Día la Mano de la gracia divina ha eliminado toda la diferencia. Los siervos de Dios y sus siervas se consideran en el mismo plano. Bendito es el siervo que ha alcanzado aquello que Dios ha decretado, igualmente a la hoja que se mueve de acuerdo con las brisas de Su Voluntad. Este favor es grande y la posición elevada. Sus bondades y dádivas están siempre presentes y manifiestas. ¿Quién puede ofrecer gratitud apropiada por sus dádivas sucesivas y favores continuos?.3
5. Por mi Vida, los nombres de las siervas que son devotas a Dios están escritos y grabados por la Pluma del Altísimo en el Libro Carmesí. Sobresalen por encima de los hombres a los ojos de Dios. Cuán numerosos son los héroes y caballeros en el campo de batalla que están desprovistos del Ser Verdadero y no tienen una porción de su reconocimiento, pero vosotras habéis alcanzado y recibido vuestra porción plena.4
6. ¡Él es el que todo lo ve desde el Horizonte del Cielo del Conocimiento! ¡Oh mi sierva, oh mi hoja! Verdaderamente la Pluma del Altísimo ha dado testimonio de tu reconocimiento de Él, de tu amor por Él y de que te has vuelto hacia el antiguo semblante en los días en que el mundo le ha rechazado, salvo aquellos que Dios, el Altísimo, ha deseado...
7. El bien sea para ti por haberte adornado con el ornamento del amor de Dios y por habérsete permitido hacer mención de Él y pronunciar su alabanza. La gracia Divina, en su totalidad, se halla en las potentes manos de Dios, exaltado sea. Él la confiere a quien Él desea. Cuántos hombres se consideraron famosos eclesiásticos y depositarios de los misterios divinos, mas cuando les visitó la prueba más pequeña, se levantaron con tal oposición y rechazo que hicieron gemir y lamentarse al Concurso de lo Alto. Sin embargo, por medio de las dádivas del Señor y su favor infinito, tú has alcanzado el secreto oculto y el resguardado tesoro. Preserva, pues, en el nombre de Dios, esta elevada posición y ocúltala a los ojos de los traidores. La gloria que brilla desde el horizonte de Mi Reino sea para ti y para cada sierva que ha alcanzado los esplendores de Mi sublime Trono.5
8. ...Suplicamos a Dios que ayude a todas las hojas a alcanzar el conocimiento del Árbol y que no les prive del océano de su generosidad. En este día no se presta consideración a la elevación o la humildad, a la pobreza o la riqueza, a la nobleza o al linaje, a la debilidad o al poder. Quienquiera reconozca al incomparable Bienamado es el poseedor de la verdadera riqueza y ocupa una posición divina. Hoy, en la corte del Ser Verdadero, la reina del mundo y las de su rango no valen ni lo que un grano de mostaza, porque, aunque hable en nombre de Dios e invoque al Señor de la creación cada día en el templo de su cuerpo, y gaste grandes sumas de su riqueza terrenal en el desarrollo de su nación, está privada del reconocimiento del Sol de Su Manifestación, y está aislada del Ser Verdadero en cuyo recuerdo se ocupa.6
9. Él es refulgente desde el Horizonte Más Alto. ¡Oh mi sierva! A través de los siglos y edades muchos hombres han esperado la Revelación de Dios, y, sin embargo, cuando la Luz brilló desde el horizonte del mundo, todos, salvo unos pocos, le dieron la espalda. De la misma forma que lo ha hecho con esos hombres*, la Pluma del Altísimo ha grabado en el Libro a todas las siervas que han reconocido al Señor de todos los Nombres. Ofrece alabanza al Bienamado del Mundo por haberte ayudado a reconocer la Fuente de Sus Signos y el Revelador de las Evidencias de Su Gloria. Ésta es una gran bondad, un generoso favor. Consérvalo en el nombre del Ser Verdadero...7
FRAGMENTOS DE LOS ESCRITOS Y DE LAS PALABRAS DE 'ABDU'L-BAHÁ
10. Desde el comienzo de la existencia hasta el Día Prometido el hombre ha mantenido la superioridad sobre la mujer en todo aspecto. En el Qur'án se ha revelado: "Los hombres son superiores a las mujeres". Pero en esta maravillosa Dispensación las efusiones supremas del Señor Glorioso llegaron a ser la causa de logros manifiestos de las mujeres. Se levantaron algunas siervas que superaron a los hombres en el campo del conocimiento. Se levantaron con tal amor y espiritualidad que llegaron a ser causa de la efusión de la bondad del Señor Soberano sobre la humanidad, y con su santidad, pureza y atributos espirituales condujeron a muchos a las riberas de la unidad. Llegaron a ser una antorcha de guía para los que vagaban en las regiones desoladas del desconcierto, y encendieron a los desalentados del mundo inferior con la llama del amor del Señor. Ésta es una de las características bondadosas de esta maravillosa Edad que ha dotado de fuerza al sexo débil y ha otorgado fuerza masculina a la mujer...8
11. ¡Oh sierva de Dios! En esta maravillosa dispensación en la cual la Antigua Belleza y la Luz Manifiesta -que mi espíritu sea sacrificado por sus amados- se ha levantado desde el horizonte de las antiguas esperanzas, las mujeres han manifestado los atributos de los hombres al mostrar firmeza en la Causa de Dios y al revelar el mismo heroísmo y fuerza de los hombres más intrépidos. Han invadido el campo del conocimiento místico y han levantado el estandarte en las cumbres de la certeza. Tú también debes hacer un esfuerzo potente y mostrar valentía suprema. Esfuérzate por saborear la dulzura de una brisa celestial, ya que el dulce aroma del amor a Dios durará hasta el fin que no tiene fin.9
12. ¡Oh sierva de Dios! Ofrece gracias al Señor porque entre esa raza* eres la primera creyente, y te has ocupado en difundir las dulces brisas y te has levantado para guiar a otros. Abrigo la esperanza de que por medio de las bondades y favores de la Belleza de Bahá se ilumine tu rostro, tu disposición sea agradable y tu fragancia difundida, que tus ojos puedan ver, que tus oídos escuchen atentos, que tu lengua sea elocuente, que tu corazón se llene con las supremas buenas nuevas y que tu alma se refresque con las fragancias divinas, de modo que te levantes entre esa raza y te dediques a educar a la gente y llegues a estar llena de luz. Aunque la pupila del ojo sea negra es la fuente de la luz. Así serás tú también. La disposición debe ser brillante y no la apariencia. Por lo tanto, di con suprema confianza y certeza: "¡Oh Dios! Haz de mí una luz radiante, una lámpara resplandeciente y una estrella brillante, para que pueda iluminar los corazones con un rayo refulgente del Reino de Abhá..."10
13. El establecimiento de una asamblea de mujeres para la promoción del conocimiento es enteramente aceptable, pero sus discusiones deben limitarse a asuntos educativos. Debe hacerse en forma tal que las diferencias se vayan eliminando día a día y no que se llegue, Dios no lo permita, a discusiones entre hombres y mujeres. Al igual que con el asunto del velo, nada debe hacerse contrario a la prudencia. A nivel individual, las mujeres deben hoy seguir un curso de acción que sea causa de la gloria eterna de todas las mujeres y así se ilumine a todas. Y esto se logra al reunirse para aprender cómo enseñar, al tener reuniones para recitar los versos, al ofrecer súplicas al reino del Señor de los signos evidentes, y al instaurar la educación para las niñas. Considerad la manera en que solía enseñar Táhiríh. Ella estaba libre de preocupación, por esta razón era resplandeciente.
14. Ahora el mundo de la mujer debe ser un mundo espiritual, y no político, para que llegue a ser radiante. Las mujeres de otras naciones están sumergidas en asuntos políticos. ¿Qué beneficios trae o qué fruto produce? Debéis ocuparos hasta donde os sea posible de los asuntos espirituales que conduzcan a la exaltación de la Palabra de Dios y a la difusión de sus fragancias. Vuestro comportamiento debe conducir a la armonía entre todos y a la unión y complacencia de todos*.
15. Me estoy esforzando, con la ayuda y las confirmaciones de Bahá'u'lláh, en mejorar el mundo de las siervas hasta tal punto que todos queden atónitos. La intención es que este progreso sea en espiritualidad, virtudes, perfecciones humanas y conocimiento divino. En América, la cuna de la liberación femenina, se priva a las mujeres de participar en las instituciones políticas porque riñen entre sí... Debéis guardar la calma y la compostura para que vuestro trabajo continúe con sabiduría, de lo contrario habrá tal caos que abandonaréis todo y huiréis. "Este recién nacido está recorriendo en una noche el camino que se tarda cien años en atravesar". En resumen, ahora debéis ocuparos de asuntos de espiritualidad pura y no disputar con los hombres. 'Abdu'l-Bahá con tacto dará los pasos adecuados. Tenedlo por seguro. Al final vosotras mismas exclamaréis: "¡Verdadera-mente era sabiduría suprema!. Os suplico que eliminéis estas disputas entre hombres y mujeres...
16. Nadie puede alcanzar algo por sí solo. 'Abdu'l-Bahá debe estar complacido y debe ayudar.11
17. Sabe, oh sierva, que a los ojos de Bahá las mujeres se consideran igual que los hombres, y Dios ha creado a toda la humanidad a su propia imagen y semejanza. Esto significa que los hombres y las mujeres revelan igualmente sus nombres y atributos, y desde un punto de vista espiritual no hay diferencia entre ellos. Quien se acerque más a Dios es el más favorecido, sea hombre o mujer. Muchas han sido las siervas, fervientes y devotas, que bajo la sombra protectora de Bahá han demostrado ser superiores a los hombres y han sobrepasado a los más famosos de la tierra.
18. La Casa de Justicia, sin embargo, según el texto expreso de la Ley de Dios, es exclusiva de los hombres*: esta es la sabiduría del Señor Dios, y dentro de poco se hará manifiesta tan clara como la luz meridiana.12
19. Y entre las enseñanzas de Bahá'u'lláh encontramos la de la igualdad entre la mujer y el hombre. El mundo de la humanidad tiene dos alas: una es la mujer y la otra el hombre. El ave no podrá volar hasta que ambas alas estén igualmente desarrolladas. El vuelo no será posible si una ala es débil. No se alcanzarán el éxito y la prosperidad en su debida forma hasta que el mundo de la mujer sea igual al mundo del hombre, en cuanto a la adquisición de virtudes y perfecciones se refiere.13
20. En vista de que éste es el siglo de la luz, es evidente que el Sol de la Realidad, la Palabra, se ha revelado a toda la humanidad. Una de las potencialidades ocultas en el reino de la humanidad fue la aptitud y capacidad de la mujer. Por medio de los rayos refulgentes de la iluminación divina, la capacidad de la mujer se ha despertado y manifestado de tal forma en esta era que la igualdad entre el hombre y la mujer es un hecho consumado.
21. El hombre debe hoy investigar la realidad imparcialmente y sin prejuicios para poder llegar así al conocimiento y conclusiones verdaderos. ¿En qué consiste, pues, la desigualdad entre el hombre y la mujer? Ambos son humanos. Sus poderes y funciones se complementan. A lo sumo es lo siguiente: que se ha negado a la mujer las oportunidades que el hombre ha disfrutado durante tanto tiempo, en particular el privilegio de la educación...
22. La verdad es que toda la humanidad consta de criaturas y siervos del único Dios y en su consideración todos son humanos. El hombre es un vocablo genérico que designa a toda la humanidad. La frase bíblica "Hagamos al hombre a nuestra imagen y semejanza" no quiere decir que no se creó a la mujer. La imagen y semejanza de Dios también se refieren a la mujer. En persa y árabe hay dos vocablos diferentes que significan hombre en inglés: uno significa el hombre y la mujer colectivamente, el otro hace distinción entre el hombre como macho y la mujer como hembra. El primer vocablo y su pronombre son genéricos, colectivos: el otro se refiere exclusivamente al hombre. Es igual en el idioma hebreo.
23. Aceptar y sostener una diferencia que Dios no ha deseado en la creación, refleja ignorancia y superstición.
24. Abrigo la esperanza de que el estandarte de la igualdad se levantará a través de los cinco continentes donde todavía no se ha reconocido y establecido plenamente. En este iluminado mundo occidental la mujer ha avanzado a un grado inmensurable, más lejos que la mujer en el Oriente. Y sépase una vez más que hasta que el hombre y la mujer reconozcan y logren la igualdad no será posible el progreso político y social ni aquí ni en ninguna parte. Porque el mundo de la humanidad consiste de dos partes o miembros: una es la mujer, la otra el hombre. Hasta que estos dos miembros no tengan igual fuerza no se podrá establecer la unidad del género humano y la felicidad y alegría de la humanidad no se harán realidad. Dios mediante será así.14
25. Hoy la humanidad se enfrenta a problemas de gran importancia, problemas propios de este siglo radiante...
26. Uno de estos problemas se refiere a los derechos de la mujer y su igualdad con el hombre. En el pasado se tenía por cierto que la mujer y el hombre no eran iguales, es decir, se consideraba a la mujer inferior al hombre, aun desde el punto de vista de su anatomía y creación. Se la consideraba especialmente inferior en cuanto a su inteligencia, y prevalecía universalmente la idea de que no se le debía permitir entrar en el terreno de los asuntos importantes. En algunos países esto se llevó al extremo de creer y enseñar que la mujer pertenecía a una esfera infrahumana. Pero en este siglo, que es el siglo de la luz y de la revelación de los misterios, Dios está demostrando, para satisfacción de la humanidad, que todo esto es ignorancia y error; más aún, se ha establecido firmemente que el hombre y la mujer, como partes de un orden humano, son iguales y es inadmisible que se consideren desiguales, ya que ambos son humanos. Las condiciones de los siglos pasados obedecieron a la falta de oportunidad de la mujer. Se le negó el derecho y privilegio de la educación y se le dejó en un estado subdesarrollado. Naturalmente, no pudo avanzar. De hecho, Dios ha creado a toda la humanidad y en su consideración no hay diferencia entre la mujer y el hombre. Quien posea un corazón puro será aceptable a su vista, sea hombre o mujer. Dios no pregunta: "¿Eres hombre o mujer?" Él juzga las acciones humanas. Si éstas son aceptables ante el umbral del Glorioso, tanto el hombre como la mujer recibirán igual reconocimiento y recompensa.15
27. El mundo de la humanidad consiste en dos partes: el hombre y la mujer. Cada uno es el complemento del otro; por lo tanto, si uno es defectuoso, necesariamente el otro estará incompleto y no se podrá lograr la perfección. En el cuerpo humano hay una mano derecha y una izquierda, funcionando y sirviendo igualmente. Si una resulta ser defectuosa, el defecto afectará también a la otra, ya que se perjudica el todo; el logro no será el esperado a menos que las dos sean perfectas. Si decimos que una mano es deficiente, demostramos la incapacidad de la otra, ya que no hay logro completo con una sola mano. Al igual que el logro en el plano físico es completo por el uso de las dos manos, deberá ser perfecto en cuanto a las dos partes del cuerpo social, el hombre y la mujer. No es natural que alguno quede sin desarrollo; y no se logrará la felicidad del mundo humano hasta que ambos se perfeccionen.16
28. La condición de la mujer en tiempos pasados era muy deplorable, ya que en el Oriente se consideraba que era mejor que la mujer fuera ignorante. Se consideraba preferible que no supiera ni leer ni escribir para que no estuviera informada de los acontecimientos mundiales. Se tenía a la mujer como creada exclusivamente para criar hijos y atender los deberes del hogar. Se consideraba contrario a la castidad que siguiera el camino de la educación; así se convirtió en prisionera del hogar. Las casas no tenían siquiera ventanas que dieran al mundo exterior. Bahá'u'lláh destruyó estas ideas y proclamó la igualdad del hombre y la mujer. Hizo que la mujer fuera respetada, al dictar que todas las mujeres deben educarse, que no debe haber diferencia en la educación de los dos sexos y que el hombre y la mujer comparten los mismos derechos. A los ojos de Dios no hay diferencia de sexos. Quien posea pensamientos puros, aquel cuya educación sea superior, cuyos logros científicos sean mayores, cuyas obras filantrópicas sean sobresalientes, sea hombre o mujer, blanco o de color, puede aspirar a tener todos los derechos y reconocimiento; no hay diferenciación en absoluto.17
29. La falta de logros y perfeccionamiento de las mujeres se debe a su necesidad insatisfecha de educarse y tener oportunidades. Si se le hubiese concedido esta igualdad, indudablemente sería equivalente al hombre en habilidad y capacidad. La felicidad del género humano será una realidad cuando el hombre y la mujer se coordinen y avancen igualmente, ya que cada uno es el ayudante y complemento del otro.18
30. ...(Él) ha establecido la igualdad del hombre y la mujer. Esto es específico de las enseñanzas de Bahá'u'lláh, ya que las demás religiones sitúan al hombre por encima de la mujer.19
31. Las mujeres tienen los mismos derechos que los hombres sobre la tierra; en religión y en la sociedad son elementos muy importantes. Mientras se le impida a la mujer alcanzar sus más grandes posibilidades, los hombres estarán imposibilitados para alcanzar la grandeza que podría ser suya.20
32. En el mundo de la humanidad... se trata al sexo femenino como si fuera inferior y no se le concede derechos ni privilegios iguales. Esta condición no se debe a la naturaleza sino a la educación. En la Creación Divina no existe tal diferencia. A los ojos de Dios ningún sexo es superior al otro. ¿Por qué, entonces, uno de los sexos sostiene la inferioridad del otro, reteniendo derechos y privilegios como si Dios hubiese otorgado su autoridad para tal curso de acontecimientos? Si las mujeres recibieran las mismas ventajas educativas que los hombres, el resultado demostraría la igualdad y capacidad de ambos en cuanto a erudición se refiere.
33. En ciertos aspectos la mujer es superior al hombre. Tiene un corazón más tierno, más receptivo y su intuición es más intensa.21
34. La Justicia Divina exige que los derechos de ambos sexos sean igualmente respetados, puesto que ninguno de los dos es superior ante los ojos de Dios. La dignidad ante Dios depende, no del sexo, sino de la pureza y luminosidad del corazón. Las virtudes humanas pertenecen a todos por igual.22
35. En esta Revelación de Bahá'u'lláh, la mujer marcha al unísono con el hombre. En ningún momento se la dejará atrás. Sus derechos son iguales en grado a los del hombre. Entrarán en todas las ramas administrativas de la política. Alcanzarán en todo tal adelanto, que llegarán a ser consideradas como la más alta posición en el mundo de la humanidad y tomarán parte en todos los asuntos. ¡Tened en ello la seguridad! No os fijéis en las condiciones presentes; en un futuro no lejano el mundo de las mujeres será todo refulgente y todo glorioso. ¡Porque Su Santidad Bahá'u'lláh así lo ha deseado! Cuando se realicen elecciones, el sufragio será un derecho innegable de la mujer y la entrada de la mujer en todos los departamentos humanos llegará en forma irrefutable e incontrovertible. Ningún alma puede retardarlo ni impedirlo.
36. Pero hay algunas materias, las cuales no merecen la participación de la mujer. Por ejemplo: en época en que las comunidades toman medidas vigorosas de defensa contra los ataques de los enemigos, las mujeres están exentas de enrolamiento militar. Puede suceder que en tiempo de guerra, tribus salvajes ataquen furiosamente un cuerpo político con intención de llevar a cabo el exterminio de sus miembros; bajo tales circunstancias la defensa se hace necesaria, pero es obligación del hombre organizar y ejecutar tales medidas de defensa y no de las mujeres, porque sus corazones son tiernos y no pueden soportar el horror de la carnicería, aun cuando sea defendiéndose. De ésta y de otras cosas similares está excluida la mujer.
37. Tocante a la constitución de la Casa Universal de Justicia, Bahá'u'lláh se dirige a los hombres. Dice: "¡Oh vosotros, hombres de la Casa de Justicia!"
38. Pero cuando sus miembros sean electos, el derecho que corresponde a la mujer en cuanto a su voto, y a su voz, es indiscutible. Cuando las mujeres alcancen el más alto grado de progreso, entonces, de acuerdo con las exigencias del lugar y del tiempo y de su gran capacidad, obtendrán privilegios extraordinarios. ¡Tened confianza en esto! Su Santidad Bahá'u'lláh ha fortalecido grandemente la causa de la mujer, y sus derechos y privilegios son uno de los más importantes principios de 'Abdu'l-Bahá:
39. ¡Tened seguridad! Pronto llegará el día en que el hombre, dirigiéndose a las mujeres, dirá: "¡Benditas seáis! ¡Benditas seáis! Verdaderamente sois merecedoras de todos los dones. Verdaderamente merecéis adornar vuestras cabezas con la corona de la gloria eterna, porque en las ciencias y en las artes, en virtudes y perfecciones, vosotras seréis iguales al hombre; y en cuanto a ternura de corazón y abundancia de misericordia y simpatía, sois superiores".23
40. La mujer oriental ha progresado. Antiguamente, en la India, Persia y en todo el Oriente no se le consideraba ser humano. Ciertas tribus árabes contaban a sus mujeres junto con su ganado. En su lengua, el vocablo mujer también quería decir asno; el mismo nombre se refería a ambos, y la riqueza de un hombre se medía por el número de bestias de carga que poseía. El peor insulto que se podía hacer a un hombre era gritarle: "¡Eres una mujer!"
41. Desde el momento en que apareció Bahá'u'lláh esto cambió. Descartó la idea de la diferencia de los sexos y les proclamó iguales en todas las capacidades.
42. En tiempos pasados se consideraba más prudente que las mujeres no supieran leer ni escribir; que debían ocuparse solamente del trabajo doméstico. La mujer era muy ignorante. Bahá'u'lláh declara que la educación de la mujer tiene mayor importancia que la del hombre. Si la madre es ignorante -no importa cuán sabio sea el padre- la educación del hijo será deficiente, porque la educación comienza con la lactancia. Un niño de pecho es como una tierna rama que el jardinero forma según quiere.
43. El Oriente ha comenzado a educar a sus mujeres. Hay algunas en Persia que se han liberado por medio de esta Causa, y cuya sagacidad y elocuencia no pueden refutar los ulamás. Muchas son poetisas. Son absolutamente intrépidas.
44. Abrigo la esperanza de que las mujeres de Europa logren un grado de progreso semejante: que cada una brille como una lámpara; que proclamen el anuncio del reino; que verdaderamente ayuden a los hombres; más aún, que superen a los hombres, que sean versadas en las ciencias y a la vez desprendidas, para que todo el mundo atestigüe el hecho de que el hombre y la mujer tienen absolutamente los mismos derechos. Sería para mí causa de gran alegría poder contemplar tales mujeres. Ésta es una labor muy útil; por medio de ella la mujer entrará en el reino. De otra forma no habrá resultados.24
45. El mundo del pasado ha sido gobernado por la fuerza, y el hombre ha dominado a la mujer debido a sus cualidades más potentes y agresivas, tanto físicas como mentales. Pero el equilibrio está variando, la fuerza está perdiendo su dominio, y la viveza mental, la intuición y las cualidades espirituales de amor y servicio, en las que la mujer es fuerte, están ganando en poder. En adelante, tendremos una época menos masculina y más influida por ideales femeninos; o, para explicarnos más exactamente, será una época en la que los elementos masculinos y femeninos de la civilización estarán más equilibrados.25
FRAGMENTOS DE CARTAS ESCRITAS EN NOMBRE DE SHOGHI EFFENDI
46. Si se presenta adecuadamente, la posición de la mujer en las Enseñanzas Bahá'ís seguramente atraerá mucho la atención, ya que no es solamente legal, sino espiritual y educacional. Nuestros ideales son tan elevados y a la vez tan prácticos, que cualquier otro punto de vista se queda corto en comparación con ellos.26
47. En cuanto a su pregunta relacionada con los Miembros de la Casa Universal de Justicia, hay una Tabla de 'Abdu'l-Bahá en la cual definitivamente declara que la calidad de miembro de la Casa Universal de Justicia es exclusiva de los hombres y que la sabiduría de ello se revelaría y reconocería claramente en el futuro. En cuanto a ser miembros de las Casas Locales o Nacionales de Justicia, sin embargo las mujeres gozan de plenos derechos. Es solamente para la Casa Universal de Justicia que no pueden ser elegidas. Los bahá'ís deben aceptar esta declaración del maestro con un espíritu de profunda fe, confiando en que hay guía y sabiduría divina detrás de ella que gradualmente se revelará ante los ojos del mundo.27
48. En cuanto a los miembros de la Casa Universal de Justicia, 'Abdu'l-Bahá declara en una Tabla que deben ser exclusivamente hombres, y que la sabiduría de ello se revelaría y manifestaría tan claramente como el sol en el futuro. En todo caso los creyentes deben saber que, debido a que 'Abdu'l-Bahá mismo ha declarado que los sexos son iguales salvo en algunos casos, la exclusión de las mujeres de la Casa Universal de Justicia no debe sorprenderles. Del hecho de que no haya igualdad en las funciones entre los sexos, no se debe inferir que algún sexo es superior o inferior al otro, o que no son iguales en cuanto a sus derechos se refiere.28
FRAGMENTOS DE CARTAS ESCRITAS POR LA CASA UNIVERSAL DE JUSTICIA
49. Es evidente, por los escritos del Guardián, que cuando Bahá'u'lláh ha expresado una ley del hombre hacia la mujer, la misma es aplicable, "mutatis mutandis", de la mujer hacia el hombre, siempre y cuando el contexto no la haga imposible de cumplir. Por ejemplo, el texto del Kitáb-i-Aqdás prohibe que el hombre se case con la mujer de su padre (es decir, su madrastra), y el Guardián ha indicado que de la misma forma a la mujer le está prohibido casarse con su padrastro.29
50. En relación a sus preguntas sobre la igualdad del hombre y la mujer, según lo ha explicado frecuentemente 'Abdu'l-Bahá, se trata de uno de los principios fundamentales de Bahá'u'lláh, razón por la cual deben estudiarse las leyes del Aqdás desde ese punto de vista. La igualdad del hombre y la mujer no significa que las funciones sean idénticas, como de hecho no lo son fisiológicamente. En ciertos casos, las mujeres sobrepasan a los hombres, en otros los hombres están mejor dotados que las mujeres, mientras que en muchas otras cosas la diferencia de sexos no tiene efecto alguno. Las diferencias en las funciones son más evidentes en la vida familiar. La capacidad para la maternidad tiene numerosas implicaciones de largo alcance que se reconocen en la Ley Bahá'í. Por ejemplo, cuando no es posible educar a todos los hijos de un hogar se debe dar preferencia a las hijas sobre los hijos, ya que las madres son las primeras educadoras de la siguiente generación. Asímismo, por razones fisiológicas, se conceden a las mujeres ciertas exenciones del ayuno que no se aplican a los hombres.30
51. La cuestión fundamental a resolver es cómo el mundo actual, con sus afincadas pautas de conflicto, puede llegar a ser un mundo en el que prevalezcan la armonía y la cooperación.
52. El orden mundial puede fundarse solamente sobre la conciencia inquebrantable de la unidad de la humanidad, verdad espiritual que todas las ciencias del hombre confirman. La antropología, la fisiología y la psicología reconocen una sola especie humana, aun cuando sea ésta infinitamente variada en los aspectos secundarios de la vida. El reconocimiento de esta verdad requiere el abandono de los prejuicios -prejuicios de todo tipo- de clase, color, credo, nacionalidad, sexo, grado de civilización material, todo lo que pueda permitir a la gente considerarse superior a otros.
53. La aceptación de la unidad de la humanidad es el primer requisito fundamental para la reorganización y administración del mundo como un solo país, el hogar de la humanidad. La aceptación universal de este principio espiritual es esencial para cualquier intento efectivo de establecer la paz mundial.31
FRAGMENTOS DE CARTAS ESCRITAS DE PARTE DE LA CASA UNIVERSAL DE JUSTICIA
54. En cuanto a la premisa general de que el hombre y la mujer son iguales en la Fe, según lo ha explicado repetidamente 'Abdu'l-Bahá, se trata de uno de los principios fundamentales de Bahá'u'lláh, por lo que Su referencia a 'Hombres de Justicia' en el Kitáb-i-Aqdás debe considerarse a la luz de este principio.32
55. 'Abdu'l-Bahá afirma: "En esta edad divina las bondades de Dios han cubierto el mundo de la mujer. La igualdad del hombre y la mujer, salvo en ciertos casos insignificantes, se ha anunciado plena y categóricamente. Las diferencias se han eliminado totalmente". El que el hombre y la mujer difieran en ciertas características y funciones es un hecho ineludible de la naturaleza; lo importante es que Él considera "insignificantes" tales diferencias que existen entre los sexos.33
56. Tiene usted mucha razón al declarar que el hombre y la mujer tienen cualidades básicas y diferentes. La solución que proveen las enseñanzas de Bahá'u'lláh no es, como usted bien señala, que los hombres lleguen a ser mujeres y las mujeres lleguen a ser hombres. 'Abdu'l-Bahá nos dio la clave de la solución del problema cuando enseñó que las cualidades y funciones del hombre y la mujer se "complementan". Aclaró todavía más el punto al decir que la "nueva era" sería "una era en la cual los elementos masculinos y femeninos de la civilización estarían mejor equilibrados".34
57. Sería útil destacar... que el principio bahá'í de la igualdad del hombre y la mujer está claramente establecido en las Escrituras, y el hecho de que tengan funciones diferentes en algunas áreas no contradice este principio.35
II
EL PAPEL DE LA EDUCACIÓN EN EL DESARROLLO DE LA MUJER
FRAGMENTOS DE LOS ESCRITOS DE BAHÁ'U'LLÁH
58. Los padres tienen el deber ineludible de educar a sus hijos a ser firmes en su fe... pues toda acción digna de alabanza nace de la luz de la religión, y si al niño le falta esta dádiva divina, no se alejará del mal ni se acercará al bien.1
FRAGMENTOS DE LOS ESCRITOS Y DECLARACIONES DE 'ABDU'L-BAHÁ
59. Alabado sea Dios, las mujeres creyentes han organizado reuniones en las que aprenderán a enseñar la Fe, esparcirán los dulces aromas de las Enseñanzas y harán planes para educar a los hijos.
60. ...las presentes deben ocuparse con todos sus medios de la educación de las niñas, enseñando las diversas ramas del conocimiento, buen comportamiento, una forma adecuada de vida, el cultivo de un buen carácter, la castidad, la constancia, la perseverancia, la fortaleza, la determinación, la firmeza de propósito; junto con la economía doméstica, la educación de los niños y todo lo que específicamente se adecúe a las necesidades de las niñas, con el propósito de que estas niñas, educadas en todas las perfecciones y dotadas de la protección de un buen carácter, cuando a su vez sean madres, eduquen a sus hijos desde la primera infancia a tener también un buen carácter y una buena conducta.
61. Que también estudien lo relacionado con la salud del cuerpo y su bienestar físico, y cómo resguardar a sus hijos de las enfermedades.2
62. Esforzaos en guiar a las mujeres de esa tierra; enseñad a las jóvenes y a las niñas, para que así las madres puedan educar a sus pequeños desde sus primeros días; enseñadles concienzudamente, criadlas para que tengan buen carácter y moralidad, guiadlas hacia todas las virtudes de la humanidad, impedidles desarrollar cualquier comportamiento censurable y hacedles abrazar la educación bahá'í. Así podrán estas tiernas criaturas nutrirse en el seno del conocimiento y el amor a Dios. Así crecerán y florecerán, y aprenderán la rectitud y la dignidad de la raza humana, la determinación y la voluntad para el esfuerzo y la entereza. Así aprenderán la perseverancia en todas las cosas, la voluntad para avanzar, la disposición y la resolución, la castidad y la pureza de vida. Así podrán llevar a feliz término cualquier cosa que emprendan.
63. Que las madres consideren que todo lo que tenga relación con la educación de los hijos es de importancia primordial. Que hagan todo esfuerzo posible en este sentido, porque cuando el retoño es verde y tierno crecerá en la dirección en que se le eduque. Por lo tanto, incumbe a todas las madres criar a sus pequeños tal como un jardinero cuida sus tiernas plantas. Que se esfuercen de día y de noche por establecer en sus niños la fe y la certeza, el temor a Dios, el amor al Bienamado de los mundos, y todas las cualidades y características buenas. Cuando la madre vea que su hijo ha hecho bien, que le alabe y aplauda y alegre su corazón; y si el más ligero rasgo indeseable se manifestare, que le aconseje y castigue, y que use medios razonables, aun un pequeño castigo verbal, si fuera necesario. No está permitido, sin embargo, pegar a un niño, o insultarle, ya que se pervertiría totalmente su carácter si se le somete a golpes o abusos verbales.3
64. ...incumbe al padre y a la madre educar a sus hijos tanto en la buena conducta como en el estudio de libros: es decir, el estudio hasta el grado necesario para que ningún niño o niña sea analfabeto.4
65. El gozo supremo de 'Abdu'l-Bahá es observar que un número de hojas entre las siervas de la Bendita Belleza se han educado, que son la esencia del desprendimiento y están bien informadas de los misterios del mundo del ser; que proclaman de tal forma la glorificación y alabanza del Nombre Más Grande, que hacen que los moradores de los Templos del Reino se sientan atraídos y regocijados, y que recitan oraciones en prosa y poesía, y cantan melodiosamente los versos divinos. Abrigo la esperanza de que serás una de ellas, que producirás perlas, estarás constantemente dedicada a cantar su alabanza y entonarás estrofas celestiales glorificando sus atributos.5
66. ¡Oh sierva estimada! ...has escrito sobre la escuela de niñas. Lo que se había escrito anteriormente sigue siendo cierto. No puede haber superación a menos que se eduque a las niñas en escuelas y centros de enseñanza, a menos que se les enseñe la ciencia y otras ramas del conocimiento, y a menos que adquieran las diversas artes, según sea necesario y reciban educación divina. Porque vendrá el día en que estas niñas serán madres. Las madres son las primeras educadoras de los niños y las que establecen las virtudes en la naturaleza interior de éstos. Animan a los niños a adquirir perfecciones y buenos modales, les previenen de las cualidades impropias y les estimulan a que muestren determinación, firmeza y fortaleza en las dificultades y a que avancen por el elevado camino del progreso. Por lo tanto, se hace necesario considerar debidamente la educación de las niñas. Éste es un asunto muy importante y debe administrarse y organizarse bajo la dirección de la Asamblea Espiritual.6
67. ...incumbe a las niñas de esta gloriosa era estar versadas en las diversas ramas del conocimiento, en las ciencias y las artes y todas las maravillas de estos tiempos preeminentes, para que puedan educar a sus hijos y adiestrarles desde sus primeros días en los caminos de la perfección.7
68. Aún más, la educación de la mujer es más necesaria e importante que la del hombre, ya que la mujer es la educadora del niño desde la infancia. Si ella tiene defectos o imperfecciones, el niño necesariamente será deficiente; por lo tanto, la condición de imperfección de la mujer implica la imperfección de toda la humanidad, porque es la madre la que cría, nutre y guía el crecimiento del niño. Ésta no es la función del padre. Si el educador es incompetente, el educando, por consiguiente, también lo será. Esto es evidente e indiscutible. ¿Podría el estudiante llegar a ser brillante y formado si el educador fuera iletrado e ignorante? Las madres son las primeras educadoras de la humanidad; si son imperfectas, ¡ay de la condición y el futuro de la raza!...
69. Algunos han hecho la objeción de que la mujer no es igualmente capaz que el hombre y que es deficiente por naturaleza. Esto es producto de la imaginación. La diferencia entre las capacidades del hombre y la mujer se debe exclusivamente a la oportunidad y la educación. Hasta ahora se le ha negado a la mujer el derecho y el privilegio de igual desarrollo. Si se le diera la misma oportunidad es indudable que estaría a la par del hombre. La historia lo demostrará. En épocas pasadas aparecieron mujeres notables en los asuntos de las naciones y sobrepasaron a los hombres en sus logros...
70. En pocas palabras, el propósito es el siguiente: que si se educa plenamente y se otorgan derechos a la mujer, alcanzará la capacidad para lograr cosas maravillosas y demostrará ser igual que el hombre. Es la coadjutora del hombre, su complemento y colaboradora. Ambos son humanos; ambos están dotados de potencialidades, de inteligencia y reúnen las virtudes de la humanidad. Son socios e iguales en todos los poderes y funciones humanas. En la actualidad la mujer no manifiesta sus prerrogativas en las esferas de la actividad humana debido a la falta de educación y oportunidad. Sin duda la educación establecerá su igualdad con el hombre.8
71. Al proclamar la unidad de la humanidad, Él enseñó que el hombre y la mujer son iguales a los ojos de Dios y que no debe hacerse diferencia entre ellos. La única diferencia en este momento se debe a la falta de educación y formación. Si se le da a la mujer igual oportunidad en la educación, desaparecerá la distinción y la consideración de inferioridad...
72. Él promulgó que se adoptara el mismo curso de educación para el hombre y la mujer. Las hijas y los hijos deberán seguir el mismo temario de estudios, promoviéndose así la unidad de los sexos. Cuando toda la humanidad reciba la misma oportunidad de educación y la unidad entre el hombre y la mujer sea una realidad se eliminarán los fundamentos de la guerra.9
73. ¿Por qué dejar la mente de una mujer sin desarrollo? La ciencia es meritoria, ya sea que la investigue el intelecto del hombre o de la mujer. Y así, poco a poco, la mujer ha avanzado, evidenciando cada vez más la igualdad de capacidades con el hombre ya sea en la investigación científica, la habilidad política o cualquier otra esfera de actividad humana. Se hace evidente concluir que la mujer se ha quedado rezagada por falta de educación y facilidades intelectuales. Si se le dieran las mismas facilidades de educación o estudios desarrollaría la misma capacidad y habilidad.10
74. Bahá'u'lláh anunció que, en vista de que la ignorancia y la falta de educación son barreras que separan a la humanidad, todos deben recibir formación e instrucción. Por medio de esta disposición se eliminará la falta de entendimiento mutuo y se promoverá la unidad de la humanidad. La educación universal es una ley universal. Por lo tanto incumbe a cada padre enseñar e instruir a sus hijos de acuerdo con sus posibilidades. Si no le es posible educarlos, el cuerpo político, los representantes del pueblo, deben proveer los medios de educación...
75. La diferencia existente entre los sexos se debe a la falta de educación de la mujer, a quien se ha negado igual oportunidad de desarrollo y avance. La igualdad de los sexos se establecerá en proporción con las oportunidades crecientes que se otorguen a las mujeres de esta época, porque el hombre y la mujer son igualmente recipientes de los poderes y dádivas de Dios, el Creador. Dios no ha ordenado diferencia entre ellos en su exaltado propósito.11
76. La educación de cada niño es obligatoria... Además de esta educación general, a cada niño se le debe enseñar una profesión, arte u oficio, para que así cada miembro de la comunidad pueda ganar su sustento. El trabajo realizado con espíritu de verdadero servicio es la forma más elevada de adoración.12
77. Prestad particular atención a la escuela para niñas, porque la grandeza de esta Edad maravillosa se manifestará como resultado del progreso del mundo de la mujer. Por esta razón es que podéis observar que en toda la tierra el mundo de la mujer marcha hacia adelante; ello se debe al impacto de la Manifestación Más Grande y al poder de las enseñanzas de Dios.13
78. ¡Oh sierva del Altísimo! Nuestros corazones se regocijaron al recibir tu carta relacionada con la escuela para niñas*. Alabado sea Dios que ahora hay una escuela de este tipo en Teherán, donde pueden las jóvenes, por medio de su bondad, recibir una educación y aprender vigorosamente los progresos de la humanidad. Dentro de poco la mujer caminará al mismo paso que el hombre en todos los campos.
79. Hasta ahora en Persia no existían los medios para el avance de la mujer. Pero ahora, gracias a Dios, desde el amanecer de la Mañana de la Salvación, han ido hacia adelante día a día. La esperanza es que tomen el liderazgo en virtudes y logros, en la cercanía a la Corte del Dios Todopoderoso, en fe y certeza, y que las mujeres del Oriente lleguen a ser la envidia de las mujeres del Occidente.14
FRAGMENTO DE UNA CARTA ESCRITA POR LA CASA UNIVERSAL DE JUSTICIA
80. La causa de la educación universal, que ya tiene enrolado en su servicio a un ejército de gente dedicada de toda clase de fe y nacionalidad, merece el mayor apoyo que los gobiernos del mundo le puedan dar. Porque la ignorancia es indiscutiblemente la razón principal de la caída de los pueblos y de la perpetuación de los prejuicios. Ninguna nación puede lograr el éxito si no educa a todos sus ciudadanos. La falta de recursos limita a un gran número de naciones para cumplir esta necesidad, imponiéndose cierto orden de prioridades. Los organismos decisorios correspondientes harían muy bien si consideraran dar prioridad a la educación de las mujeres y niñas, ya que por medio de madres educadas se difunden por la sociedad más eficaz y rápidamente los beneficios del conocimiento. Atendiendo a las necesidades de la época, se debe dar prioridad a enseñar el concepto de ciudadanía mundial como parte de la educación habitual de cada niño.15
FRAGMENTOS DE CARTAS ESCRITAS EN NOMBRE DE LA CASA UNIVERSAL DE JUSTICIA
81. Un elemento importante en el logro de esta igualdad es la disposición de Bahá'u'lláh de que los niños y las niñas deben cursar estudios iguales en las escuelas.16
82. La Casa Universal de Justicia considera que la necesidad de educar y guiar a las mujeres en su responsabilidad primordial como madres ofrece una excelente oportunidad para organizar actividades de mujeres. Vuestros esfuerzos deben enfocarse a ayudarles en su función de educadoras de la nueva generación. Debe animarse también a las mujeres a atraer a sus esposos y varones de sus familias a la Fe para que la comunidad bahá'í represente fielmente a la sociedad de la que forma parte. Gradualmente el espíritu de unidad y hermandad, según se plantea en nuestras enseñanzas, se reflejará en la vida de las familias bahá'ís.17
III
LA APLICACIÓN DELPRINCIPIO DE IGUALDAD A LA VIDAFAMILIAR
FRAGMENTOS DE LOS ESCRITOS DE BAHÁ'U'LLÁH
83. ¡En el nombre de Dios, el Incomparable! ¡Oh sierva de Dios! Las Tablas mencionan y la Pluma del Antiguo de los Días dispone la firmeza en la Causa. Da gracias al Amado del mundo porque has dirigido tu corazón hacia Él y pronuncias su alabanza. Muchos hombres en este día se han privado de hacer mención del Señor Suficiente y de reconocer su verdad; y muchas mujeres han fijado su mirada sobre el Horizonte del Altísimo y se han adornado con la vestidura del amor del Deseo del mundo. Ésta es la gracia de Dios, que la otorga sobre quienquiera le place. ¡Por la Estrella Matinal de los antiguos misterios! Las perfumadas fragancias de cada aliento exhalado en el amor de Dios, soplan en la corte de la presencia del Señor de la Revelación. La recompensa por una buena obra no se pierde ni se perderá jamás. ¡Bendita eres, doblemente bendita eres! Se te considera entre aquellas siervas cuyo amor por sus familiares no les ha impedido alcanzar las orillas del Mar de la Gracia y Merced. Dios mediante, descansarás eternamente bajo la sombra de los favores del Todomisericordioso y recibirás con certeza sus bondades. Dedícate a la alabanza del Verdadero y regocíjate en su amorosa bondad.
84. El mundo pasa y lo que es imperecedero es el amor de Dios. Dios mediante, estarás alrededor del Verdadero en cada mundo de sus mundos y estarás libre de todo salvo de Él.1
85. Todos deben conocer y alcanzar e iluminarse con los esplendores del sol de la certeza sobre esto: las mujeres y los hombres han sido y serán siempre iguales a los ojos de Dios. La Alborada de la Luz de Dios derramó su iluminación sobre todos con la misma refulgencia. Verdaderamente Dios creó a la mujer para el hombre y al hombre para la mujer. Los más amados ante Dios son los más firmes y los que sobrepasan a otros en su amor por Dios, exaltada sea su gloria.
86. Los amigos de Dios deben adornarse con el ornamento de la justicia, la equidad, la bondad y el amor. Y de la misma forma que no permiten ser objeto de la crueldad y la transgresión, no deben permitir que semejante tiranía visite a las siervas de Dios. Ciertamente Él habla la verdad y manda lo que beneficia a sus siervos y siervas. Él es el Protector de todos en este mundo y en el venidero.2
FRAGMENTOS DE LOS ESCRITOS Y PALABRAS DE 'ABDU'L-BAHÁ
87. ¡Oh pareja de creyentes en Dios! El Señor sin par ha hecho que el hombre y la mujer habiten juntos en la más estrecha compañía, y que sean incluso como una sola alma. Son dos colaboradores, dos amigos íntimos que deben ocuparse del bienestar del otro.
88. Si viven de esa manera, pasarán por este mundo en perfecto embeleso, contento y con la paz en sus corazones, y serán objeto de la gracia divina y el favor en el Reino del cielo. Pero si no, vivirán en gran amargura, anhelando la muerte a cada momento y se sentirán avergonzados en el reino celestial.
89. Esforzaos, entonces, por vivir, con alma y corazón, como dos palomas en un nido, porque así seréis bendecidos en ambos mundos.3
90. ...atendiendo los preceptos de Dios y de la Ley divina, amamantad a vuestros hijos desde su infancia con la leche de la educación universal, y criadlos para que desde sus primeros días, dentro de lo más profundo de sus corazones, en su misma naturaleza, se establezca una manera de vida conforme a las Enseñanzas divinas en todas las cosas.
91. Porque las madres son las primeras educadoras, las primeras tutoras; verdaderamente son las madres las que determinan la felicidad, la futura grandeza, los modales corteses, el aprendizaje, el buen juicio, el entendimiento y la fe de sus pequeños.4
92. ...se les manda al padre y a la madre, como un deber, esforzarse con toda su capacidad y enseñar a las hijas y los hijos, nutrirles del pecho del conocimiento y criarles en el seno de las ciencias y las artes. Si hacen caso omiso de este mandato, se les hará responsables y merecedores de reproche en la presencia del Señor severo.5
93. ¡Oh madres amorosas!, sabed que a los ojos de Dios la mejor manera de adorarles es educando a los hijos y adiestrándolos en todas las perfecciones de la humanidad; y no puede imaginarse acción más noble.6
94. Nótese cuán fácilmente se resuelven los asuntos familiares cuando en la familia existe la unidad, y cuánto progresan los miembros de esa familia y cómo prosperan en el mundo. Sus intereses están en orden, disfrutan de la comodidad y la tranquilidad, se sienten seguros, su posición es firme, son la envidia de todos. Tal familia aumenta día a día su posición y su honor perdurable.7
95. Has preguntado si el esposo puede impedir que su esposa abrace la luz divina, o si es posible que la esposa aleje al esposo de la entrada al Reino de Dios. Lo cierto es que ninguno puede impedir que el otro entre al Reino, a no ser que el esposo tenga un excesivo apego a la esposa o la esposa a él. De hecho, cuando alguno de los dos adora al otro excluyendo a Dios, entonces puede impedir que el otro busque entrar a su Reino.8
96. Pregunta: ¿Cuál es la actitud de su Fe hacia la familia? Respuesta: Según las enseñanzas de Bahá'u'lláh, la familia, al ser una unidad humana, debe educarse de acuerdo con las reglas de la santidad. Deben enseñarse a la familia todas las virtudes. Debe considerarse continuamente la integridad de los lazos familiares, y no debe haber transgresión de los derechos individuales de sus miembros. No debe infringirse ningún derecho, ni el del hijo, ni el del padre, ni el de la madre, y ninguno debe ser arbitrario. Así como el hijo tiene obligaciones con su padre, el padre tiene obligaciones con su hijo. La madre, la hermana y otros miembros de la familia tienen también ciertas prerrogativas. Deben conservarse todos estos derechos y prerrogativas, a la vez que se debe preservar la unidad de la familia. El perjuicio de uno se debe considerar como el perjuicio de todos; la comodidad de uno como la comodidad de todos; el honor de uno como el honor de todos.9
FRAGMENTOS DE CARTAS ESCRITAS DE PARTE DEL GUARDIÁN A CREYENTES INDIVIDUALES
97. Es lamentable que surjan diferencias de opinión entre marido y mujer, ya que indudablemente debilita el lazo espiritual que es la fortaleza del lazo familiar, particularmente en tiempos difíciles. Sin embargo, la forma de resolver la situación no es actuando de manera tal que la otra persona se aleje. Uno de los objetivos de la Causa es precisamente estrechar los lazos en los hogares. En todos los casos similares, por lo tanto, el Maestro aconsejaba obedecer los deseos del otro y orar. Ore para que su esposo gradualmente vea la luz y al mismo tiempo actúe de forma que le atraiga en vez de perjudicarle. Una vez que se asegure la armonía podrá usted servir sin obstáculos.10
98. Shoghi Effendi confía en que, como resultado de su cable y esta carta, su esposa podrá dedicar más tiempo a su familia, pero también espera que usted pueda ayudarle a encontrar tiempo y oportunidad para servir a la Causa tan querida y cercana a su corazón y en la cual se aprecian mucho sus servicios.11
99. El Guardián, en sus comentarios sobre las relaciones entre padres e hijos y esposos y esposas en los EE.UU., quiso decir que hay una tendencia en ese país a que los hijos sean demasiado independientes de los deseos de los padres y que no les respeten debidamente. También las esposas tienen tendencia a ejercer un grado injusto de dominación sobre sus esposos, lo que por supuesto no es correcto, así como no lo es que los esposos dominen injustamente a sus esposas.12
100. Una de las enseñanzas esenciales de la Fe es que se debe mantener la unidad en el hogar. Esto no quiere decir, por supuesto, que cualquier miembro de la familia tenga el derecho de influir sobre la fe de otro miembro; y si todos los miembros se dan cuenta de ello parece seguro que sería posible lograr la unidad.13
101. El Guardián aprecia plenamente su deseo de salir como pionera en este momento y colaborar con el establecimiento de la Fe en regiones vírgenes; pero no debe usted hacerlo contra los deseos de su marido, y no debe obligarle a dejar todo para que usted pueda servir a la Fe de esa manera. Debemos tener en mente los deseos y derechos de los que están relacionados estrechamente con nosotros.
102. Si su esposo desea que usted permanezca en el lugar en que se encuentra, ciertamente hay ahí un vasto campo de enseñanza.14
103. Donde haya una familia bahá'í, todos deben hacer lo que esté a su alcance para preservarla, porque las Enseñanzas condenan fuertemente el divorcio, mientras que la armonía, la unidad y el amor se tienen como elevados ideales en las relaciones humanas. Esto debe aplicarse siempre a los bahá'ís, sean o no pioneros.15
FRAGMENTOS DE CARTAS ESCRITAS DE PARTE DE LA CASA UNIVERSAL DE JUSTICIA A CREYENTES INDIVIDUALES
104. Que la madre sea la primera maestra del niño no debe sorprendernos, ya que la orientación primaria del niño es hacia su madre. Esta disposición de la naturaleza no menoscaba el papel del padre en la familia bahá'í. Una vez más, la igualdad de condición no implica idéntica función.16
105. Al considerar los problemas por los que usted y su esposa están pasando, la Casa Universal de Justicia señala que la unidad de su familia debe tener prioridad sobre cualquier otra consideración. Bahá'u'lláh vino a traer unidad al mundo y una unidad fundamental es la de la familia. Por lo tanto, debemos creer que la Fe se propone fortalecer la familia, no debilitarla. Por ejemplo, el servicio a la Causa no debe causar descuido de la familia. Es muy importante que usted pueda organizar su tiempo de tal forma que su vida familiar sea armoniosa y que su hogar reciba la atención que requiere.
106. Bahá'u'lláh también dio una gran importancia a la consulta. No debemos pensar que este valioso método de buscar soluciones se limita a las instituciones administrativas de la Causa. La consulta familiar en la que se hable plena y francamente, animados por la conciencia de la necesidad de moderación y equilibrio, puede ser la panacea para los conflictos domésticos. Las esposas no deben tratar de dominar a los esposos, ni viceversa.17
107. Habiéndose enterado de que usted y su esposo han consultado sobre sus problemas familiares con su Asamblea Espiritual sin haber recibido consejo, y que también plantearon la situación con un consejero matrimonial sin éxito, la Casa de Justicia siente que es esencial que su esposo y usted comprendan que el matrimonio puede ser una fuente de bienestar que provea un sentimiento de seguridad y felicidad espiritual. Sin embargo, no es algo que se produzca sin esfuerzo. Para que el matrimonio llegue a ser un refugio de felicidad, necesita la cooperación de los esposos mismos y la ayuda de sus familias.18
108. Los miembros de la familia tienen todos deberes y responsabilidades hacia los otros y hacia la familia en general, y estos deberes y responsabilidades varían de un miembro a otro según las relaciones naturales. Los padres tienen la responsabilidad ineludible de educar a sus hijos, pero no es cierto lo contrario; los hijos tienen el deber de obedecer a sus padres, los padres no obedecen a los hijos. La madre -no el padre- da a luz a los hijos, los cría durante la niñez, convirtiéndose así en su primera educadora, por lo que las hijas tienen prioridad sobre los hijos en cuanto a recibir educación se refiere, según escribió el secretario del Guardián en su nombre: "La tarea de criar un niño bahá'í, como recalcan las Escrituras Bahá'ís una y otra vez, es responsabilidad principal de la madre, cuyo especial privilegio es, de hecho, crear en el hogar las condiciones que conduzcan al desarrollo y bienestar tanto material como espiritual. La educación que recibe el niño primeramente de su madre constituye la base más fuerte para su desarrollo futuro". Como corolario a esta responsabilidad de la madre señalamos su derecho a que su esposo la mantenga; el esposo no tiene derecho explícito de ser mantenido por su esposa...
109. En cualquier grupo, no importa cuán amorosa sea la consulta, existen asuntos sobre los cuales, de tiempo en tiempo, no puede llegarse a un acuerdo. En el seno de la Asamblea Espiritual este dilema se resuelve por mayoría de votos. No puede haber mayoría de votos cuando sólo hay dos personas, como en el caso de esposo y esposa. Habrá ocasiones, por lo tanto, en que la esposa deberá ceder ante el esposo y habrá ocasiones cuando el esposo deba ceder, pero ninguno debe dominar injustamente al otro. En pocas palabras, la relación entre marido y mujer debe llevarse de la forma expresada en la oración revelada por 'Abdu'l-Bahá y que se lee con frecuencia en las bodas bahá'ís.
110. "Verdaderamente se han desposado en obediencia a tu mandato. Haz que lleguen a ser signos de armonía y unidad hasta el fin del tiempo".
111. Todas éstas son relaciones dentro de la familia, pero hay una esfera de relación mucho más amplia entre el hombre y la mujer que la del hogar y ésta también la debemos considerar en el contexto de la sociedad bahá'í y no en el de las normas pasadas y presentes. Por ejemplo, aunque la madre sea la primera educadora del niño y la fuerza de mayor influencia formativa, el padre también tiene la responsabilidad de educar a sus hijos, y esta responsabilidad es tan importante que Bahá'u'lláh ha declarado que si un padre no la ejerce pierde sus derechos de paternidad. De la misma forma, aunque la responsabilidad principal en cuanto a la manutención de la familia recae sobre el esposo, no implica en forma alguna que el lugar que le corresponde a la mujer se reduzca solamente al hogar.19
112. Sin embargo, usted ha solicitado normas de conducta específicas para seguir las relaciones entre esposos. La Casa de Justicia no desea hacerlo y siente que ya existe guía suficiente en la recopilación sobre este tema. Por ejemplo, el principio del deber de respetar los derechos de todos y cada uno de los miembros de la unidad familiar, y el consejo de que la clave debe ser la consulta amorosa, que todos los asuntos deben resolverse en armonía y con amor, y que debe haber ocasiones en que los esposos deben ceder ante los deseos del otro. Cada pareja deberá establecer las circunstancias exactas en que deben darse estas concesiones.20
113. Usted pregunta sobre la recomendación de que todos deben trabajar y desea saber si usted, esposa y madre, debe trabajar por su sustento como lo hace su marido. Se nos pide que adjuntemos para su información un fragmento de la Tabla de Bishárát*, de Bahá'u'lláh: "La Duodécima Buena Nueva"; verá que este mandato es para que los amigos se dediquen a ocupaciones que beneficien a la humanidad. La dedicación al hogar es un trabajo altamente honorable y responsable, de importancia fundamental para la humanidad.21
114. En relación con su pregunta de si las madres deben trabajar fuera del hogar, es útil considerar el asunto desde la perspectiva del concepto de la familia bahá'í. Este concepto se basa en el principio de que el hombre tiene la responsabilidad principal sobre el sustento económico de la familia, y la mujer es la mayor y principal educadora de los niños. Esto de ninguna manera implica que estas funciones se han fijado inflexiblemente y que no se pueden cambiar o ajustar para adaptarse a situaciones particulares de la familia, ni tampoco quiere decir que el papel de la mujer esté limitado al hogar. Más bien, al tiempo que se asigna la responsabilidad principal, se anticipa que los padres habrán de desempeñar un papel significativo en la educación de los niños y que las mujeres también podrán ganar para el sustento. Como usted bien lo indica, 'Abdu'l-Bahá animaba a las mujeres a "participar plena e igualmente en los asuntos del mundo".
115. En relación con sus preguntas específicas, la decisión sobre la cantidad de tiempo que una madre puede emplear en trabajar fuera del hogar dependerá de las circunstancias que existan dentro del mismo, que pueden variar de época en época. La consulta familiar contribuirá a obtener las respuestas.22
116. La gran importancia que reviste el papel de la madre se deriva del hecho de que es la primera educadora del niño. Su actitud, sus oraciones, incluso su alimentación y su condición física tiene una gran influencia sobre el niño cuando todavía está en el vientre. Cuando el niño nace, es a ella a quien Dios ha dotado de leche, que es el primer alimento dispuesto para él, y la intención es que, hasta donde sea posible, ella esté con el bebé para educarlo y nutrirlo en sus primeros días y meses. Esto no quiere decir que el padre no ame ni cuide ni ore por el bebé, pero como su responsabilidad principal es mantener a la familia, el tiempo que podrá dedicar al niño durante este período generalmente será limitado, mientras que la madre se asociará estrechamente con el bebé durante esta etapa de intensa formación, cuando crece y se desarrolla más que en ningún otro período de su vida. A medida que el niño crece y se vuelve más independiente, la naturaleza relativa de su relación con su padre y su madre cambia, y el padre puede desempeñar un papel más importante.23
IV
LA MUJER EN EL MUNDO
FRAGMENTOS DE LOS ESCRITOS DE BAHÁ'U'LLÁH
117. Se manda a cada uno de vosotros dedicarse a alguna ocupación, tal como la artesanía o algún oficio. Por medio de nuestra gracia hemos exaltado vuestra ocupación en un trabajo semejante al rango de adoración a Dios, el Verdadero. Ponderad en vuestros corazones la gracia y las bendiciones de Dios y dadle gracias al atardecer y al romper del alba. No malgastéis vuestro tiempo en ociosidad y holgazanería. Ocupaos en lo que os beneficie y beneficie a otros. Así se ha decretado en esta Tabla, desde cuyo horizonte la estrella matinal de la sabiduría y la expresión brillará resplandeciente.
118. Los hombres más despreciables a los ojos de Dios son aquellos que se sientan ociosamente a mendigar. Aferraos fuertemente al cordón de los medios materiales, poniendo toda vuestra confianza en Dios, el Proveedor de todos los medios. Cuando una persona se dedica a alguna artesanía u oficio, tal ocupación en sí, a los ojos de Dios se considera un acto de adoración; y esto no es más que una muestra de su infinita y penetrante bondad.1
FRAGMENTOS DE LOS ESCRITOS Y PALABRAS DE 'ABDU'L-BAHÁ
119. Las siervas de Dios y las esclavas ante su divina corte deben reflejar tales atributos y actitudes entre las mujeres del mundo que las haga destacar y alcanzar renombre en los círculos de las mujeres. Es decir, que deben asociarse con ellas en la mayor castidad y decencia, con fe inquebrantable, discurso claro, lengua elocuente, testimonio irrefutable y elevada determinación. Suplicad a Dios que podáis alcanzar todas estas bondades.2
120. Hasta que no se establezca plenamente la realidad de la igualdad entre el hombre y la mujer, no será posible lograr el desarrollo social más elevado de la humanidad. Aun si se concede que la mujer es inferior al hombre en algún grado de capacidad o logro, ésta o cualquier diferencia continuaría produciendo discordia o perturbación. El único remedio es la educación, la oportunidad; porque la igualdad quiere decir igualdad de capacitación.
121. Y que se sepa una vez más que hasta que la mujer y el hombre no reconozcan y logren la igualdad, no será posible lograr el progreso social y político ni aquí ni en ninguna parte.3
122. ...Bahá'u'lláh ha revelado el principio religioso de que debe darse a la mujer el privilegio de la misma educación que al hombre y el pleno derecho a las prerrogativas de él. Es decir, no debe haber diferencia alguna en la educación del hombre o la mujer, para que así la mujer pueda desarrollar igual capacidad e importancia que el hombre en el campo social y económico. Así logrará el mundo la unidad y la armonía. En el pasado la humanidad ha sido defectuosa e ineficaz porque estaba incompleta. Las guerras han azotado al mundo; la educación de la mujer será un paso poderoso para que acaben y desaparezcan las guerras, porque ella usará toda su influencia en su contra. La mujer cría al niño y educa al joven hasta su madurez. Se negará a sacrificar a sus hijos en el campo de batalla. En verdad, será el factor más grande en el establecimiento de la paz universal y el arbitraje internacional. Ciertamente la mujer abolirá las guerras entre la humanidad.4
123. Reiterando, se ha establecido en la historia que cuando la mujer no ha participado en los asuntos humanos, los resultados no han sido completos y no se ha alcanzado la perfección. Por otra parte, cada empresa importante del mundo de la humanidad en la cual ha participado la mujer, ha logrado significación. Esto es cierto históricamente y no puede rebatirse ni aun en el campo de la religión. Jesucristo tenía doce discípulos y entre sus seguidores había una mujer, María Magdalena. Judas Iscariote se había convertido en traidor e hipócrita, y después de la crucifixión los restantes once discípulos quedaron confundidos e indecisos. Ciertamente demuestran los Evangelios que la que los confortó y restableció su fe fue María Magdalena.
124. La cuestión más importante hoy es la paz universal y el arbitraje internacional, y la paz universal no puede lograrse sin el sufragio universal.5
125. Pregunta: ¿No es un hecho que la paz universal no puede lograrse hasta que haya democracia política en todos los países del mundo? Respuesta: Es muy evidente que en el futuro no habrá centralización en los países del mundo, sean constitucionales, de forma democrática o republicana. Puede ponerse a los Estados Unidos como ejemplo de gobierno del futuro; es decir, cada provincia será independiente, pero habrá una unión federal protegiendo los intereses de los diversos Estados independientes. Podría no ser de forma democrática o republicana. La exigencia de los tiempos es desechar la centralización, promotora del despotismo. Esto producirá la paz internacional. Otro factor de igual importancia en el proceso de establecer la paz internacional es el sufragio de las mujeres. Es decir, que cuando se establezca la perfecta igualdad entre el hombre y la mujer se establecerá la paz, por la sencilla razón de que las mujeres en general no favorecerán nunca la guerra. Las mujeres no permitirán que aquellos a quien han criado con gran ternura vayan al campo de batalla. Cuando tengan voto se opondrán a la causa de la guerra. Otro factor que traerá la paz universal es la unión de Oriente y Occidente.6
126. Cuando la humanidad reciba las mismas oportunidades de educación y se logre la igualdad entre el hombre y la mujer, se destruirán los fundamentos de la guerra. Sin la igualdad será imposible, porque las diferencias conducen a la discordia y la disputa. La igualdad entre el hombre y la mujer conduce a la abolición de la guerra por la razón de que las mujeres nunca la aprobarán.7
127. La mujer debe dedicar sus energías y habilidades especialmente a las ciencias industriales y agrícolas, con el objeto de ayudar a la humanidad en lo que más necesita. De esta manera demostrará capacidad y asegurará el reconocimiento de la igualdad en el terreno social y económico.8
128. Por lo tanto, esforzaos por demostrar al mundo humano que las mujeres son muy capaces y eficientes, que sus corazones son más tiernos y susceptibles que los de los hombres, que son más filantrópicas y sensibles a los necesitados y a los que sufren, que se oponen inflexiblemente a la guerra y que son amantes de la paz. Esforzaos para que el ideal de la paz internacional se logre por medio de los esfuerzos de la mujer, porque el hombre se inclina más hacia la guerra que la mujer, y una verdadera demostración de la superioridad de la mujer será su eficiente servicio al establecimiento de la paz universal.9
129. Imbuida de las mismas virtudes que los hombres, elevándose a través de todos los grados del desarrollo humano, la mujer llegará a estar a la par del hombre, y mientras no se establezca esta igualdad no se facilitará el verdadero progreso y logro de la raza humana.
130. Las razones evidentes que subyacen en esto son: la mujer por naturaleza se opone a la guerra; aboga por la paz. Los niños son criados y cuidados por la madre, quien les da los primeros principios de educación y se esfuerza afanosamente por ellos. Consideremos, por ejemplo, a una madre que ha cuidado tiernamente a su hijo durante veinte años hasta llegar a su madurez. Seguro que ella no va a consentir que ese hijo sea muerto y despedazado en el campo de batalla. Por lo tanto, a medida que la mujer avanza hacia el mismo grado del hombre en cuanto a poder y privilegio, con derecho al voto y con participación en el gobierno, con toda seguridad cesará la guerra, ya que la mujer es la más devota y firme defensora de la paz internacional.10
131. De acuerdo con el espíritu de esta época, la mujer debe avanzar y cumplir con su misión en todos los aspectos de la vida, llegando a ser igual que el hombre. Debe alcanzar el mismo nivel que el hombre y tener los mismos derechos. Ésta es mi ferviente oración y es uno de los principios fundamentales de Bahá'u'lláh.11
132. La mujer es de la mayor importancia para toda la raza. Soporta el peso más fuerte y realiza el trabajo más grande. Considerad el mundo vegetal y el animal. La palmera que produce fruto es la más preciada por el cosechador de dátiles. El árabe sabe que para un viaje largo la yegua tiene más resistencia. El cazador teme más a la leona que al león, por su mayor fuerza y fiereza.
133. La mujer tiene mayor valentía moral que el hombre; también tiene dotes especiales que le permiten gobernar en tiempos de peligro y crisis.12
FRAGMENTOS DE CARTAS ESCRITAS DE PARTE DEL GUARDIÁN
134. En relación con la representación bahá'í en la Conferencia Asiática de Mujeres: indudablemente es lo más recomendable, particularmente en vista de que la Causa contiene tanto sobre la posición de la mujer en la sociedad. Shoghi Effendi espera que la Asamblea Nacional haga todo lo que pueda para ganar la admiración de los delegados ahí reunidos hacia las enseñanzas de la Causa sobre el tema. Debemos siempre aprovechar estas oportunidades. Quizás podamos rendir algún servicio a la sociedad y aliviar sus males.13
135. Lo que 'Abdu'l-Bahá quiso decir en cuanto a que las mujeres deban levantarse por la paz, es que éste es un asunto que afecta a todas las mujeres en forma vital, y cuando formen una masa de opinión pública arrolladora en contra de la guerra, no podrá haber guerra. Las mujeres bahá'ís ya están organizadas al ser miembros de la Fe y del Orden Administrativo. No se requiere mayor organización. Pero deben, por medio de la enseñanza y del apoyo moral activo a todo movimiento dirigido hacia la paz, buscar ejercer una fuerte influencia sobre las mentes de otras mujeres en torno a este asunto esencial.14
FRAGMENTO DE UNA CARTA ESCRITA DE PARTE DE LA CASA UNIVERSAL DE JUSTICIA
136. Uno de los requisitos más importantes, aunque menos reconocido, para la paz es la emancipación de la mujer, la igualdad plena entre los sexos. La negación de tal igualdad perpetra una injusticia contra la mitad de la población del mundo y promueve en los hombres hábitos y actitudes dañinos que se llevan del seno familiar al lugar de trabajo, a la vida política y finalmente a las relaciones internacionales. No hay bases, morales, prácticas o biológicas, que justifiquen tal negación. Sólo cuando se incorpore a la mujer plenamente en todos los campos de la actividad humana, se creará el clima moral y psicológico en el cual podrá emerger la paz internacional.15
FRAGMENTOS DE CARTAS ESCRITAS DE PARTE DE LA CASA UNIVERSAL DE JUSTICIA
137. ...Hay una esfera de relación mucho más amplia entre el hombre y la mujer que la del hogar, y la debemos considerar también en el contexto de la sociedad bahá'í y no en las normas sociales pasadas o presentes. Por ejemplo, aunque la madre sea la primera educadora del niño y la influencia formativa más importante en su desarrollo, el padre también tiene la responsabilidad de educar a sus hijos. Y ésta es una responsabilidad tan importante que Bahá'u'lláh ha declarado que el padre que falte a esta responsabilidad pierde sus derechos de paternidad. De la
misma forma, aunque la responsabilidad primordial por la manutención de la familia recae sobre el esposo, no implica en forma alguna que el lugar de la mujer está limitado al hogar. Por el contrario, 'Abdu'l-Bahá ha declarado:
138. "En esta Revelación de Bahá'u'lláh, la mujer marcha al unísono con el hombre. En ningún momento se la dejará atrás. Sus derechos son iguales en grado a los del hombre. Entrarán en todas las ramas administrativas de la política. Alcanzarán en todo tal adelanto, que llegarán a ser consideradas como la más alta posición en el mundo de la humanidad y tomarán parte en todos los asuntos".16
Y nuevamente:
139. "Y sucederá que cuando las mujeres participen plena e igualmente en los asuntos del mundo, cuando entren en el terreno de las leyes y la política con confianza y capacidad, cesará la guerra..."17
140. En la "Tabla del Mundo", Bahá'u'lláh mismo vislumbra que la mujer, tanto como el hombre, trabajará para ganar el sustento, al declarar:
141. "Todos, sean hombres o mujeres, deberán entregar a una persona de confianza una parte de lo que él o ella ganen por medio del comercio, la agricultura o cualquier otra ocupación, para la instrucción y educación de los niños, ser empleado para este propósito con el conocimiento de los Fideicomisarios de la Casa de Justicia".18
DICIEMBRE 1980, A UNA ASAMBLEA ESPIRITUAL NACIONAL
142. El deber de la mujer -al ser la primera educadora de la humanidad- está claramente estipulado en las Escrituras. Corresponde a cada mujer, en caso de que llegue a ser madre, determinar cómo cumplir con su principal responsabilidad como madre, por una parte, y por otra parte participar, hasta donde sea posible, en otros aspectos y actividades de la sociedad de la que forma parte.19
V
PROMOCIÓN DEL DESARROLLO DE LA MUJER
FRAGMENTOS DE LOS ESCRITOS DE BAHÁ'U'LLÁH
143. ¡Él es la Luz que brilla desde el Horizonte de la Revelación! En este Día el Árbol Bendito del recuerdo habla en el Reino de la Expresión y dice: "Bien hace el siervo que vuelve su rostro hacia Él y abraza su verdad, y la sierva que ha acudido a su voz y es de las dichosas. Verdaderamente es una campeona en el campo del verdadero entendimiento. La Lengua de la Verdad así lo atestigua desde Su exaltada posición".
144. ¡Oh Mi hoja!, bendita seas por haber acudido a mi llamamiento cuando se elevó en el nombre del Verdadero. Reconociste mi Revelación cuando varones de renombre estaban sumergidos en vanas y manifiestas imaginaciones. Verdaderamente Él está con sus siervas y siervos que se han vuelto hacia Él. Que la Gloria resplandeciente del horizonte de mi Reino caiga sobre ti y sobre aquel que te ha guiado hacia mi recto sendero.1
145. Suplicamos al Verdadero que adorne a sus siervas con el ornamento de la castidad, la fiabilidad, la rectitud y la pureza. Verdaderamente Él es el que todo lo da, el Todogeneroso. Hacemos mención de las siervas de Dios en este momento y les anunciamos las buenas nuevas de las muestras de la merced y la compasión de Dios y de su consideración por ellas, glorificado es Él, y la exaltación de su Palabra. Verdaderamente Él habla la verdad y otorga a sus siervos y a sus siervas lo que les beneficiará en cada mundo de sus mundos. Verdaderamente Él es el Magnánimo, el Todomisericordioso.2
FRAGMENTOS DE LOS ESCRITOS Y PALABRAS DE 'ABDU'L-BAHÁ
146. La refulgencia de los rayos del Sol de la Verdad es abundante, y los favores de la Bendita Belleza rodean a las creyentes y siervas que han alcanzado la certeza. En cada momento se revelan generosas dádivas. Las siervas del Misericordioso deben aprovechar las oportunidades que se presentan en estos días. Cada una debe esforzarse por acercarse al divino Umbral y buscar las bondades de la Fuente de la existencia. Debe alcanzar tal condición y confirmarse con tal poder que, con la expresión de tan sólo una palabra, haga que la persona más baja sea reverenciada, inicie a quien esté privado del mundo del espíritu, imparta esperanza al desvalido, dote al desposeído con una porción de las grandes dádivas y confiera conocimiento y visión al ignorante y al ciego y haga alerta y vigilante al indolente y al negligente. Éste es el atributo de las siervas del Misericordioso. Ésta es la característica de las siervas ante el Umbral de Dios.
147. ¡Oh hojas que habéis alcanzado la certeza! En los países europeos y en América las siervas del Misericordioso han ganado el premio de la excelencia y el avance en el terreno de los hombres. Y en el campo de la enseñanza y la diseminación de las fragancias divinas han mostrado una mano brillante. Pronto se remontarán como las aves del Concurso de lo Alto a todos los rincones del mundo y guiarán a la gente y les revelarán los Divinos Misterios. Vosotras, las hojas benditas del Este, debéis arder con mayor brillo y ocuparos en difundir las dulces fragancias del Señor y en recitar los versos de Dios. Levantaos, pues, y esforzaos en cumplir las exhortaciones y los consejos de la Bendita Belleza, para que se realicen todas las esperanzas y para que el valle de los riachuelos y huertos llegue a ser el jardín de la unidad. Que la gloria de las glorias esté sobre vosotros, hombres y mujeres.3
148. En este gran ciclo y maravillosa Dispensación se han levantado ciertas mujeres que han sido emblemas y signos de la unidad, porque los hombres y las mujeres reciben la misma medida de revelación de los dones divinos. "Verdaderamente el más honrado a los ojos de Dios es el más virtuoso entre vosotros"*; esto es cierto tanto para los hombres como para las mujeres, los siervos y las siervas: todos se hallan bajo la sombra de la Palabra de Dios y todos obtienen su fortaleza de las bondades del Señor. Por lo tanto, no os consideréis insignificantes dudando de lo que puede hacer una sierva tras su velo...
149. Con corazón firme, paso fuerte y lengua elocuente levantaos a difundir la Palabra de Dios y exclamad: "¡Oh Dios!, aunque me encuentre oculta tras la cortina de la castidad y esté restringida por el velo y por las exigencias de la modestia, mi caro deseo es izar la bandera del servicio y llegar a ser una sierva ante tu Sagrado Umbral; cabalgar un corcel y atravesar el ejército de los ignorantes, derrotar los regimientos poderosos y derribar los fundamentos del error y la transgresión. Eres quien ayuda a los débiles, el Sostén de los pobres, quien socorre a las siervas. Verdaderamente eres el Fuerte, el Todopoderoso..."4
150. ¡Oh siervas atraídas por las divinas fragancias!... Con seguridad recibiréis confirmaciones del reino de Dios, permitiendo a algunas radiantes hojas aparecer resplandecientes en la asamblea de este mundo con pruebas claras y razones convincentes que adornarán la causa de la mujer. Probarán que en este ciclo las mujeres son iguales a los hombres, incluso en algunos aspectos los sobrepasarán. Ponderad: en esta maravillosa Causa fueron muchos los hombres que escalaron las alturas del conocimiento; tuvieron una brillante expresión, una prueba convincente y magnífico discurso, pero la bendita hoja Táhiríh, por ser mujer, surgió con inmenso esplendor y dejó atónita a toda la gente. Si hubiera sido hombre, esto no habría sido así en absoluto. Por lo tanto, debéis saber que la grandeza de la Causa ha penetrado los nervios y las venas del mundo en forma tal que si se atrae a una de sus hojas y ella adquiere maestría en demostrar razones y pruebas, y en exponer evidencias convincentes, brillará resplandecientemente. ¡Oh hojas radiantes!, juro por la Belleza del Deseado y por el Misterio de la Existencia que si trabajáis activamente en este campo, las efusiones de la Bendita Belleza se reflejarán como el sol en los espejos de los corazones. Vuestro progreso asombrará a todos.
151. Las hojas que han sido atraídas, cuando se asocian las unas con las otras, no deben hablar meramente de la temperatura del ambiente o del agua, de las bellezas de las flores o los jardines, de la frescura de la rama y del agua que fluye. Deben más bien restringir sus conversaciones a la glorificación y alabanza y a la exposición de pruebas y razones, a citar los versos y las tradiciones y a plantear claros testimonios, para que todos los hogares de los amados se conviertan en sitios de reunión para impartir lecciones sobre la enseñanza de la Causa.
152. Si así lo hacéis, en poco tiempo las efusiones del Reino serán tan manifiestas que cada una de las siervas del Misericordioso llegará a ser como un perspicuo libro que revela los misterios del Dios de Merced. La Gloria de las glorias sea con vosotras.5
153. En esta maravillosa Dispensación los favores del Señor Glorioso se vierten sobre las siervas del Misericordioso. Por lo tanto deben, así como los hombres, tomar el galardón y sobresalir en el campo, para que quede demostrado y manifiesto que la penetrante influencia de la Palabra de Dios en esta nueva Dispensación ha hecho que la mujer iguale al hombre y que en el campo de las pruebas superaran a otros. Por lo tanto, las verdaderas siervas de la Bendita Belleza deben vivificarse por medio del espíritu del desprendimiento, refrescarse con las brisas de la atracción y con los corazones rebosantes de amor a Dios, con las almas alegres por las celestiales buenas nuevas y, con extrema humildad y mansedumbre, exclamar con discurso elocuente y alabar y glorificar al Gran Señor, porque son las manifestaciones de esa bondad y están adornadas con la corona de ese esplendor.6
154. ¡Oh puras y estimadas hojas cercanas a la Corte de Gloria! Benditas, benditas sois por haber organizado reuniones espirituales y por haberos ocupado en exponer pruebas y evidencias divinas. Os habéis propuesto defender la verdad en apoyo a la manifiesta Luz de la Causa, por medio de argumentos contundentes y pruebas basadas en las Sagradas Escrituras del pasado. Éste es un objetivo muy elevado y esta cara esperanza es causa de iluminación de todos los pueblos y naciones.
155. Desde el inicio del tiempo hasta el presente, en ninguno de los ciclos o dispensaciones pasadas se han establecido asambleas para mujeres, y éstas nunca tuvieron clases con el propósito de esparcir las enseñanzas. Ésta es una de las características de esta gloriosa Dispensación y de este gran siglo. Ciertamente debéis esforzaros en perfeccionar esta reunión y aumentar vuestro conocimiento de los misterios celestiales, para que, con la voluntad de Dios, en un corto plazo la mujer llegue a ser igual que el hombre; ocupará una ventajosa posición entre los eruditos, tendrá fluidez de expresión y elocuencia y brillará como lámpara de guía a través del mundo. En algunos aspectos las mujeres tienen capacidades asombrosas; se apresuran en su atracción a Dios y es intenso el fuego de su ardor por Él.
156. En resumen, ocupad vuestras noches y días en el estudio de las sagradas Palabras y en adquirir perfecciones. Ocupaos siempre en conversar sobre estos asuntos. Cuando os encontréis, daos las buenas nuevas e impartid esperanza unas a otras con las confirmaciones y bondades del Antiguo y Perdurable Señor. Que cada una exponga pruebas y evidencias y hable de los misterios del Reino, para que el Espíritu Divino y Verdadero penetre en el cuerpo del mundo contingente y que los escritos de todas las cosas, del pasado o del futuro, lleguen a ser manifiestos y resplandecientes.
157. ¡Oh amadas siervas de Dios! No consideréis vuestros méritos y capacidades presentes, más bien fijad vuestra mirada en los favores y confirmaciones de la Bendita Belleza, porque Su gracia sempiterna transformará a la planta insignificante en un árbol bendito, convertirá el espejismo en agua y vino fresco; causará que los átomos olvidados lleguen a ser la verdadera esencia del ser y el débil sea erudito en la escuela del conocimiento. Permitirá que la zarza produzca flores y que la oscura tierra produzca jacintos fragantes. Transmutará la piedra en un rubí de gran precio y llenará las conchas de perlas brillantes. Ayudará al tierno escolar a ser un sabio maestro y permitirá que el frágil embrión revele la realidad del versículo: "¡Santificado sea el Señor, el Más Excelente de todos los Creadores"*. Verdaderamente mi Señor es poderoso sobre las cosas.7
158. En este día el deber de cada uno, sea hombre o mujer, es enseñar la Causa. En América las mujeres han sobrepasado a los hombres en este aspecto y han tomado la delantera en este campo. Se esfuerzan más en guiar a las gentes del mundo y sus esfuerzos son mayores. Están confirmadas por los dones y dádivas divinos. Abrigo la esperanza de que en Oriente las siervas del Misericordioso se esforzarán de la misma forma, revelando así sus poderes y manifestando sus capacidades.8
159. ¡Oh virtuosa hoja, oh maestra de la Causa! Éste es el momento de hablar y de hacer discursos, el momento de enseñar y de dar testimonio. Desata tu lengua, expón las verdades y establece la validez del versículo: "El Todomisericordioso ha enseñado el Qur'án**". El Espíritu Santo habla por medio de la esencia más profunda de la lengua humana, el espíritu de Dios que desea la comunión con el alma humana revela las verdades, el Fiel Espíritu escribe y el Espíritu del Antiguo de los Días confirma. Juro por esta Belleza sin par, Quien está en el Reino Invisible, que cuando las hojas desatan sus lenguas en alabanza y glorificación al Todoamoroso Señor y con el propósito de enseñar la Causa del Señor Bondadoso, el Concurso del Reino y los moradores de los Reinos Invisibles darán oído, y exclamarán con supremo gozo y júbilo: La Gloria sea sobre ti y sobre cada sierva que es firme en el Convenio.9
160. ¡Oh sierva de Dios!... Se deben dar a las madres las enseñanzas divinas y consejos eficaces, y se les debe animar para que eduquen a sus hijos, porque la madre es la primera educadora del niño. Ella es quien debe desde el principio amamantar al recién nacido del pecho de la Fe y la Ley de Dios, para que el amor divino entre en él incluso con la leche materna, y que quede dentro de él hasta su último aliento.
161. Si la madre falla al no educar a sus hijos y no los inicia en el camino adecuado de la vida, la educación que reciban más tarde no tendrá efecto pleno. Incumbe a las Asambleas Espirituales proveer a las madres de programas bien planeados para la educación de los hijos, mostrando cómo debe cuidarse y enseñar al niño desde la infancia. Estas instrucciones deben darse a cada madre para que le sirva de guía y así eduque a cada una de ellas y nutra a sus hijos según las Enseñanzas.10
162. ...No debemos hacer distinciones entre miembros de la familia humana. No debemos considerar estéril o desprovista a ninguna persona. Nuestro deber consiste en la educación de las almas para que el Sol de los dones de Dios llegue a resplandecer en ellas, y esto es posible por medio del poder de la unidad de la humanidad. Cuanto más amor se exprese entre la humanidad y cuanto más fuerte sea el poder de la unidad, mayores serán este reflejo y revelación, porque el mayor don de Dios es el amor. El amor es la fuente de todos los dones de Dios. Hasta que el amor no tome posesión del corazón no se revelará en él ninguna otra dádiva divina.11
163. En resumen, la presunción de la superioridad del hombre continuará reprimiendo la ambición de la mujer, como si el logro de la igualdad fuera imposible desde el punto de vista de la creación; las aspiraciones de la mujer hacia el desarrollo se verán obstaculizadas por tal presunción y gradualmente perderá la esperanza. Por el contrario, debemos aclarar que su capacidad es igual, incluso mayor, que la del hombre. Esto la inspirará y le infundirá esperanza y ambición, y sus posibilidades para el desarrollo aumentarán continuamente. No se le debe enseñar ni decir que es más débil e inferior en capacidad y cualidades. Si a un alumno se le dice que su inteligencia es inferior a la de sus compañeros, se le crea un gran obstáculo para su progreso. Se le debe animar para que desarrolle su capacidad con frases semejantes a esta: "Eres muy capaz, si te esfuerzas alcanzarás el grado más elevado".12
164. Por ello, el propósito es el siguiente: que si se educa plenamente a la mujer y se le otorgan sus derechos, desarrollará la capacidad para logros maravillosos y probará ser igual que el hombre. Es la colaboradora del hombre, su complemento y su ayudante.13
165. La realidad de las cosas se ha revelado en este siglo radiante, y lo que es verdadero debe salir a la superficie. Entre estas realidades se encuentra el principio de la igualdad del hombre y la mujer, derechos y prerrogativas iguales en todos los asuntos humanos. Bahá'u'lláh declaró esta realidad hace más de cincuenta años. No obstante la veracidad de este principio de igualdad, es asimismo cierto que la mujer debe probar su capacidad y aptitud y mostrar las evidencias de esta igualdad. Debe llegar a sobresalir en las artes y las ciencias y demostrar por medio de sus logros que sus habilidades y poderes estaban meramente latentes. Las demostraciones de fuerza, como las que tienen lugar en este momento en Inglaterra, no son ni apropiadas ni efectivas para la causa de la mujer y la igualdad. La mujer debe dedicar sus energías y habilidades especialmente a las ciencias agrícolas e industriales con el objeto de ayudar a la humanidad en aquello que más necesita. De esta manera demostrará capacidad y asegurará el reconocimiento de la igualdad en el terreno social y económico. Indudablemente Dios la confirmará en sus esfuerzos, porque en este siglo radiante Bahá'u'lláh ha proclamado la realidad de la unidad del mundo de la humanidad y ha anunciado que todas las naciones, pueblos y razas son uno solo.14
166. La igualdad de los sexos se establecerá en proporción a las oportunidades crecientes que se otorguen a la mujer en esta época, porque el hombre y la mujer son igualmente recipientes de los poderes y dones de Dios, el Creador. Dios no ha ordenado diferencias entre ellos en su exaltado propósito.15
167. La mujer debe esforzarse por alcanzar mayor perfección, para ser igual que el hombre en todo aspecto, para progresar en todo lo que ha quedado rezagada, para que así el hombre se vea obligado a reconocer la igualdad de su capacidad y de sus logros.
168. Las mujeres de Europa han progresado más que las del Oriente, pero ¡falta mucho por hacer! Cuando los alumnos finalizan el año escolar, deben hacer ciertos exámenes, cuyos resultados determinan el conocimiento y la capacidad de cada estudiante. Así será con la mujer; sus acciones demostrarán su poder y no será necesario proclamarlo por medio de palabras.
169. Abrigo la esperanza de que las mujeres del Oriente, al igual que sus hermanas occidentales, progresarán rápidamente hasta que la humanidad alcance la perfección.
170. Las bondades de Dios son para todos y proporcionan el poder para todo progreso. Cuando la humanidad posea la igualdad de la mujer, ¡no será necesario que ellas luchen por sus derechos! Uno de los principios de Bahá'u'lláh es, pues, la igualdad de los sexos.
171. Las mujeres deben hacer grandes esfuerzos por adquirir poder espiritual y aumentar su sabiduría y santidad hasta que la iluminación y esfuerzo tengan éxito en lograr la unidad de la humanidad. ¡Deben trabajar con ardiente entusiasmo para difundir las enseñanzas de Bahá'u'lláh entre los pueblos, para que así la luz radiante de la Bondad Divina rodee las almas de todas las naciones del mundo!.16
FRAGMENTOS DE CARTAS ESCRITAS POR EL GUARDIÁN
172. En torno a la posición de la mujer bahá'í en la India y Birmania y de su colaboración futura con los hombres en el trabajo administrativo de la Causa, considero que ha llegado el momento para que aquellas mujeres que ya se han adaptado a la costumbre prevaleciente en la India y en Birmania de descartar el velo, deben tener no sólo el derecho al voto en las elecciones de sus representantes locales y nacionales, sino que deben ser elegibles para las Asambleas Bahá'ís en toda la India y Birmania, a nivel local y nacional.
173. Sin embargo, este claro e importantísimo paso debe darse con el mayor cuidado y precaución, con prudencia y reflexión. Se debe prestar la debida consideración a su capacidad real y a sus logros actuales, y sólo quienes están mejor calificados para ello, sean hombres o mujeres y sin distingos sociales, deben elegirse para la posición de extrema responsabilidad de ser miembros de una Asamblea Bahá'í.
174. Confío en que esta decisión trascendental resultará ser un gran incentivo para las mujeres bahá'ís de la India y Birmania, quienes, espero, se levantarán ahora y se esforzarán al máximo de su posibilidad para adquirir un mejor y más profundo conocimiento de la Causa, tomar parte en forma más activa y sistemática en los asuntos generales del Movimiento y demostrar por todos los medios ser colaboradoras iluminadas, responsables y eficientes de los varones en la tarea común del desarrollo de la Causa en su país.
175. Que se den plena cuenta de su elevada responsabilidad en este día, que hagan todo lo que esté a su alcance para justificar las elevadas esperanzas que anhelamos para su futuro y que demuestren en todos los asuntos ser merecedoras de la noble misión que el mundo bahá'í les confía ahora.17
176. Se han concedido plenos derechos a las mujeres bahá'ís que residen en la cuna de la Fe para que participen como miembros de Asambleas Espirituales Bahá'ís, tanto locales como nacionales, eliminándose así el último obstáculo al disfrute de la igualdad plena de derechos en la gestión de los asuntos administrativos de la Comunidad Bahá'í persa.18
177. Uno de los deseos que un amoroso y añorante corazón tiene para con ellos en esta gran encrucijada en los destinos de la Fe de Bahá'u'lláh en el Continente Americano, es que los miembros de esta comunidad, de cualquier sexo o edad, de cualquier raza u origen, no importa cuán limitada sea su experiencia, capacidad o conocimiento, se levanten como un solo hombre y se aferren con ambas manos a las oportunidades otorgadas por Dios que ahora se les presentan por medio de las dispensaciones de una Providencia amorosa, siempre vigilante y sostenedora, y presten de esa forma un ímpetu tremendo a las fuerzas propulsoras que guían misteriosamente las operaciones de esta cruzada recién lanzada, indescriptiblemente poderosa, que abarca a todo el mundo.19
FRAGMENTOS DE CARTAS Y DE UN TÉLEX ESCRITO POR LA CASA UNIVERSAL DE JUSTICIA
178. En relación con el asunto mencionado en su carta... que el movimiento de liberación femenina en... está tomando posiciones extremas que tienen influencia sobre las jóvenes bahá'ís impresionables, creemos que sería beneficioso que su Asamblea pusiera énfasis sobre la posición singular que tienen las mujeres al ser miembros de la Fe Bahá'í, especialmente a través de la participación en la administración de los asuntos tanto a escala local como nacional.20
179. 'Abdu'l-Bahá indicó que "Entre los milagros que distinguen esta sagrada Dispensación está el de que las mujeres han mostrado mayor audacia que los hombres al pertenecer a las filas de la Fe". Shoghi Effendi ha manifestado al respecto que esta "audacia" deberá, con el paso del tiempo, "demostrarse más convincentemente, y ganar para la Causa victorias más conmovedoras que cualquiera que se haya logrado hasta ahora". Aunque obviamente el mundo bahá'í entero está comprometido en estimular el papel vital de la mujer en la comunidad bahá'í, así como en la sociedad en general, el Plan de Cinco Años específicamente requiere que ochenta Asambleas Espirituales Nacionales organicen actividades bahá'ís para mujeres. En el transcurso del presente año, que ha sido designado el "Año Internacional de la Mujer" como actividad a escala mundial de las Naciones Unidas, los bahá'ís, especialmente en esas ochenta comunidades nacionales, deben iniciar y llevar a cabo programas que estimulen y promuevan la plena e igual participación de la mujer en todos los aspectos de la vida de la comunidad bahá'í, para que por medio de sus logros los amigos puedan demostrar la distinción de la Causa de Dios en este campo del quehacer humano.21
SE EXHORTA, ESPECIALMENTE A LAS MUJERES BAHÁ'ÍS CUYAS CAPACIDADES EN MUCHAS TIERRAS ESTÁN TODAVÍA EN SU MAYOR PARTE SIN UTILIZAR Y CUYO POTENCIAL PARA EL SERVICIO A LA CAUSA ES TAN GRANDE, A LEVANTARSE Y DEMOSTRAR LA IMPORTANCIA DE LA PARTE QUE HAN DE DESEMPEÑAR EN TODOS LOS CAMPOS DE SERVICIO A LA FE.22
180. Por mucho tiempo los jóvenes han estado a la vanguardia del trabajo de la enseñanza, y ahora nuestros corazones se regocijan al ver a las mujeres dedicando sus eficientes servicios a la vida de la comunidad bahá'í, en tantas tierras donde anteriormente se dejaban la mayoría de sus capacidades sin utilizar.23
181. En el corazón de todas las actividades la vida espiritual, intelectual y comunitaria de los creyentes debe desarrollarse y promoverse, lo que requiere: procurar con aumentado vigor el desarrollo de las Asambleas Espirituales Locales para que puedan ejercer su beneficiosa influencia y guía sobre la vida de las comunidades bahá'ís; nutrir una comprensión más profunda de la vida familiar bahá'í; la educación bahá'í de los niños, incluyendo las clases bahá'ís regulares y, donde sea necesario, el establecimiento de escuelas receptoras para proveer la educación primaria; animará a los bahá'ís jóvenes a estudiar y a servir; y animará a las mujeres bahá'ís a ejercer plenamente sus privilegios y responsabilidades en el trabajo de la comunidad, que dignamente den testimonio de la memoria de la Más Exaltada Hoja, la heroína inmortal de la Dispensación Bahá'í, al acercarnos al 50 aniversario de su fallecimiento.24
182. En este tiempo no se aplica universalmente la igualdad del hombre y la mujer. Debemos tomar la delantera en la práctica de este principio bahá'í en aquellas regiones donde la desigualdad tradicional todavía impide su progreso. A las mujeres y niñas bahá'ís se les debe animar a que participen en las actividades sociales, espirituales y administrativas de sus comunidades.25
183. Se llama a las comunidades bahá'ís locales y nacionales a auspiciar una amplia gama de actividades que atraerán la atención de personas de todos los sectores de la vida hacia varios temas relacionados con la paz, tales como el papel de la mujer....26
FRAGMENTOS DE CARTAS ESCRITAS EN NOMBRE DE LA CASA UNIVERSAL DE JUSTICIA
184. La Casa Universal de Justicia considera que la necesidad de educar y guiar a las mujeres en su responsabilidad principal como madres ofrece una excelente oportunidad para organizar actividades de mujeres. Vuestros esfuerzos deben enfocarse a ayudarles en sus funciones educadoras de la nueva generación.27
185. El principio de la igualdad del hombre y la mujer, al igual que las otras enseñanzas de la Fe, puede establecerse efectiva y universalmente entre los amigos desde el momento en el que se persiga conjuntamente con todos los demás aspectos de la vida bahá'í. El cambio es un proceso evolutivo que requiere paciencia con uno mismo y con los otros, la amorosa educación y el transcurrir del tiempo; a medida que los creyentes profundizan su conocimiento de los principios de la Fe, descartan gradualmente las actitudes tradicionales por mucho tiempo mantenidas y conforman progresivamente sus vidas a las enseñanzas unificadoras de la Causa.28
REFERENCIAS
I EL CONCEPTO DE LA BAHÁ'Í DE LA IGUALDAD
1. Palabras Ocultas nº 69 del Árabe.
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12. Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, págs. 79-80.
13. Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, pág. 302.
14. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, págs. 74-77.
15. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, pág. 133.
16. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, pág. 166.
17. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, pág. 166.
18. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, pág. 182.
19. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, pág. 455.
20. La Sabiduría de 'Abdu'l-Bahá, pág. 140.
21. La Sabiduría de 'Abdu'l-Bahá, págs. 171-172.
22. La Sabiduría de 'Abdu'l-Bahá, pág. 172.
23. La Sabiduría de 'Abdu'l-Bahá, págs. 195-196.
24. Abdu'l-Bahá on Divine Philosophy.
25. Bahá'u'lláh y la Nueva Era, pág. 178.
26. 7 de enero de 1931, a una Asamblea Espiritual Nacional.
27. 28 de julio de 1936, a un creyente.
28. 14 de diciembre de 1940, a una Asamblea Espiritual Nacional.
29. 28 de abril de 1974, a un creyente.
30. 24 de julio de 1975, a un creyente.
31. Octubre de 1985.
32. 29 de junio, a un creyente.
33. 8 de enero de 1981, a una Asamblea Espiritual Nacional.
34. 22 de abril de 1981, a un creyente.
35. 23 de agosto de 1984, a un creyente.
II EL PAPEL DE LA EDUCACIÓN EN EL DESARROLLO DE LA MUJER
1. Educación Bahá'í, Recopilación, pág. 4.
2. Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, págs. 123-124.
3. Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, págs. 124-125.
4. Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, pág. 127.
5. Fragmento de una Tabla no traducida.
6. Fragmento de una Tabla no traducida.
7. Fragmento de una Tabla no traducida.
8. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, págs. 133-137.
9. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, págs. 174-175.
10. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, págs. 280-281.
11. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, pág. 300.
12. Abdu'l-Bahá on Divine Philosophy, pág. 78.
13. Educación Bahá'í, Recopilación, pág. 44.
14. Educación Bahá'í, Recopilación, pág. 57.
15. Octubre de 1985.
16. 28 de diciembre de 1980, a una Asamblea Espiritual Nacional.
17. 29 de febrero de 1984, a una Asamblea Espiritual Nacional.
III LA APLICACIÓN DEL PRINCIPIO DE IGUALDAD A LA VIDA FAMILIAR
1. Fragmento de una Tabla no traducida anteriormente.
2. Fragmento de una Tabla no traducida anteriormente.
3. Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, pág. 122.
4. Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, pág. 126.
5. Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, pág. 127.
6. Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, pág. 139.
7. Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, pág. 279.
8. Vida familiar, pág. 35.
9. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, pág. 168.
10. 15 de julio de 1928.
11. 19 de junio de 1931.
12. 22 de julio de 1943.
13. 6 de julio de 1952.
14. 31 de julio de 1953.
15. 9 de noviembre de 1956.
16. 23 de junio de 1974.
17. 1 de agosto de 1978.
18. 24 de junio de 1979.
19. 28 de diciembre de 1980, a una Asamblea Espiritual Nacional.
20. 16 de mayo de 1982.
21. 16 de junio de 1982.
22. 9 de agosto de 1984.
23. 23 de agosto de 1984.
IV LA MUJER EN EL MUNDO
1. Tablas de Bahá'u'lláh reveladas después del Kitáb-i-Aqdás, pág. 29.
2. Fragmento de una Tabla no traducida.
3. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, págs. 76-77.
4. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, pág. 108.
5. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, págs. 134-135.
6. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, pág. 167.
7. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, pág. 175.
8. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, pág. 283.
9. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, pág. 284.
10. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, pág. 375.
11. Bahá'u'lláh y la Nueva Era, pág. 176.
12. 'Abdu'l-Bahá in London, págs. 102-103.
13. 10 de noviembre de 1930, a una Asamblea Espiritual Nacional.
14. 24 de marzo de 1945, a un creyente.
15. Octubre de 1985.
16. La Sabiduría de 'Abdu'l-Bahá, pág. 195.
17. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, pág. 135.
18. Tablas de Bahá'u'lláh reveladas después del Kitáb-i-Aqdás, pág.103.
19. 22 de abril, a un creyente.
V LA PROMOCIÓN DEL DESARROLLO DE LA MUJER
1. Fragmento de una Tabla no traducida.
2. Fragmento de una Tabla no traducida.
3. Fragmento de una Tabla no traducida.
4. Fragmento de una Tabla no traducida.
5. Fragmento de una Tabla no traducida.
6. Fragmento de una Tabla no traducida.
7. Fragmento de una Tabla no traducida.
8. Fragmento de una Tabla no traducida.
9. Fragmento de una Tabla no traducida.
10. Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, pág. 138.
11. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, pág. 15.
12. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, págs. 76-77.
13. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, pág. 136.
14. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, págs. 283-284.
15. The Promulgation of Universal Peace, pág. 300.
16. La Sabiduría de 'Abdu'l-Bahá, págs. 172-173.
17. 27 de diciembre de 1923, a una Asamblea Espiritual Nacional.
18. Messages to the Bahá'í World, abril de 1954.
19. Citadel of Faith, 28 de julio de 1954.
20. 9 de abril de 1971, a una Asamblea Espiritual Nacional.
21. 25 de mayo de 1975, a una Asamblea Espiritual Nacional.
22. 24 de marzo de 1977, a todas las Asambleas Espirituales Nacionales.
23. Ridván de 1978.
24. Naw-Rúz de 1979.
25. Ridván de 1984.
26. 23 de enero de 1985, a todas las Asambleas Espirituales Nacionales.
27. 29 de febrero de 1984, a una Asamblea Espiritual Nacional.
28. 25 de julio de 1984, a un creyente.
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
BAHÁ'U'LLÁH
* Los Siete Valles y Palabras Ocultas. Terrassa: Editorial Bahá'í de España, 1971.
* Tablas de Bahá'u'lláh. Buenos Aires: EBILA, 1982.
'ABDU'L-BAHÁ
* Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá. Haifa: Bahá'í World Centre, 1978.
* The Promulgation of Universal Peace. Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1982.
* La Sabiduría de 'Abdu'l-Bahá. Buenos Aires: EBILA, 1972.
* 'Abdu'l-Bahá in London. London: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1982.
SHOGHI EFFENDI
* Citadel of Faith. Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1980.
* Educación Bahá'í, Recopilación. Buenos Aires: EBILA, 1978.
* Vida Familiar. Buenos Aires: EBILA.
ISABEL F. CHAMBERLAIN
* 'Abdu'l-Bahá on Divine Philosophy. Boston: The Tudor Press, 1917.
ESSLEMONT, JOHN EBENEZER
* Bahá'u'lláh y la Nueva Era. Terrassa: Editorial Bahá'í de España, 1976.
Source: Bahá'í Library Online (bahai-library.com), curated by Jonah Winters. Used by permission of the curator. Original citation: Bahá'u'lláh, Women, bahai-library.com.
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Women
Women
Compiled by the
Research Department of the Universal House of Justice
January 1986
also published in Compilation of Compilations vol. 2, pp. 355-407
Table of Contents
I. The Bahá'í concept of equality
II. The role of education in the development of women
III. Application of the principle of equality to family life
IV. Women in the world at large
V. Fostering the development of women
VI. Bibliography
I. The Bahá'í Concept Of Equality
Extracts from the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh
1. O Children of Men! Know ye not why We created you all from the same dust? That no one
should exalt himself over the other. Ponder at all times in your hearts how ye were created. Since
We have created you all from one same substance it is incumbent on you to be even as one soul,
to walk with the same feet, eat with the same mouth and dwell in the same land, that from your
inmost being, by your deeds and actions, the signs of oneness and the essence of detachment may
be made manifest. Such is My counsel to you, O concourse of light! Heed ye this counsel that ye
may obtain the fruit of holiness from the tree of wondrous glory.
(The Hidden Words of Bahá'u'lláh, Arabic no. 68, rev. ed. (Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1985), p. 20)
2. Exalted, immensely exalted is He Who hath removed differences and established harmony.
Glorified, infinitely glorified is He Who hath caused discord to cease, and decreed solidarity and
unity. Praised be God, the Pen of the Most High hath lifted distinctions from between His
servants and handmaidens, and, through His consummate favours and all-encompassing mercy,
hath conferred upon all a station and rank of the same plane. He hath broken the back of vain
imaginings with the sword of utterance and hath obliterated the perils of idle fancies through the
pervasive power of His might.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
3. This Wronged One hath heard thy voice and that which thy inner and outer tongue hath uttered in
praise of thy Lord. By the righteousness of God! That which the people possess, and the treasures
of the earth, and that which the rulers and kings own, are not equal in this day to the singing of
His praise. The Lord of the Kingdom beareth witness unto this at this glorious moment. And
having heard thy groaning and lamentation, We are responding with a Tablet which calleth out
betwixt earth and heaven and maketh mention of thee with words that immortalize what hath
appeared from thee in His love, in His service, in His remembrance and in His praise. And He
hath made that which hath issued forth from thy mouth a trust with Him for thee. He is verily the
Most Bounteous, the Most Generous. If thou truly givest ear to that which hath been revealed for
Women
thee from My Supreme Pen at this moment, thou shalt soar with the wings of eagerness in the
heaven of love for the Lord of the Day of the Covenant, and wilt say during all the days of thy
life: Thanks be unto Thee, O Thou the Desire of the world, and praise be unto Thee, O Thou the
Beloved of the people of understanding. May all existence be a sacrifice for Thy favour, and all
that hath been and will ever be, a ransom for Thy Word, O Thou the Wronged One amongst the
people of enmity, O Thou in Whose grasp are the reins of all who are in heaven and on earth....
In this Day the Hand of divine grace hath removed all distinctions. The servants of God and His
handmaidens are regarded on the same plane. Blessed is the servant who hath attained unto that
which God hath decreed, and likewise the leaf moving in accordance with the breezes of His will.
This favour is great and this station lofty. His bounties and bestowals are ever present and
manifest. Who is able to offer befitting gratitude for His successive bestowals and continuous
favours?
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian and Arabic)
4. By My Life! The names of handmaidens who are devoted to God are written and set down by the
Pen of the Most High in the Crimson Book. They excel over men in the sight of God. How
numerous are the heroes and knights in the field who are bereft of the True One and have no
share in His recognition, but thou hast attained and received thy fill.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
5. Verily the Pen of the Most High hath borne witness unto thy recognition of Him, thy love for Him
and thy turning towards the Ancient Countenance at a time when the world hath rejected Him,
save those whom God, the Most High, hath willed....
Well is it with thee for having adorned thyself with the ornament of the love of God and for
having been enabled to make mention of Him and utter His praise. Divine grace, in its entirety, is
in the mighty grasp of God, exalted be He. He conferreth it upon whomsoever He willeth. How
many a man considered himself a celebrated divine and a repository of heavenly mysteries, and
yet when the slightest test visited him, he arose with such opposition and denial as to cause the
Concourse on high to moan and lament. Through the bestowals of the Lord, however, and His
infinite favour, thou hast attained unto the hidden secret and the well-guarded treasure. Preserve
then, in the name of God, this lofty station and conceal it from the eyes of betrayers. The glory
shining from the horizon of My Kingdom be upon thee and upon every handmaiden who hath
attained the splendours of My sublime Throne.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian and Arabic)
6. We beseech God to aid all the leaves to attain the knowledge of the Tree and deprive them not of
the ocean of His generosity. In this day no regard is paid to loftiness or lowliness, to poverty or
wealth, to nobility and lineage, to weakness or might. Whosoever recognizeth the incomparable
Beloved is the possessor of true wealth and occupieth a divine station. Today, in the court of the
True One, the queen of the world and her like are not worth a mustard seed, because although she
may speak in the name of God, invoke the Lord of creation every day in the temple of her body,
and spend large sums of earthly wealth for the development of her nation, she is deprived of
recognition of the Sun of His Manifestation and is barred from the True One in Whose
remembrance she is engaged.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian and Arabic)
7. Throughout the centuries and ages many a man hath waited expectant for God's Revelation, and
yet when the Light shone forth from the horizon of the world, all but a few turned their faces
away from it. Whosoever from amongst the handmaidens hath recognized the Lord of all Names
is recorded in the Book as one of those men by the Pen of the Most High. Offer thou praise to the
Beloved of the world for having aided thee to recognize the Dayspring of His Signs and the
Revealer of the evidences of His Glory. This is a great bounty, a bounteous favour. Preserve it in
the name of the True One....
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian and Arabic)
Women
Extracts from the Writings and Utterances of 'Abdu'l-Bahá
8. From the beginning of existence until the Promised Day men retained superiority over women in
every respect. It is revealed in the Qur'án: “Men have superiority over women.” But in this
wondrous Dispensation, the supreme outpouring of the Glorious Lord became the cause of
manifest achievements by women. Some handmaidens arose who excelled men in the arena of
knowledge. They arose with such love and spirituality that they became the cause of the
outpouring of the bounty of the Sovereign Lord upon mankind, and with their sanctity, purity and
attributes of the spirit led a great many to the shore of unity. They became a guiding torch to the
wanderers in the wastes of bewilderment, and enkindled the despondent in the nether world with
the flame of the love of the Lord. This is a bounteous characteristic of this wondrous Age which
hath granted strength to the weaker sex and hath bestowed masculine might upon womanhood....
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
9. O handmaid of God! In this wondrous dispensation in which the Ancient Beauty and the Manifest
Light—may my spirit be sacrificed for His loved ones—hath risen from the horizon of age-old
hopes, women have assumed the attributes of men in showing forth steadfastness in the Cause of
God, and revealing the heroism and might of fearless men. They invaded the arena of mystic
knowledge and hoisted aloft the banner on the heights of certitude. Thou, too, must make a
mighty effort and show forth supreme courage. Exert thyself and taste of the sweetness of a
heavenly draught, for the sweet taste of the love of God will linger on to the end that hath no end.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
10. Render thanks to the Lord that among that race thou art the first believer, 1 that thou hast engaged
in spreading sweet-scented breezes, and hast arisen to guide others. It is my hope that through the
bounties and favours of the Abhá Beauty thy countenance may be illumined, thy disposition
pleasing, and thy fragrance diffused, that thine eyes may be seeing, thine ears attentive, thy
tongue eloquent, thy heart filled with supreme glad-tidings, and thy soul refreshed by divine
fragrances, so that thou mayest arise among that race and occupy thyself with the edification of
the people, and become filled with light. Although the pupil of the eye is black, it is the source of
light. Thou shalt likewise be. The disposition should be bright, not the appearance. Therefore,
with supreme confidence and certitude, say: “O God! Make me a radiant light, a shining lamp,
and a brilliant star, so that I may illumine the hearts with an effulgent ray from Thy Kingdom of
Abhá....”
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
11. The establishment of a women's assemblage for the promotion of knowledge is entirely
acceptable, but discussions must be confined to educational matters. It should be done in such a
way that differences will, day by day, be entirely wiped out, not that, God forbid, it will end in
argumentation between men and women. As in the question of the veil, nothing should be done
contrary to wisdom. The individual women should, today, follow a course of action which will be
the cause of eternal glory to all womankind, so that all women will be illumined. And that lieth in
gathering to learn how to teach, in holding meetings to recite the verses, to offer supplications to
the kingdom of the Lord of evident signs, and to institute education for the girls. Ponder the
manner in which Jinab-i-Táhirih used to teach. She was free from every concern, and for this
reason she was resplendent.
Now the world of women should be a spiritual world, not a political one, so that it will be radiant.
The women of other nations are all immersed in political matters. Of what benefit is this, and
what fruit doth it yield? To the extent that ye can, ye should busy yourselves with spiritual
matters which will be conducive to the exaltation of the Word of God and of the diffusion of His
1 This Tablet was addressed to one Mrs. Pocohontas in Washington. According to Fadil Mazandarani, the recipient of the Tablet was a
black woman. See Tarikh-i-Zuhuru'l-Haq, vol. 8, part 2, p. 1209 (Tihrán: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 132 B.E.). Additional information
provided by the Archives of the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States indicates that Mr. Louis Gregory, in a history of the
Washington, D.C. Bahá'í community, mentions a black Bahá'í, Mrs. Pocohontas Pope, who is likely the same person. Mrs. Pope learned
of the Bahá'í Faith through Alma and Fanny Knobloch and Joseph and Pauline Hannen. There is, at present no other information on
Mrs. Pope.
Women
fragrances. Your demeanour should lead to harmony amongst all and to coalescence and the
good-pleasure of all....
I am endeavouring, with Bahá'u'lláh's confirmations and assistance, so to improve the world of
the handmaidens that all will be astonished. This progress is intended to be in spirituality, in
virtues, in human perfections and in divine knowledge. In America, the cradle of women's
liberation, women are still debarred from political institutions because they squabble. They are
yet to have a member in the House of Representatives. Also Bahá'u'lláh hath proclaimed: “O ye
men of the House of Justice.” Ye need to be calm and composed, so that the work will proceed
with wisdom, otherwise there will be such chaos that ye will leave everything and run away.
“This newly born babe is traversing in one night the path that needeth a hundred years to tread.”
In brief, ye should now engage in matters of pure spirituality and not contend with men. 'Abdu'l-
Bahá will tactfully take appropriate steps. Be assured. In the end thou wilt thyself exclaim, “This
was indeed supreme wisdom!” I appeal to you to obliterate this contention between men and
women....
No one can on his own achieve anything. 'Abdu'l-Bahá must be well pleased and assist.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
12. Know thou, O handmaid, that in the sight of Bahá, women are accounted the same as men, and
God hath created all humankind in His own image, and after His own likeness. That is, men and
women alike are the revealers of His names and attributes, and from the spiritual viewpoint there
is no difference between them. Whosoever draweth nearer to God, that one is the most favoured,
whether man or woman. How many a handmaid, ardent and devoted, hath, within the sheltering
shade of Bahá, proved superior to the men, and surpassed the famous of the earth.
The House of Justice, however, according to the explicit text of the Law of God, is confined to
men;2 this for a wisdom of the Lord God's, which will erelong be made manifest as clearly as the
sun at high noon.
(Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, rev. ed., (Haifa: Bahá'í World Centre, 1982), sec. 38, pp. 79-80)
13. And among the teachings of Bahá'u'lláh is the equality of women and men. The world of
humanity has two wings—one is women and the other men. Not until both wings are equally
developed can the bird fly. Should one wing remain weak, flight is impossible. Not until the
world of women becomes equal to the world of men in the acquisition of virtues and perfections,
can success and prosperity be attained as they ought to be.
(Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, sec. 227, p. 302)
14. Inasmuch as this is the century of light, it is evident that the Sun of Reality, the Word, has
revealed itself to all humankind. One of the potentialities hidden in the realm of humanity was the
capability or capacity of womanhood. Through the effulgent rays of divine illumination the
capacity of woman has become so awakened and manifest in this age that equality of man and
woman is an established fact....
In this day man must investigate reality impartially and without prejudice in order to reach the
true knowledge and conclusions. What, then, constitutes the inequality between man and woman?
Both are human. In powers and function each is the complement of the other. At most it is this:
that woman has been denied the opportunities which man has so long enjoyed, especially the
privilege of education....
The truth is that all mankind are the creatures and servants of one God, and in His estimate all are
human. Man is a generic term applying to all humanity. The biblical statement “Let us make man
in our image, after our likeness” does not mean that woman was not created. The image and
likeness of God apply to her as well. In Persian and Arabic there are two distinct words translated
into English as man: one meaning man and woman collectively, the other distinguishing man as
male from woman the female. The first word and its pronoun are generic, collective; the other is
2 From other extracts it is evident that the limitation of membership to men applies only to the Universal House of Justice, and not to the
National and Local Houses of Justice.
Women
restricted to the male. This is the same in Hebrew.
To accept and observe a distinction which God has not intended in creation is ignorance and
superstition....
It is my hope that the banner of equality may be raised throughout the five continents where as
yet it is not fully recognized and established. In this enlightened world of the West woman has
advanced an immeasurable degree beyond the women of the Orient. And let it be known once
more that until woman and man recognize and realize equality, social and political progress here
or anywhere will not be possible. For the world of humanity consists of two parts or members:
one is woman; the other is man. Until these two members are equal in strength, the oneness of
humanity cannot be established, and the happiness and felicity of mankind will not be a reality.
God willing, this is to be so.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, 2nd. ed. (Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1982), pp. 74-77)
15. Today questions of the utmost importance are facing humanity, questions peculiar to this radiant
century....
One of these questions concerns the rights of woman and her equality with man. In past ages it
was held that woman and man were not equal—that is to say, woman was considered inferior to
man, even from the standpoint of her anatomy and creation. She was considered especially
inferior in intelligence, and the idea prevailed universally that it was not allowable for her to step
into the arena of important affairs. In some countries man went so far as to believe and teach that
woman belonged to a sphere lower than human. But in this century, which is the century of light
and the revelation of mysteries, God is proving to the satisfaction of humanity that all this is
ignorance and error; nay, rather, it is well established that mankind and womankind as parts of
composite humanity are coequal and that no difference in estimate is allowable, for all are human.
The conditions in past centuries were due to woman's lack of opportunity. She was denied the
right and privilege of education and left in her undeveloped state. Naturally, she could not and did
not advance. In reality, God has created all mankind, and in the estimation of God there is no
distinction as to male and female. The one whose heart is pure is acceptable in His sight, be that
one man or woman. God does not inquire, “Art thou woman or art thou man?” He judges human
actions. If these are acceptable in the threshold of the Glorious One, man and woman will be
equally recognized and rewarded.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 133)
16. The world of humanity consists of two parts: male and female. Each is the complement of the
other. Therefore, if one is defective, the other will necessarily be incomplete, and perfection
cannot be attained. There is a right hand and a left hand in the human body, functionally equal in
service and administration. If either proves defective, the defect will naturally extend to the other
by involving the completeness of the whole; for accomplishment is not normal unless both are
perfect. If we say one hand is deficient, we prove the inability and incapacity of the other; for
single-handed there is no full accomplishment. Just as physical accomplishment is complete with
two hands, so man and woman, the two parts of the social body, must be perfect. It is not natural
that either should remain undeveloped; and until both are perfected, the happiness of the human
world will not be realized.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 134)
17. The status of woman in former times was exceedingly deplorable, for it was the belief of the
Orient that it was best for woman to be ignorant. It was considered preferable that she should not
know reading or writing in order that she might not be informed of events in the world. Woman
was considered to be created for rearing children and attending to the duties of the household. If
she pursued educational courses, it was deemed contrary to chastity; hence women were made
prisoners of the household. The houses did not even have windows opening upon the outside
world. Bahá'u'lláh destroyed these ideas and proclaimed the equality of man and woman. He
made woman respected by commanding that all women be educated, that there be no difference
Women
in the education of the two sexes and that man and woman share the same rights. In the
estimation of God there is no distinction of sex. One whose thought is pure, whose education is
superior, whose scientific attainments are greater, whose deeds of philanthropy excel, be that one
man or woman, white or colored, is entitled to full rights and recognition; there is no
differentiation whatsoever.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 166)
18. Woman's lack of progress and proficiency has been due to her need of equal education and
opportunity. Had she been allowed this equality, there is no doubt she would be the counterpart of
man in ability and capacity. The happiness of mankind will be realized when women and men
coordinate and advance equally, for each is the complement and helpmeet of the other.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 182)
19. He establishes the equality of man and woman. This is peculiar to the teachings of Bahá'u'lláh, for
all other religions have placed man above woman.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 455)
20. Women have equal rights with men upon earth; in religion and society they are a very important
element. As long as women are prevented from attaining their highest possibilities, so long will
men be unable to achieve the greatness which might be theirs.
(Paris Talks: Addresses given by 'Abdu'l-Bahá in Paris in 1911-1912, 10th ed. (London: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1979), p.
133)
21. In the world of humanity.... the female sex is treated as though inferior, and is not allowed equal
rights and privileges. This condition is due not to nature, but to education. In the Divine Creation
there is no such distinction. Neither sex is superior to the other in the sight of God. Why then
should one sex assert the inferiority of the other, withholding just rights and privileges as though
God had given His authority for such a course of action? If women received the same educational
advantages as those of men, the result would demonstrate the equality of capacity of both for
scholarship.
In some respects woman is superior to man. She is more tender-hearted, more receptive, her
intuition is more intense.
(Paris Talks: Addresses given by 'Abdu'l-Bahá in Paris in 1911-1912, p. 161)
22. Divine Justice demands that the rights of both sexes should be equally respected since neither is
superior to the other in the eyes of Heaven. Dignity before God depends, not on sex, but on purity
and luminosity of heart. Human virtues belong equally to all!
(Paris Talks: Addresses given by 'Abdu'l-Bahá in Paris in 1911-1912, p. 162)
23. In the Dispensation of Bahá'u'lláh, women are advancing side by side with men. There is no area
or instance where they will lag behind: they have equal rights with men, and will enter, in the
future, into all branches of the administration of society. Such will be their elevation that, in every
area of endeavour, they will occupy the highest levels in the human world. Rest thou assured.
Look not upon their present state. In future, the world of womankind will shine with lustrous
brilliance, for such is the will and purpose of Bahá'u'lláh. At the time of elections the right to vote
is the inalienable right of women, and the entrance of women into all human departments is an
irrefutable and incontrovertible question. No soul can retard or prevent it.
But there are certain matters, the participation in which is not worthy of women. For example, at
the time when the community is taking up vigorous defensive measures against the attack of foes,
the women are exempt from military engagements. It may so happen that at a given time warlike
and savage tribes may furiously attack the body politic with the intention of carrying on a
wholesale slaughter of its members; under such a circumstance defence is necessary, but it is the
duty of men to organize and execute such defensive measures and not the women—because their
hearts are tender and they cannot endure the sight of the horror of carnage, even if it is for the
Women
sake of defence. From such and similar undertakings the women are exempt.
As regards the constitution of the House of Justice, Bahá'u'lláh addresses the men. He says: “O ye
men of the House of Justice!”
But when its members are to be elected, the right which belongs to women, so far as their voting
and their voice is concerned, is indisputable. When the women attain to the ultimate degree of
progress, then, according to the exigency of the time and place and their great capacity, they shall
obtain extraordinary privileges. Be ye confident on these accounts. His Holiness Bahá'u'lláh has
greatly strengthened the cause of women, and the rights and privileges of women is one of the
greatest principles of 'Abdu'l-Bahá. Rest ye assured! Ere long the days shall come when the men
addressing the women, shall say: 'Blessed are ye! Blessed are ye! Verily ye are worthy of every
gift. Verily ye deserve to adorn your heads with the crown of everlasting glory, because in
sciences and arts, in virtues and perfections ye shall become equal to man, and as regards
tenderness of heart and the abundance of mercy and sympathy ye are superior'.
(From a Tablet to an individual believer - translated from the Persian, published in Paris Talks: Addresses given by
'Abdu'l-Bahá in Paris in 1911-1912, p. 182-84)
24. The woman of the East has progressed. Formerly in India, Persia and throughout the Orient, she
was not considered a human being. Certain Arab tribes counted their women in with the live
stock. In their language the noun for woman also meant donkey; that is, the same name applied to
both and a man's wealth was accounted by the number of these beasts of burden he possessed.
The worst insult one could hurl at a man was to cry out, “Thou woman!”
From the moment Bahá'u'lláh appeared, this changed. He did away with the idea of distinction
between the sexes, proclaiming them equal in every capacity.
In former times it was considered wiser that woman should not know how to read or write; she
should occupy herself only with drudgery. She was very ignorant. Bahá'u'lláh declares the
education of woman to be of more importance than that of man. If the mother be ignorant, even if
the father have great knowledge, the child's education will be at fault, for education begins with
the milk. A child at the breast is like a tender branch that the gardener can train as he wills.
The East has begun to educate its women. Some there are in Persia who have become liberated
through this cause, whose cleverness and eloquence the ulamá cannot refute. Many of them are
poets. They are absolutely fearless....
I hope for a like degree of progress among the women of Europe – that each may shine like unto
a lamp; that they may cry out the proclamation of the kingdom; that they may truly assist the
men; nay, that they may be even superior to the men, versed in sciences and yet detached, so that
the whole world may bear witness to the fact that men and women have absolutely the same
rights. It would be a cause of great joy for me to see such women. This is useful work; by it
woman will enter into the kingdom. Otherwise, there will be no results.
('Abdu'l-Bahá on Divine Philosophy (Boston: Tudor Press, 1918), pp. 81-83)
25. The world in the past has been ruled by force, and man has dominated over woman by reason of
his more forceful and aggressive qualities both of body and mind. But the balance is already
shifting; force is losing its dominance, and mental alertness, intuition, and the spiritual qualities
of love and service, in which woman is strong, are gaining ascendancy. Hence the new age will
be an age less masculine and more permeated with the feminine ideals, or, to speak more exactly,
will be an age in which the masculine and feminine elements of civilization will be more evenly
balanced.
(J. E. Esslemont, Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era, 5th rev. ed. (Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1987), p. 149)
Extracts from Letters Written on Behalf of Shoghi Effendi
26. If presented properly the position of women in the Bahá'í teachings will surely attract much
Women
attention, for it is not only legal but also spiritual and educational. Our ideals are so high and at
the same time so practicable that all other views will fall short if compared to them.
(7 January 1931 to the National Spiritual Assembly of India and Burma)
27. As regards your question concerning the membership of the Universal House of Justice: there is a
Tablet from Abdul-Bahá in which He definitely states that the membership of the Universal
House is confined to men, and that the wisdom of it will be fully revealed and appreciated in the
future. In the local as well as the national Houses of Justice, however, women have the full right
of membership. It is, therefore, only to the International House that they cannot be elected. The
Bahá'ís should accept this statement of the Master in a spirit of deep faith, confident that there is a
divine guidance and wisdom behind it which will be gradually unfolded to the eyes of the world.
(28 July 1936 to an individual believer)
28. As regards the membership of the International House of Justice, 'Abdu'l-Bahá states in a Tablet
that it is confined to men, and that the wisdom of it will be revealed as manifest as the sun in the
future. In any case the believers should know that, as 'Abdu'l-Bahá Himself has explicitly stated
that sexes are equal except in some cases, the exclusion of women from the International House
of Justice should not be surprising. From the fact that there is no equality of functions between
the sexes one should not, however, infer that either sex is inherently superior or inferior to the
other, or that they are unequal in their rights.
(14 December 1940 to the National Spiritual Assembly of India and Burma)
Extracts From Letters Written by the Universal House of Justice
29. It is apparent from the Guardian's writings that where Bahá'u'lláh has expressed a law as between
a man and a woman it applies, mutatis mutandis, between a woman and a man unless the context
should make this impossible. For example, the text of the “Kitáb-i-Aqdas” forbids a man to marry
his father's wife (i.e. his step-mother), and the Guardian has indicated that likewise a woman is
forbidden to marry her step-father.
(28 April 1974 to an individual believer)
30. Concerning your questions about the equality of men and women, this, as 'Abdu'l-Bahá has often
explained, is a fundamental principle of Bahá'u'lláh; therefore the Laws of the “Aqdas” should be
studied in the light of it. Equality between men and women does not, indeed physiologically it
cannot, mean identity of functions. In some things women excel men, for others men are better
fitted than women, while in very many things the difference of sex is of no effect at all. The
differences of function are most apparent in family life. The capacity for motherhood has many
far-reaching implications which are recognized in Bahá'í Law. For example, when it is not
possible to educate all one's children, daughters receive preference over sons, as mothers are the
first educators of the next generation. Again, for physiological reasons, women are granted
certain exemptions from fasting that are not applicable to men.
(24 July 1975 to an individual believer)
31. The primary question to be resolved is how the present world, with its entrenched pattern of
conflict, can change to a world in which harmony and co-operation will prevail.
World order can be founded only on an unshakeable consciousness of the oneness of mankind, a
spiritual truth which all the human sciences confirm. Anthropology, physiology, psychology,
recognize only one human species, albeit infinitely varied in the secondary aspects of life.
Recognition of this truth requires abandonment of prejudice—prejudice of every kind—race,
class, colour, creed, nation, sex, degree of material civilization, everything which enables people
to consider themselves superior to others.
Acceptance of the oneness of mankind is the first fundamental prerequisite for reorganization and
administration of the world as one country, the home of humankind. Universal acceptance of this
Women
spiritual principle is essential to any successful attempt to establish world peace.
(October 1985 to the Peoples of the World)
From Letters Written on Behalf of the Universal House of Justice
32. To the general premise that women and men have equality in the Faith, this, as often explained by
'Abdu'l-Bahá, is a fundamental principle deriving from Bahá'u'lláh and therefore His mention of
the “Men of Justice” in the Kitáb-i-Aqdas should be considered in light of that principle.
(29 June 1976 to an individual believer)
33. ... 'Abdu'l-Bahá asserts: “In this divine age the bounties of God have encompassed the world of
women. Equality of men and women, except in some negligible instances, has been fully and
categorically announced. Distinctions have been utterly removed.” That men and women differ
from one another in certain characteristics and functions is an inescapable fact of nature; the
important thing is that He regards such inequalities as remain between the sexes as being
“negligible”.
(8 January 1981 to the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States)
34. You are quite right in stating that men and women have basic and distinct qualities. The solution
provided in the teachings of Bahá'u'lláh is not, as you correctly observe, for men to become
women, and for women to become men. 'Abdu'l-Bahá gave us the key to the problem when He
taught that the qualities and functions of men and women “complement” each other. He further
elucidated this point when He said that the “new age” will be “an age in which the masculine and
feminine elements of civilization will be more properly balanced.”
(22 April 1981 to an individual believer)
35. It may be helpful to stress ... that the Bahá'í principle of the equality of men and women is clearly
stated in the teachings, and the fact that there is diversity of function between them in certain
areas does not negate this principle.
(23 August 1984 to two believers)
II. The Role of Education in the Development of Women
Extracts From the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh
36. It is the bounden duty of parents to rear their children to be staunch in faith.... For every
praiseworthy deed is born out of the light of religion, and lacking this supreme bestowal the child
will not turn away from any evil, nor will he draw nigh unto any good.
(From a Tablet - translated from Persian, published in Bahá'í Education, a compilation, 1976 World Centre edition, p. 6)
Extracts From the Writings and Utterances of 'Abdu'l-Bahá
37. Praised be God, the women believers have organized meetings where they will learn how to teach
the Faith, will spread the sweet savours of the Teachings and make plans for training the children.
...those present should concern themselves with every means of training the girl children; with
teaching the various branches of knowledge, good behaviour, a proper way of life, the cultivation
of a good character, chastity and constancy, perseverance, strength, determination, firmness of
purpose; with household management, the education of children, and whatever especially
Women
applieth to the needs of girls—to the end that these girls, reared in the stronghold of all
perfections, and with the protection of a goodly character, will, when they themselves become
mothers, bring up their children from earliest infancy to have a good character and conduct
themselves well.
Let them also study whatever will nurture the health of the body and its physical soundness, and
how to guard their children from disease.
(Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, sec. 94, pp. 123-24)
38. Work ye for the guidance of the women in that land, teach the young girls and the children, so
that the mothers may educate their little ones from their earliest days, thoroughly train them, rear
them to have a goodly character and good morals, guide them to all the virtues of humankind,
prevent the development of any behaviour that would be worthy of blame, and foster them in the
embrace of Bahá'í education. Thus shall these tender infants be nurtured at the breast of the
knowledge of God and His love. Thus shall they grow and flourish, and be taught righteousness
and the dignity of humankind, resolution and the will to strive and to endure. Thus shall they
learn perseverance in all things, the will to advance, high mindedness and high resolve, chastity
and purity of life. Thus shall they be enabled to carry to a successful conclusion whatsoever they
undertake.
Let the mothers consider that whatever concerneth the education of children is of the first
importance. Let them put forth every effort in this regard, for when the bough is green and tender
it will grow in whatever way ye train it. Therefore is it incumbent upon the mothers to rear their
little ones even as a gardener tendeth his young plants. Let them strive by day and by night to
establish within their children faith and certitude, the fear of God, the love of the Beloved of the
worlds, and all good qualities and traits. Whensoever a mother seeth that her child hath done well,
let her praise and applaud him and cheer his heart; and if the slightest undesirable trait should
manifest itself, let her counsel the child and punish him, and use means based on reason, even a
slight verbal chastisement should this be necessary. It is not, however, permissible to strike a
child, or vilify him, for the child's character will be totally perverted if he be subjected to blows
or verbal abuse.
(Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, sec. 95, pp. 124-25)
39. ...it is incumbent upon the father and mother to train their children both in good conduct and the
study of books; study, that is, to the degree required, so that no child, whether girl or boy, will
remain illiterate.
(Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, sec 101, p. 127)
40. 'Abdu'l-Bahá's supreme joy is in observing that a number of leaves from among the handmaidens
of the Blessed Beauty have been educated, that they are the essence of detachment, and are well-
informed of the mysteries of the world of being; that they raise such a call in their glorification
and praise of the Greatest Name as to cause the inmates of the Fanes of the Kingdom to become
attracted and overjoyed, and that they recite prayers in prose and poetry, and melodiously chant
the divine verses. I cherish the hope that thou wilt be one of them, wilt cast forth pearls, wilt be
constantly engaged in singing His praise and wilt intone celestial strains in glorification of His
attributes....
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
41. ...Thou hast written about the girls' school. What was previously written still holdeth true. There
can be no improvement unless the girls are brought up in schools and centres of learning, unless
they are taught the sciences and other branches of knowledge, and unless they acquire the
manifold arts, as necessary, and are divinely trained. For the day will come when these girls will
become mothers. Mothers are the first educators of children, who establish virtues in the child's
inner nature. They encourage the child to acquire perfections and goodly manners, warn him
against unbecoming qualities, and encourage him to show forth resolve, firmness, and endurance
under hardship, and to advance on the high road to progress. Due regard for the education of girls
is, therefore, necessary. This is a very important subject, and it should be administered and
Women
organized under the aegis of the Spiritual Assembly....
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
42. ...it is incumbent upon the girls of this glorious era to be fully versed in the various branches of
knowledge, in sciences and the arts and all the wonders of this pre-eminent time, that they may
then educate their children and train them from their earliest days in the ways of perfection.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
43. Furthermore, the education of woman is more necessary and important than that of man, for
woman is the trainer of the child from its infancy. If she be defective and imperfect herself, the
child will necessarily be deficient; therefore, imperfection of woman implies a condition of
imperfection in all mankind, for it is the mother who rears, nurtures and guides the growth of the
child. This is not the function of the father. If the educator be incompetent, the educated will be
correspondingly lacking. This is evident and incontrovertible. Could the student be brilliant and
accomplished if the teacher is illiterate and ignorant? The mothers are the first educators of
mankind; if they be imperfect, alas for the condition and future of the race. …
It has been objected by some that woman is not equally capable with man and that she is deficient
by creation. This is pure imagination. The difference in capability between man and woman is
due entirely to opportunity and education. Heretofore woman has been denied the right and
privilege of equal development. If equal opportunity be granted her, there is no doubt she would
be the peer of man. History will evidence this. In past ages noted women have arisen in the affairs
of nations and surpassed men in their accomplishments. ...
The purpose, in brief, is this: that if woman be fully educated and granted her rights, she will
attain the capacity for wonderful accomplishments and prove herself the equal of man. She is the
coadjutor of man, his complement and helpmeet. Both are human; both are endowed with
potentialities of intelligence and embody the virtues of humanity. In all human powers and
functions they are partners and coequals. At present in spheres of human activity woman does not
manifest her natal prerogatives, owing to lack of education and opportunity. Without doubt
education will establish her equality with men.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, pp. 133-37)
44. In proclaiming the oneness of mankind He taught that men and women are equal in the sight of
God and that there is no distinction to be made between them. The only difference between them
now is due to lack of education and training. If woman is given equal opportunity of education,
distinction and estimate of inferiority will disappear....
He promulgated the adoption of the same course of education for man and woman. Daughters and
sons must follow the same curriculum of study, thereby promoting unity of the sexes. When all
mankind shall receive the same opportunity of education and the equality of men and women be
realized, the foundations of war will be utterly destroyed.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, pp. 174-75)
45. Why should a woman be left mentally undeveloped? Science is praiseworthy—whether
investigated by the intellect of man or woman. So, little by little, woman advanced, giving
increasing evidence of equal capabilities with man—whether in scientific research, political
ability or any other sphere of human activity. The conclusion is evident that woman has been
outdistanced through lack of education and intellectual facilities. If given the same educational
opportunities or course of study, she would develop the same capacity and abilities.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 281)
46. Bahá'u'lláh has announced that inasmuch as ignorance and lack of education are barriers of
separation among mankind, all must receive training and instruction. Through this provision the
lack of mutual understanding will be remedied and the unity of mankind furthered and advanced.
Universal education is a universal law. It is, therefore, incumbent upon every father to teach and
instruct his children according to his possibilities. If he is unable to educate them, the body
Women
politic, the representative of the people, must provide the means for their education....
The sex distinction which exists in the human world is due to the lack of education for woman,
who has been denied equal opportunity for development and advancement. Equality of the sexes
will be established in proportion to the increased opportunities afforded woman in this age, for
man and woman are equally the recipients of powers and endowments from God, the Creator.
God has not ordained distinction between them in His consummate purpose.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 300)
47. The education of each child is compulsory.... In addition to this widespread education each child
must be taught a profession, art, or trade, so that every member of the community will be enabled
to earn his own livelihood. Work done in the spirit of service is the highest form of worship....
('Abdu'l-Bahá on Divine Philosophy, p. 78)
48. Devote ye particular attention to the school for girls, for the greatness of this wondrous Age will
be manifested as a result of progress in the world of women. This is why ye observe that in every
land the world of women is on the march, and this is due to the impact of the Most Great
Manifestation, and the power of the teachings of God.
(From a Tablet - Translated from the Persian, published in Bahá'í Education, a
compilation, p. 37)
49. Our hearts rejoiced at thy letter concerning a school for girls.
Praised be God that there is now a school of this type in Tihrán where young maidens can,
through His bounty, receive an education and with all vigour acquire the accomplishments of
humankind. Erelong will women in every field keep pace with the men.
Until now, in Persia, the means for women's advancement were non-existent. But now, God be
thanked, ever since the dawning of the Morn of Salvation, they have been going forward day by
day. The hope is that they will take the lead in virtues and attainments, in closeness to the Court
of Almighty God, in faith and certitude—and that the women of the East will become the envy of
the women of the West.
(From a Tablet - Translated from the Persian, published in Bahá'í Education, a compilation, p. 48)
Extract From a Letter Written by the Universal House of Justice
50. The cause of universal education, which has already enlisted in its service an army of dedicated
people from every faith and nation, deserves the utmost support that the governments of the
world can lend it. For ignorance is indisputably the principal reason for the decline and fall of
peoples and the perpetuation of prejudice. No nation can achieve success unless education is
accorded all its citizens. Lack of resources limits the ability of many nations to fulfil this
necessity, imposing a certain ordering of priorities. The decision-making agencies involved would
do well to consider giving first priority to the education of women and girls, since it is through
educated mothers that the benefits of knowledge can be most effectively and rapidly diffused
throughout society. In keeping with the requirements of the times, consideration should also be
given to teaching the concept of world citizenship as part of the standard education of every
child.
(October 1985 to the Peoples of the World)
Extracts From Letters Written on Behalf of the Universal House of Justice
51. A very important element in the attainment of such equality is Bahá'u'lláh's provision that boys
and girls must follow essentially the same curriculum in schools.
(28 December 1980 to the National Spiritual Assembly of New Zealand)
Women
52. The House of Justice regards the need to educate and guide women in their primary responsibility
as mothers as an excellent opportunity for organizing women's activities. Your efforts should
focus on helping them in their function as educators of the rising generation. Women should also
be encouraged to attract their husbands and male members of their families to the Faith so that
the Bahá'í community will be representative of the society of which it forms a part. Gradually the
spirit of unity and fellowship, as set forth in our teachings, will be reflected in the life of Bahá'í
families.
(29 February 1984 to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Mariana Islands)
III. Application of the Principle of Equality to Family Life
Extracts From the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh
53. Steadfastness in the Cause is mentioned in the Tablets and set forth by the Pen of the Ancient of
Days. Render thanks to the Beloved of the world that thou hast set thy heart on Him and art
uttering His praise. Many a man hath in this day been deprived of making mention of the All-
Sufficing Lord and of recognizing His truth; and many a woman hath fixed her gaze upon the
Horizon of the Most High, and hath adorned herself with the garb of the love of the Desire of the
world. This is God's grace which He bestoweth upon whomsoever He pleaseth. By the Day-Star
of ancient mysteries! The sweet-scented fragrance of every breath breathed in the love of God is
wafted in the court of the presence of the Lord of Revelation. The reward of no good deed is or
ever will be lost. Blessed art thou, doubly blessed art thou! Thou art reckoned amongst those
handmaidens whose love for their kin hath not prevented them from attaining the shores of the
Sea of Grace and Mercy. God willing, thou shalt rest eternally neath the shade of the favours of
the All-Merciful and shalt be assured of His bounties. Engage in the praise of the True One and
rejoice in His loving-kindness.
The world passeth away, and that which is everlasting is the love of God. God willing, thou shalt
circumambulate the True One in every world of His worlds and shalt be free from all else save
Him.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian and Arabic)
54. All should know, and in this regard attain the splendours of the sun of certitude, and be illumined
thereby: Women and men have been and will always be equal in the sight of God. The Dawning-
Place of the Light of God sheddeth its radiance upon all with the same effulgence. Verily God
created women for men, and men for women. The most beloved of people before God are the
most steadfast and those who have surpassed others in their love for God, exalted be His glory....
The friends of God must be adorned with the ornament of justice, equity, kindness and love. As
they do not allow themselves to be the object of cruelty and transgression, in like manner they
should not allow such tyranny to visit the handmaidens of God. He, verily, speaketh the truth and
commandeth that which benefitteth His servants and handmaidens. He is the Protector of all in
this world and the next.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian and Arabic)
Extracts From the Writings and Utterances of 'Abdu'l-Bahá
55. The Lord, peerless is He, hath made woman and man to abide with each other in the closest
companionship, and to be even as a single soul. They are two helpmates, two intimate friends,
Women
who should be concerned about the welfare of each other.
If they live thus, they will pass through this world with perfect contentment, bliss, and peace of
heart, and become the object of divine grace and favour in the Kingdom of heaven. But if they do
other than this, they will live out their lives in great bitterness, longing at every moment for death,
and will be shamefaced in the heavenly realm.
Strive, then, to abide, heart and soul, with each other as two doves in the nest, for this is to be
blessed in both worlds.
(Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, sec. 92, p. 122)
56. ...following the precepts of God and the holy Law, suckle your children from their infancy with
the milk of a universal education, and rear them so that from their earliest days, within their
inmost heart, their very nature, a way of life will be firmly established that will conform to the
divine Teachings in all things.
For mothers are the first educators, the first mentors; and truly it is the mothers who determine
the happiness, the future greatness, the courteous ways and learning and judgement, the
understanding and the faith of their little ones.
(Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, sec. 96, p. 126)
57. ...it is enjoined upon the father and mother, as a duty, to strive with all effort to train the daughter
and the son, to nurse them from the breast of knowledge and to rear them in the bosom of
sciences and arts. Should they neglect this matter, they shall be held responsible and worthy of
reproach in the presence of the stern Lord.
(Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, sec. 98, p. 127)
58. O ye loving mothers, know ye that in God's sight, the best of all ways to worship Him is to
educate the children and train them in all the perfections of humankind; and no nobler deed than
this can be imagined.
(Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, sec. 144, p. 139)
59. Note ye how easily, where unity existeth in a given family, the affairs of that family are
conducted; what progress the members of that family make, how they prosper in the world. Their
concerns are in order, they enjoy comfort and tranquility, they are secure, their position is
assured, they come to be envied by all. Such a family but addeth to its stature and its lasting
honour, as day succeedeth day....
(Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, sec. 221, p. 279)
60. You have asked whether a husband would be able to prevent his wife from embracing the divine
light or a wife dissuade her husband from gaining entry into the Kingdom of God. In truth neither
of them could prevent the other from entering into the Kingdom, unless the husband hath an
excessive attachment to the wife or the wife to the husband. Indeed when either of the two
worshippeth the other to the exclusion of God, then each could prevent the other from seeking
admittance into His Kingdom.
(From a Tablet - Translated from the Arabic, published in Family Life, a compilation, p. 8)
61. Question: What is the attitude of your belief toward the family?
Answer: According to the teachings of Bahá'u'lláh the family, being a human unit, must be
educated according to the rules of sanctity. All the virtues must be taught the family. The integrity
of the family bond must be constantly considered, and the rights of the individual members must
not be transgressed. The rights of the son, the father, the mother—none of them must be
transgressed, none of them must be arbitrary. Just as the son has certain obligations to his father,
the father, likewise, has certain obligations to his son. The mother, the sister and other members
of the household have their certain prerogatives. All these rights and prerogatives must be
conserved, yet the unity of the family must be sustained. The injury of one shall be considered the
injury of all; the comfort of each, the comfort of all; the honor of one, the honor of all.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United (States and
Canada in 1912, p. 168)
Women
Extracts From Letters Written on Behalf of Shoghi Effendi to individual
believers unless otherwise cited
62. When such difference of opinion and belief occurs between husband and wife it is very
unfortunate for undoubtedly it detracts from that spiritual bond which is the stronghold of the
family bond, especially in times of difficulty. The way, however, that it could be remedied is not
by acting in such wise as to alienate the other party. One of the objects of the Cause is actually to
bring about a closer bond in the homes. In all such cases, therefore, the Master used to advise
obedience to the wishes of the other party and prayer. Pray that your husband may gradually see
the light and at the same time so act as to draw him nearer rather than prejudice him. Once that
harmony is secured then you will be able to serve unhampered.
(15 July 1928)
63. Shoghi Effendi trusts that as a result of his cable and this letter your wife will be able to devote a
little more time to her family, but he also hopes that you will be able to assist her in obtaining the
time and opportunity to serve a Cause that is so dear and near to her heart and in which her
services are much appreciated.
(19 June 1931)
64. The Guardian, in his remarks ... about parents' and children's, wives' and husbands' relations in
America, meant that there is a tendency in that country for children to be too independent of the
wishes of their parents and lacking in the respect due to them. Also wives, in some cases, have a
tendency to exert an unjust degree of domination over their husbands, which, of course, is not
right, any more than that the husband should unjustly dominate his wife.
(22 July 1943)
65. It is one of the essential teachings of the Faith that unity should be maintained in the home. Of
course this does not mean that any member of the family has a right to influence the faith of any
other member; and if this is realized by all the members, then it seems certain that unity would be
feasible.
(6 July 1952)
66. The Guardian fully appreciates your desire to go forth as a pioneer at this time, and to help
establish the Faith in the virgin areas, but you should not go against the wishes of your husband,
and force him to give up everything in order that you might serve the Faith in this manner. We
must bear in mind the wishes and the rights of those who are closely connected in our lives.
If your husband wishes you to remain where you are, certainly there is a vast field for teaching
there.
(31 July 1953)
67. Wherever there is a Bahá'í family, those concerned should by all means do all they can to
preserve it, because divorce is strongly condemned in the Teachings, whereas harmony, unity and
love are held up as the highest ideals in human relationships. This must always apply to the
Bahá'ís, whether they are serving in the pioneering field or not.
(9 November 1956 to the National Spiritual Assembly of Central America)
Extracts From letters Written on Behalf of the Universal House of Justice to
individual believers unless otherwise cited
68. That the first teacher of the child is the mother should not be startling, for the primary orientation
of the infant is to its mother. This provision of nature in no way minimizes the role of the father
in the Bahá'í family. Again, equality of status does not mean identity of function.
(23 June 1974)
69. In considering the problems that you and your wife are experiencing, the House of Justice points
out that the unity of your family should take priority over any other consideration. Bahá'u'lláh
Women
came to bring unity to the world, and a fundamental unity is that of the family. Therefore, we
must believe that the Faith is intended to strengthen the family, not weaken it. For example,
service to the Cause should not produce neglect of the family. It is important for you to arrange
your time so that your family life is harmonious and your household receives the attention it
requires.
Bahá'u'lláh also stressed the importance of consultation. We should not think this worthwhile
method of seeking solutions is confined to the administrative institutions of the Cause. Family
consultation employing full and frank discussion, and animated by awareness of the need for
moderation and balance, can be the panacea for domestic conflict. Wives should not attempt to
dominate their husbands, nor husbands their wives.
(1 August 1978)
70. Noting that you and your husband have consulted about your family problems with your Spiritual
Assembly but did not receive any advice, and also discussed your situation with a family
counsellor without success, the House of Justice feels it most essential for your husband and you
to understand that marriage can be a source of well-being, conveying a sense of security and
spiritual happiness. However, it is not something that just happens. For marriage to become a
haven of contentment it requires the cooperation of the marriage partners themselves, and the
assistance of their families.
(24 June 1979)
71. The members of a family all have duties and responsibilities towards one another and to the
family as a whole, and these duties and responsibilities vary from member to member because of
their natural relationships. The parents have the inescapable duty to educate their children—but
not vice versa; the children have the duty to obey their parents—the parents do not obey the
children; the mother—not the father—bears the children, nurses them in babyhood, and is thus
their first educator; hence daughters have a prior right to education over sons and, as the
Guardian's secretary has written on his behalf, “The task of bringing up a Bahá'í child, as
emphasized time and again in Bahá'í Writings, is the chief responsibility of the mother, whose
unique privilege is indeed to create in her home such conditions as would be most conducive to
both his material and spiritual welfare and advancement. The training which a child first receives
through his mother constitutes the strongest foundation for his future development...” A corollary
of this responsibility of the mother is her right to be supported by her husband—a husband has no
explicit right to be supported by his wife....
In any group, however loving the consultation, there are nevertheless points on which, from time
to time, agreement cannot be reached. In a Spiritual Assembly this dilemma is resolved by a
majority vote. There can, however, be no majority where only two parties are involved, as in the
case of a husband and wife. There are, therefore, times when a wife should defer to her husband,
and times when a husband should defer to his wife, but neither should ever unjustly dominate the
other. In short, the relationship between husband and wife should be as held forth in the prayer
revealed by 'Abdu'l-Bahá which is often read at Bahá'í weddings: “Verily, they are married in
obedience to Thy command. Cause them to become the signs of harmony and unity until the end
of time.”
These are all relationships within the family, but there is a much wider sphere of relationships
between men and women than in the home, and this too we should consider in the context of
Bahá'í society, not in that of past or present social norms. For example, although the mother is the
first educator of the child, and the most important formative influence in his development, the
father also has the responsibility of educating his children, and this responsibility is so weighty
that Bahá'u'lláh has stated that a father who fails to exercise it forfeits his rights of fatherhood.
Similarly, although the primary responsibility for supporting the family financially is placed upon
the husband, this does not by any means imply that the place of woman is confined to the home.
(28 December 1980 to the National Spiritual Assembly of New Zealand)
72. You have asked, however, for specific rules of conduct to govern the relationships of husbands
and wives. This the House of Justice does not wish to do, and it feels that there is already
Women
adequate guidance included in the compilation on this subject. For example the principle that the
rights of each and all in the family unit must be upheld, and the advice that loving consultation
should be the keynote, that all matters should be settled in harmony and love, and that there are
times when the husband and the wife should defer to the wishes of the other. Exactly under what
circumstances such deference should take place, is a matter for each couple to determine.
(16 May 1982)
73. You ask about the admonition that everyone must work, and want to know if this means that you,
a wife and mother, must work for a livelihood as your husband does. We are requested to enclose
for your perusal an excerpt, “The Twelfth Glad-Tidings”, from Bahá'u'lláh's “Tablet of Bishárát”. 3
You will see that the directive is for the friends to be engaged in an occupation which will be of
benefit to mankind. Homemaking is a highly honourable and responsible work of fundamental
importance for mankind.
(16 June 1982)
74. With regard to your question whether mothers should work outside the home, it is helpful to
consider the matter from the perspective of the concept of a Bahá'í family. This concept is based
on the principle that the man has primary responsibility for the financial support of the family,
and the woman is the chief and primary educator of the children. This by no means implies that
these functions are inflexibly fixed and cannot be changed and adjusted to suit particular family
situations, nor does it mean that the place of the woman is confined to the home. Rather, while
primary responsibility is assigned, it is anticipated that fathers would play a significant role in the
education of the children and women could also be breadwinners. As you rightly indicated,
'Abdu'l-Bahá encouraged women to “participate fully and equally in the affairs of the world”.
In relation to your specific queries, the decision concerning the amount of time a mother may
spend in working outside the home depends on circumstances existing within the home, which
may vary from time to time. Family consultation will help to provide the answers....
(9 August 1984)
75. The great importance attached to the mother's role derives from the fact that she is the first
educator of the child. Her attitude, her prayers, even what she eats and her physical condition
have a great influence on the child when it is still in the womb. When the child is born, it is she
who has been endowed by God with the milk which is the first food designed for it, and it is
intended that, if possible, she should be with the baby to train and nurture it in its earliest days
and months. This does not mean that the father does not also love, pray for, and care for his baby,
but as he has the primary responsibility of providing for the family, his time to be with his child is
usually limited, while the mother is usually closely associated with the baby during this intensely
formative time when it is growing and developing faster than it ever will again during the whole
of its life. As the child grows older and more independent, the relative nature of its relationship
with its mother and father modifies and the father can play a greater role.
(23 August 1984 to two believers)
IV. Women in the World at Large
Extract From the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh
76. It is enjoined upon every one of you to engage in some form of occupation, such as crafts, trades
and the like. We have graciously exalted your engagement in such work to the rank of worship
3 This passage appears in the present compilation under Section IV., page 21. (ed. note : see item 76)
Women
unto God, the True One. Ponder ye in your hearts the grace and the blessings of God and render
thanks unto Him at eventide and at dawn. Waste not your time in idleness and sloth. Occupy
yourselves with that which profiteth yourselves and others. Thus hath it been decreed in this
Tablet from whose horizon the day-star of wisdom and utterance shineth resplendent.
The most despised of men in the sight of God are those who sit idly and beg. Hold ye fast unto
the cord of material means, placing your whole trust in God, the Provider of all means. When
anyone occupieth himself in a craft or trade, such occupation itself is regarded in the estimation
of God as an act of worship; and this is naught but a token of His infinite and all-pervasive
bounty.
(Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh Revealed after the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, rev. ed., (Haifa: Bahá'í World Centre, 1982), p. 26)
Extracts From the Writings and Utterances of 'Abdu'l-Bahá
77. The handmaidens of God and the bondsmaids in His divine Court should reveal such attributes
and attitudes amongst the women of the world as would cause them to stand out and achieve
renown in the circles of women. That is, they should associate with them with supreme chastity
and steadfast decency, with unshakeable faith, articulate speech, an eloquent tongue, irrefutable
testimony and high resolve. Beseech God that thou mayest attain unto all these bounties.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
78. Until the reality of equality between man and woman is fully established and attained, the highest
social development of mankind is not possible. Even granted that woman is inferior to man in
some degree of capacity or accomplishment, this or any other distinction would continue to be
productive of discord and trouble. The only remedy is education, opportunity; for equality means
equal qualification....
... And let it be known once more that until woman and man recognize and realize equality, social
and political progress here or anywhere will not be possible.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, pp. 76-77)
79. ...the principle of religion has been revealed by Bahá'u'lláh that woman must be given the
privilege of equal education with man and full right to his prerogatives. That is to say, there must
be no difference in the education of male and female in order that womankind may develop equal
capacity and importance with man in the social and economic equation. Then the world will
attain unity and harmony. In past ages humanity has been defective and inefficient because it has
been incomplete. War and its ravages have blighted the world; the education of woman will be a
mighty step toward its abolition and ending, for she will use her whole influence against war.
Woman rears the child and educates the youth to maturity. She will refuse to give her sons for
sacrifice upon the field of battle. In truth, she will be the greatest factor in establishing universal
peace and international arbitration. Assuredly, woman will abolish warfare among mankind.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 108)
80. Again, it is well established in history that where woman has not participated in human affairs the
outcomes have never attained a state of completion and perfection. On the other hand, every
influential undertaking of the human world wherein woman has been a participant has attained
importance. This is historically true and beyond disproof even in religion. Jesus Christ had twelve
disciples and among His followers a woman known as Mary Magdalene. Judas Iscariot had
become a traitor and hypocrite, and after the crucifixion the remaining eleven disciples were
wavering and undecided. It is certain from the evidence of the Gospels that the one who
comforted them and reestablished their faith was Mary Magdalene....
The most momentous question of this day is international peace and arbitration, and universal
peace is impossible without universal suffrage....
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 134)
Women
81. Question: Is it not a fact that universal peace cannot be accomplished until there is political
democracy in all the countries of the world?
Answer: It is very evident that in the future there shall be no centralization in the countries of the
world, be they constitutional in government, republican or democratic in form. The United States
may be held up as the example of future government—that is to say, each province will be
independent in itself, but there will be federal union protecting the interests of the various
independent states. It may not be a republican or a democratic form. To cast aside centralization
which promotes despotism is the exigency of the time. This will be productive of international
peace. Another fact of equal importance in bringing about international peace is woman's
suffrage. That is to say, when perfect equality shall be established between men and women,
peace may be realized for the simple reason that womankind in general will never favor warfare.
Women will not be willing to allow those whom they have so tenderly cared for to go to the
battlefield. When they shall have a vote, they will oppose any cause of warfare. Another factor
which will bring about universal peace is the linking together of the Orient and the Occident.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 167)
82. When all mankind shall receive the same opportunity of education and the equality of men and
women be realized, the foundations of war will be utterly destroyed. Without equality this will be
impossible because all differences and distinction are conducive to discord and strife. Equality
between men and women is conducive to the abolition of warfare for the reason that women will
never be willing to sanction it.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá during His Visit to the United States and Canada
in 1912, p. 175)
83. Woman must especially devote her energies and abilities toward the industrial and agricultural
sciences, seeking to assist mankind in that which is most needful. By this means she will
demonstrate capability and ensure recognition of equality in the social and economic equation.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 283)
84. Therefore, strive to show in the human world that women are most capable and efficient, that
their hearts are more tender and susceptible than the hearts of men, that they are more
philanthropic and responsive toward the needy and suffering, that they are inflexibly opposed to
war and are lovers of peace. Strive that the ideal of international peace may become realized
through the efforts of womankind, for man is more inclined to war than woman, and a real
evidence of woman's superiority will be her service and efficiency in the establishment of
universal peace.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 284)
85. ...imbued with the same virtues as man, rising through all the degrees of human attainment,
women will become the peers of men, and until this equality is established, true progress and
attainment for the human race will not be facilitated.
The evident reasons underlying this are as follows: Woman by nature is opposed to war; she is an
advocate of peace. Children are reared and brought up by the mothers who give them the first
principles of education and labor assiduously in their behalf. Consider, for instance, a mother who
has tenderly reared a son for twenty years to the age of maturity. Surely she will not consent to
having that son torn asunder and killed in the field of battle. Therefore, as woman advances
toward the degree of man in power and privilege, with the right of vote and control in human
government, most assuredly war will cease; for woman is naturally the most devoted and staunch
advocate of international peace.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 375)
86. According to the spirit of this age, women must advance and fulfill their mission in all
departments of life, becoming equal to men. They must be on the same level as men and enjoy
Women
equal rights. This is my earnest prayer and it is one of the fundamental principles of Bahá'u'lláh.
(J. E. Esslemont, Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era, p. 147)
87. The woman is indeed of the greater importance to the race. She has the greater burden and the
greater work. Look at the vegetable and the animal worlds. The palm which carries the fruit is the
tree most prized by the date grower. The Arab knows that for a long journey the mare has the
longest wind. For her greater strength and fierceness, the lioness is more feared by the hunter than
the lion.
... The woman has greater moral courage than the man; she has also special gifts which enable her
to govern in moments of danger and crisis.
('Abdu'l-Bahá in London: Addresses, and Notes of Conversations (London: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1982), pp. 102-3)
Extracts From Letters Written on Behalf of Shoghi Effendi
88. Concerning Bahá'í representation at the All-Asian Women's Conference: this is undoubtedly a
most commendable thing to do especially as the Cause has so much concerning the position of
women in society. Shoghi Effendi hopes that the National Assembly will do its best to win the
admiration of all the assembled delegates for the teachings of the Cause along that line. We
should always take such opportunities that present themselves. Maybe we would succeed to
render some service to society and alleviate its ills.
(10 November 1930 to the National Spiritual Assembly of India and Burma)
89. What 'Abdu'l-Bahá meant about the women arising for peace is that this a matter which vitally
affects women, and when they form a conscious and overwhelming mass of public opinion
against war there can be no war. The Bahá'í women are already organized through being members
of the Faith and the Administrative Order. No further organization is needed. But they should,
through teaching and through the active moral support they give to every movement directed
towards peace, seek to exert a strong influence on other women's minds in regard to this essential
matter.
(24 March 1945 to an individual believer)
Extract From a Letter Written by the Universal House of Justice
90. The emancipation of women, the achievement of full equality between the sexes, is one of the
most important, though less acknowledged prerequisites of peace. The denial of such equality
perpetrates an injustice against one half of the world's population and promotes in men harmful
attitudes and habits that are carried from the family to the workplace, to political life, and
ultimately to international relations. There are no grounds, moral, practical, or biological, upon
which such denial can be justified. Only as women are welcomed into full partnership in all fields
of human endeavour will the moral and psychological climate be created in which international
peace can emerge.
(October 1985 to the Peoples of the World)
Extracts From Letters Written on Behalf of the Universal House of Justice
91. ...there is a much wider sphere of relationships between men and women than in the home, and
this too we should consider in the context of Bahá'í society, not in that of past or present social
norms. For example, although the mother is the first educator of the child, and the most important
formative influence in his development, the father also has the responsibility of educating his
children, and this responsibility is so weighty that Bahá'u'lláh has stated that a father who fails to
exercise it forfeits his rights of fatherhood. Similarly, although the primary responsibility for
Women
supporting the family financially is placed upon the husband, this does not by any means imply
that the place of woman is confined to the home. On the contrary, 'Abdu'l-Bahá has stated:
In the Dispensation of Bahá'u'lláh, women are advancing side by side with men.
There is no area or instance where they will lag behind: they have equal rights with
men, and will enter, in the future, into all branches of the administration of society.
Such will be their elevation that, in every area of endeavour, they will occupy the
highest levels in the human world....4
and again:
So it will come to pass that when women participate fully and equally in the affairs of
the world, when they enter confidently and capably the great arena of laws and
politics, war will cease...
The Promulgation of Universal Peace, p. 135
In the Tablet of the World, Bahá'u'lláh Himself has envisaged that women as well as men would
be breadwinners in stating:
Everyone, whether man or woman, should hand over to a trusted person a portion of
what he or she earneth through trade, agriculture or other occupation, for the training
and education of children, to be spent for this purpose with the knowledge of the
Trustees of the House of Justice.
(Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh Revealed after the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, p. 90)
(28 December 1980 to the National Spiritual Assembly of New Zealand)
92. The duty of women in being the first educators of mankind is clearly set forth in the Writings. It
is for every woman, if and when she becomes a mother, to determine how best she can discharge
on the one hand her chief responsibility as a mother and on the other, to the extent possible, to
participate in other aspects of the activities of the society of which she forms a part....
(22 April 1981 to an individual believer)
V. Fostering the Development of Women
Extracts From the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh
93. In this Day the Blessed Tree of Remembrance speaketh forth in the Kingdom of Utterance
saying: Well is it with the servant who hath turned his face towards Him, and embraced His truth,
and with the handmaiden who hath hearkened to His Voice and become of the blissful. Verily, she
is a champion of the field of true understanding. To this the Tongue of Truth beareth witness from
His exalted Station.
O My leaf, blessed art thou for having responded to My call when it was raised in the name of the
True One. Thou didst recognize My Revelation when men of renown were immersed in manifest
idle fancies. Thou hast verily attained the mercy of thy Lord time and again. Render thanks unto
Him and glorify Him with thy Praise. He is, in truth, with His handmaidens and servants who
have turned towards Him. The shining glory from the Horizon of My Kingdom be upon thee and
upon the one who hath guided thee to My straight path.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian and Arabic)
94. We beseech the True One to adorn His handmaidens with the ornament of chastity, of
trustworthiness, of righteousness and of purity. Verily, He is the All-Bestowing, the All-Generous.
4 The quotation in the original letter which was taken from "Paris Talks", p. 182, has been replaced by this revised translation.
Women
We make mention of the handmaidens of God at this time and announce unto them the glad-
tidings of the tokens of the mercy and compassion of God and His consideration for them,
glorified be He, and We supplicate Him for all His assistance to perform such deeds as are the
cause of the exaltation of His Word. He verily speaketh the truth and enjoineth upon His servants
and His handmaidens that which will profit them in every world of His worlds. He, verily, is the
All-Forgiving, the All-Merciful.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian and Arabic)
Extracts From the Writings and Utterances of 'Abdu'l-Bahá
95. The effulgence of the rays of the Sun of Truth is abundant and the favours of the Blessed Beauty
surround the women believers and the handmaidens who have attained unto certitude. At every
moment a bounteous bestowal is revealed. The handmaidens of the Merciful should seize the
opportunities afforded in these days. Each one should strive to draw nigh unto the divine
Threshold and seek bounties from the Source of existence. She should attain such a state and be
confirmed with such a power as to make, with but the utterance of one word, a lowly person to be
held in reverence, initiate him who is deprived into the world of the spirit, impart hope to the
despondent, endow the portionless one with a share of the great bestowal, and confer knowledge
and insight upon the ignorant and the blind, and alertness and vigilance on the indolent and
heedless. This is the attribute of the handmaidens of the Merciful. This is the characteristic of the
bondsmaids of God's Threshold.
O ye leaves who have attained certitude! In the countries of Europe and America the
maidservants of the Merciful have won the prize of excellence and advancement from the arena
of men, and in the fields of teaching and spreading the divine fragrances they have shown a
brilliant hand. Soon they will soar like the birds of the Concourse on high in the far corners of the
world and will guide the people and reveal to them the divine mysteries. Ye, who are the blessed
leaves from the East, should burn more brightly, and engage in spreading the sweet savours of the
Lord and in reciting the verses of God. Arise, therefore, and exert yourselves to fulfill the
exhortations and counsels of the Blessed Beauty, that all hopes may be realized and that the plain
of streams and orchards may become the garden of oneness.
Upon ye, men and women, be the glory of glories.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
96. In this great Cycle and wondrous Dispensation some women have been raised up who were the
emblems of unity and ensigns of oneness, for the revelation of divine bestowals is received by
men and women in equal measure. “Verily the most honoured in the sight of God is the most
virtuous amongst you”5 is applicable to both men and women, to servants and handmaidens. All
are under the shadow of the Word of God and all derive their strength from the bounties of the
Lord. Therefore, do not consider thyself to be insignificant by doubting what a handmaiden living
behind the veil can do....
With a firm heart, a steadfast step and an eloquent tongue arise to spread the Word of God and
say: “O God, although I am sitting concealed behind the screen of chastity and am restricted by
the veil and exigencies of modesty, my cherished hope is to raise the banner of service and to
become a maidservant at Thy Holy Threshold; to ride on a charger and penetrate the army of the
ignorant, defeat the mighty regiments and subvert the foundations of error and violation. Thou art
the Helper of the weak, Thou art the Sustainer of the poor, Thou art the Succourer of the
handmaidens. Verily, Thou art the Almighty and All-Powerful.”
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
97. Confirmations from the kingdom of God will assuredly be received, enabling some radiant leaves
to appear resplendent in the assemblage of this world with clear proofs and convincing reasons,
5 Qur'án 49:13
Women
which will adorn the cause of womanhood. They will prove that in this cycle women are equal to
men, nay, in certain respects they will excel. Ponder ye: in this wonderful Cause numerous were
the men who scaled the heights of knowledge; they had a brilliant utterance, a convincing proof,
an eloquent tongue and magnificent speech, but the blessed leaf, Jinab-i-Táhirih, because she was
a woman, emerged with immense splendour and dumbfounded all the people. If she were a man,
this would not have been so at all. Therefore, ye should know that the greatness of the Cause hath
penetrated the nerves and veins of the world in such wise that if one of the leaves is attracted and
gains mastery in demonstrating reasons and proofs and in uttering convincing evidences, she will
shine resplendently. O radiant leaves, I swear by the Beauty of the Desired One and the Mystery
of Existence that if ye work actively in this realm, the outpourings of the Blessed Beauty will
reflect as the sun in the mirrors of the hearts. Your progress will astonish all.
The attracted leaves should not, when associating with each other, talk merely about the
temperature of the weather, the coldness of the water, the beauty of the flowers and gardens, the
freshness of the grass and the flowing water. They should rather restrict their discussions to
glorification and praise and the uttering of proofs and reasons, to quoting verses and traditions
and putting forth clear testimonies, so that all the homes of the loved ones will be converted into
gathering places for lessons on teaching the Cause.
If ye do so, in a short while the outpourings of the Kingdom will be so manifested that each one
of the handmaidens of the Merciful will become a perspicuous book revealing the mysteries of
the Lord of Mercy.
Upon you be the glory of glories.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
98. In this wondrous Dispensation the favours of the Glorious Lord are vouchsafed unto the
handmaidens of the Merciful. Therefore, they should, like unto men, seize the prize and excel in
the field, so that it will be proven and made manifest that the penetrative influence of the Word of
God in this new Dispensation hath caused women to be equal with men, and that in the arena of
tests they will outdo others. Therefore, the true bondsmaids of the Blessed Beauty must be
revived by the spirit of detachment, and refreshed by the breezes of attraction. With hearts
overflowing with the love of God, with souls gladdened by the heavenly glad-tidings, and with
extreme humility and lowliness, let them speak out with eloquent speech, and praise and glorify
the Great Lord, for they are the manifestations of His bounty and adorned with the crown of
splendour.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
99. Blessed, blessed are ye for ye have arranged spiritual meetings and engaged in propounding
divine proofs and evidences. Ye are intent on vindicating truth in support of the manifest Light of
the Cause, through conclusive arguments and proofs based on the sacred scriptures of the past.
This is a very noble aim, and this cherished hope a cause of the illumination of all peoples and
nations.
From the beginning of existence until the present day, in any of the past cycles and dispensations,
no assemblies for women have ever been established and classes for the purpose of spreading the
teachings were never held by them. This is one of the characteristics of this glorious Dispensation
and this great century. Ye should, most certainly, strive to perfect this assemblage and increase
your knowledge of the realities of heavenly mysteries, so that, God willing, in a short time,
women will become the same as men; they will take a leading position amongst the learned, will
each have a fluent tongue and eloquent speech, and shine like unto lamps of guidance throughout
the world. In some respects, women have astonishing capacities; they hasten in their attraction to
God, and are intense in their fiery ardour for Him.
In brief, spend your nights and days in the study of the holy Utterances and in acquiring
perfections. Occupy yourselves always in discussing these matters. When ye meet each other,
convey the glad-tidings and impart hope to one another because of the confirmations and bounties
of the Ancient and Ever-Living Lord. Let each set forth proofs and evidences, and talk about the
Women
mysteries of the Kingdom, so that the true and divine Spirit may permeate the body of the
contingent world and the secrets of all things, whether of the past or of the future, may become
openly manifest and resplendent.
O loved handmaidens of God! Consider not your present merits and capacities, rather fix your
gaze on the favours and confirmations of the Blessed Beauty, because His everlasting grace will
make of the insignificant plant a blessed tree, will turn the mirage into cool water and wine; will
cause the forsaken atom to become the very essence of being, the puny one erudite in the school
of knowledge. It enableth a thorny bush to give forth blossoms, and the dark earth to produce
fragrant and rich hyacinths. It will transmute the stone into a ruby of great price, and fill the sea
shells with brilliant pearls. It will assist a fledgling schoolchild to become a learned teacher and
enable a frail embryo to reveal the reality of the verse: “Hallowed be the Lord, the Most Excellent
of all creators.”6 Verily, my Lord is powerful over things.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
100. In this day the duty of everyone, whether man or woman, is to teach the Cause. In America, the
women have outdone the men in this regard and have taken the lead in this field. They strive
harder in guiding the peoples of the world, and their endeavours are greater. They are confirmed
by divine bestowals and blessings. It is my hope that in the East the handmaids of the Merciful
will also exert such effort, reveal their powers, and manifest their capacities....
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
101. Now is the time to speak forth and to deliver speeches, the time to teach and to give testimony.
Loosen thy tongue, expound the truths, and establish the validity of the verse: “The All-Merciful
hath taught the Qur'án.”7 The Holy Spirit speaketh through the innermost essence of the human
tongue, God's Spirit which desireth communion with the human soul unfoldeth the truths, the
Faithful Spirit writeth down and the Spirit of the Ancient of Days confirmeth.
I swear by that Peerless Beauty, Who is in the Unseen Kingdom, that when the leaves loose their
tongues in praise and glorification of the All-Loving Lord, and in teaching the Cause of the Kind
Lord, the concourse of the Kingdom and the inmates of the Unseen Realms will give ear, and cry
out with exclamations of extreme joy and jubilation.
Glory be upon thee and upon every handmaiden who is steadfast in the Covenant.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
102. O handmaid of God!... To the mothers must be given the divine Teachings and effective counsel,
and they must be encouraged and made eager to train their children, for the mother is the first
educator of the child. It is she who must, at the very beginning, suckle the new-born at the breast
of God's Faith and God's Law, that divine love may enter into him even with his mother's milk,
and be with him till his final breath.
So long as the mother faileth to train her children, and start them on a proper way of life, the
training which they receive later on will not take its full effect. It is incumbent upon the Spiritual
Assemblies to provide the mothers with a well-planned programme for the education of children,
showing how, from infancy, the child must be watched over and taught. These instructions must
be given to every mother to serve her as a guide, so that each will train and nurture her children in
accordance with the Teachings.
(Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, rev. ed., (Haifa: Bahá'í World Centre, 1982), sec. 113, p. 138)
103. ...we must not make distinctions between individual members of the human family. We must not
consider any soul as barren or deprived. Our duty lies in educating souls so that the Sun of the
bestowals of God shall become resplendent in them, and this is possible through the power of the
oneness of humanity. The more love is expressed among mankind and the stronger the power of
unity, the greater will be this reflection and revelation, for the greatest bestowal of God is love.
Love is the source of all the bestowals of God. Until love takes possession of the heart, no other
6 Qur'án 23:14
7 Qur'án 55:2
Women
divine bounty can be revealed in it.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 15)
104. In brief, the assumption of superiority by man will continue to be depressing to the ambition of
woman, as if her attainment to equality was creationally impossible; woman's aspiration toward
advancement will be checked by it, and she will gradually become hopeless. On the contrary, we
must declare that her capacity is equal, even greater than man's. This will inspire her with hope
and ambition, and her susceptibilities for advancement will continually increase. She must not be
told and taught that she is weaker and inferior in capacity and qualification. If a pupil is told that
his intelligence is less than his fellow pupils, it is a very great drawback and handicap to his
progress. He must be encouraged to advance by the statement, “You are most capable, and if you
endeavour, you will attain the highest degree.”
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, pp. 76-77)
105. The purpose, in brief, is this: that if woman be fully educated and granted her rights, she will
attain the capacity for wonderful accomplishments and prove herself the equal of man. She is the
coadjutor of man, his complement and helpmeet.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 136)
106. The realities of things have been revealed in this radiant century, and that which is true must
come to the surface. Among these realities is the principle of the equality of man and woman—
equal rights and prerogatives in all things appertaining to humanity. Bahá'u'lláh declared this
reality over fifty years ago. But while this principle of equality is true, it is likewise true that
woman must prove her capacity and aptitude, must show forth the evidences of equality. She
must become proficient in the arts and sciences and prove by her accomplishments that her
abilities and powers have merely been latent. Demonstrations of force, such as are now taking
place in England, are neither becoming nor effective in the cause of womanhood and equality.
Woman must especially devote her energies and abilities toward the industrial and agricultural
sciences, seeking to assist mankind in that which is most needful. By this means she will
demonstrate capability and ensure recognition of equality in the social and economic equation.
Undoubtedly God will confirm her in her efforts and endeavours, for in this century of radiance
Bahá'u'lláh has proclaimed the reality of the oneness of the world of humanity and announced
that all nations, peoples and races are one.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, pp. 283-84)
107. Equality of the sexes will be established in proportion to the increased opportunities afforded
woman in this age, for man and woman are equally the recipients of powers and endowments
from God, the Creator. God has not ordained distinction between them in His consummate
purpose.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 300)
108. Woman must endeavour then to attain greater perfection, to be man's equal in every respect, to
make progress in all in which she has been backward, so that man will be compelled to
acknowledge her equality of capacity and attainment.
In Europe women have made greater progress than in the East, but there is still much to be done!
When students have arrived at the end of their school term an examination takes place, and the
result thereof determines the knowledge and capacity of each student. So will it be with woman;
her actions will show her power, there will no longer be any need to proclaim it by words.
It is my hope that women of the East, as well as their Western sisters, will progress rapidly until
humanity shall reach perfection.
God's Bounty is for all and gives power for all progress. When men own the equality of women
there will be no need for them to struggle for their rights! One of the principles then of
Women
Bahá'u'lláh is the equality of sex.
Women must make the greatest effort to acquire spiritual power and to increase in the virtue of
wisdom and holiness until their enlightenment and striving succeeds in bringing about the unity
of mankind. They must work with a burning enthusiasm to spread the Teaching of Bahá'u'lláh
among the peoples, so that the radiant light of the Divine Bounty may envelop the souls of all the
nations of the world!
(Paris Talks: Addresses given by 'Abdu'l-Bahá in Paris in 1911-1912, pp. 162-63)
Extracts From Letters Written by Shoghi Effendi
109. Regarding the position of the Bahá'í women in India and Burma, and their future collaboration
with the men in the administrative work of the Cause, I feel that the time is now ripe that those
women who have already conformed to the prevailing custom in India and Burma by discarding
the veil should not only be given the right to vote for the election of their local and national
representatives, but should themselves be eligible to the membership of all Bahá'í Assemblies
throughout India and Burma, be they local or national.
This definite and most important step, however, should be taken with the greatest care and
caution, prudence and thoughtfulness. Due regard must be paid to their actual capacity and
present attainments, and only those who are best qualified for membership, be they men or
women, and irrespective of social standing, should be elected to the extremely responsible
position of a member of the Bahá'í Assembly.
This momentous decision, I trust, will prove to be a great incentive to the women Bahá'ís
throughout India and Burma who, I hope, will now bestir themselves and endeavour to the best of
their ability to acquire a better and more profound knowledge of the Cause, to take a more active
and systematic part in the general affairs of the Movement, and prove themselves in every way
enlightened, responsible and efficient co-workers to their fellow-men in their common task for
the advancement of the Cause throughout their country.
May they fully realize their high responsibilities in this day, may they do all in their power to
justify the high hopes we cherish for their future, and may they prove themselves in every respect
worthy of the noble mission which the Bahá'í world is now entrusting to their charge.
(27 December 1923 to the National Spiritual Assembly of India and Burma)
110. Full rights have been accorded to Bahá'í women residing in the cradle of the Faith, to participate
in the membership of both national and local Bahá'í Spiritual Assemblies, removing thereby the
last remaining obstacle to the enjoyment of complete equality of rights in the conduct of the
administrative affairs of the Persian Bahá'í Community.
(April 1954, published in "Messages to the Bahá'í World 1950-1957", (Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1971), p. 65)
111. That the members of this community, of either sex and of every age, of whatever race or
background, however limited in experience, capacity and knowledge, may arise as one man, and
seize with both hands the God-given opportunities now presented to them through the
dispensations of an all-loving, ever-watchful, ever-sustaining Providence, and lend thereby a
tremendous impetus to the propelling forces mysteriously guiding the operations of this newly-
launched, unspeakably potent, world-encompassing Crusade, is one of the dearest wishes which a
loving and longing heart holds for them at this great turning point in the fortunes of the Faith of
Bahá'u'lláh in the American continent.
(20 June 1954 to the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States, published in Citadel of Faith: Messages to America
1947-1957, (Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1980), p. 132)
Extracts From Letters and a Telex Written by the Universal House of Justice
112. Concerning the point you raised in your letter ... that the women's liberation movement in ... is
Women
assuming extreme positions which are having some influence on impressionable Bahá'í young
women, we feel it would be helpful if your Assembly were to stress the unique position that
women occupy by being members of the Bahá'í Faith particularly through participation in the
administration of its affairs on both a local and national scale.
(9 April 1971 to the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States)
113. 'Abdu'l-Bahá has pointed out that “Among the miracles which distinguish this sacred
dispensation is this, that women have evinced a greater boldness than men when enlisted in the
ranks of the Faith.” Shoghi Effendi has further stated that this “boldness” must, in the course of
time, “be more convincingly demonstrated, and win for the beloved Cause victories more stirring
than any it has as yet achieved.” Although obviously the entire Bahá'í world is committed to
encouraging and stimulating the vital role of women in the Bahá'í community as well as in
society at large, the Five Year Plan calls specifically on eighty National Spiritual Assemblies to
organize Bahá'í activities for women. In the course of the current year which has been designated
“International Women's Year” as a world-wide activity of the United Nations, the Bahá'ís,
particularly in these eighty national communities, should initiate and implement programs which
will stimulate and promote the full and equal participation of women in all aspects of Bahá'í
community life, so that through their accomplishments the friends will demonstrate the
distinction of the Cause of God in this field of human endeavour.
(25 May 1975 to all National Spiritual Assemblies)
114. PARTICULARLY CALL UPON BAHA'I WOMEN, WHOSE CAPACITIES IN MANY LANDS STILL
LARGELY UNUSED, AND WHOSE POTENTIAL FOR SERVICE CAUSE SO GREAT, TO ARISE
AND DEMONSTRATE IMPORTANCE PART THEY ARE TO PLAY IN ALL FIELDS SERVICE
FAITH.
(24 March 1977 To All National Spiritual Assemblies)
115. The youth have long been in the forefront of the teaching work, and now our hearts rejoice to see
the women, in so many lands where previously their capacities were largely left unused, devoting
their capable services to the life of the Bahá'í community.
(Ridván 1978 to the International Bahá'í Convention)
116. At the heart of all activities, the spiritual, intellectual and community life of the believers must be
developed and fostered, requiring: the prosecution with increased vigour of the development of
Local Spiritual Assemblies so that they may exercise their beneficial influence and guidance on
the life of Bahá'í communities; the nurturing of a deeper understanding of Bahá'í family life; the
Bahá'í education of children, including the holding of regular Bahá'í classes and, where
necessary, the establishment of tutorial schools for the provision of elementary education; the
encouragement of Bahá'í youth in study and service; and the encouragement of Bahá'í women to
exercise to the full their privileges and responsibilities in the work of the community—may they
befittingly bear witness to the memory of the Greatest Holy Leaf, the immortal heroine of the
Bahá'í Dispensation, as we approach the fiftieth anniversary of her passing.
(Naw-Ruz 1979 to the Bahá'ís of the World)
117. The equality of men and women is not, at the present time, universally applied. In those areas
where traditional inequality still hampers its progress we must take the lead in practicing this
Bahá'í principle. Bahá'í women and girls must be encouraged to take part in the social, spiritual
and administrative activities of their communities.
(Ridván 1984 to the Bahá'ís of the World)
118. Calling upon local and national Bahá'í communities to sponsor a wide range of activities which
will engage the attention of people from all walks of life to various topics relevant to peace, such
as: the role of women...
(23 January 1985 to all National Spiritual Assemblies)
Women
Extracts From Letters Written on Behalf of the Universal House of Justice
119. The House of Justice regards the need to educate and guide women in their primary responsibility
as mothers as an excellent opportunity for organizing women's activities. Your efforts should
focus on helping them in their function as educators of the rising generation.
(29 February 1984 to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Mariana Islands)
120. The princip1e of the equality between women and men, like the other teachings of the Faith, can
be effectively and universally established among the friends when it is pursued in conjunction
with all the other aspects of Bahá'í life. Change is an evolutionary process requiring patience with
one's self and others, loving education and the passage of time as the believers deepen their
knowledge of the principles of the Faith, gradually discard long-held traditional attitudes and
progressively conform their lives to the unifying teachings of the Cause.
(25 July 1984 to an individual believer)
VI. Bibliography
Bahá'u'lláh The Hidden Words. London: National Spiritual Assembly of the British Isles, 1949
Bahá'u'lláh Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh revealed after the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Haifa: Bahá'í World Centre,
1978
'Abdu'l-Bahá Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá. Haifa: Bahá'í World Centre, 1978
'Abdu'l-Bahá The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His
Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912. Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust,
1982
'Abdu'l-Bahá Paris Talks: Addresses given by 'Abdu'l-Bahá in Paris in 1911-1912. London: Bahá'í
Publishing Trust, 1961
'Abdu'l-Bahá 'Abdu'l-Bahá in London: Addresses, and Notes of Conversations. London: Bahá'í
Publishing Trust, 1982
Shoghi Effendi Messages to the Bahá'í World, 1950-1957. Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1971
Shoghi Effendi Citadel of Faith. Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1980
Bahá'í Education a compilation. Haifa: Bahá'í World Centre, 1976
Family Life 1982 U.K. Publishing Trust, p. 8
'Abdu'l-Bahá on Divine Philosophy, compiled by Isobel F. Chamberlain, Boston: The Tudor Press, 1917
Esslemont, John Ebenezer. Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era, Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1976.
Revised July 1990
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Women
Women
Compiled by the
Research Department of the Universal House of Justice
January 1986
also published in Compilation of Compilations vol. 2, pp. 355-407
Table of Contents
I. The Bahá'í concept of equality
II. The role of education in the development of women
III. Application of the principle of equality to family life
IV. Women in the world at large
V. Fostering the development of women
VI. Bibliography
I. The Bahá'í Concept Of Equality
Extracts from the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh
1. O Children of Men! Know ye not why We created you all from the same dust? That no one
should exalt himself over the other. Ponder at all times in your hearts how ye were created. Since
We have created you all from one same substance it is incumbent on you to be even as one soul,
to walk with the same feet, eat with the same mouth and dwell in the same land, that from your
inmost being, by your deeds and actions, the signs of oneness and the essence of detachment may
be made manifest. Such is My counsel to you, O concourse of light! Heed ye this counsel that ye
may obtain the fruit of holiness from the tree of wondrous glory.
(The Hidden Words of Bahá'u'lláh, Arabic no. 68, rev. ed. (Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1985), p. 20)
2. Exalted, immensely exalted is He Who hath removed differences and established harmony.
Glorified, infinitely glorified is He Who hath caused discord to cease, and decreed solidarity and
unity. Praised be God, the Pen of the Most High hath lifted distinctions from between His
servants and handmaidens, and, through His consummate favours and all-encompassing mercy,
hath conferred upon all a station and rank of the same plane. He hath broken the back of vain
imaginings with the sword of utterance and hath obliterated the perils of idle fancies through the
pervasive power of His might.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
3. This Wronged One hath heard thy voice and that which thy inner and outer tongue hath uttered in
praise of thy Lord. By the righteousness of God! That which the people possess, and the treasures
of the earth, and that which the rulers and kings own, are not equal in this day to the singing of
His praise. The Lord of the Kingdom beareth witness unto this at this glorious moment. And
having heard thy groaning and lamentation, We are responding with a Tablet which calleth out
betwixt earth and heaven and maketh mention of thee with words that immortalize what hath
appeared from thee in His love, in His service, in His remembrance and in His praise. And He
hath made that which hath issued forth from thy mouth a trust with Him for thee. He is verily the
Most Bounteous, the Most Generous. If thou truly givest ear to that which hath been revealed for
Women
thee from My Supreme Pen at this moment, thou shalt soar with the wings of eagerness in the
heaven of love for the Lord of the Day of the Covenant, and wilt say during all the days of thy
life: Thanks be unto Thee, O Thou the Desire of the world, and praise be unto Thee, O Thou the
Beloved of the people of understanding. May all existence be a sacrifice for Thy favour, and all
that hath been and will ever be, a ransom for Thy Word, O Thou the Wronged One amongst the
people of enmity, O Thou in Whose grasp are the reins of all who are in heaven and on earth....
In this Day the Hand of divine grace hath removed all distinctions. The servants of God and His
handmaidens are regarded on the same plane. Blessed is the servant who hath attained unto that
which God hath decreed, and likewise the leaf moving in accordance with the breezes of His will.
This favour is great and this station lofty. His bounties and bestowals are ever present and
manifest. Who is able to offer befitting gratitude for His successive bestowals and continuous
favours?
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian and Arabic)
4. By My Life! The names of handmaidens who are devoted to God are written and set down by the
Pen of the Most High in the Crimson Book. They excel over men in the sight of God. How
numerous are the heroes and knights in the field who are bereft of the True One and have no
share in His recognition, but thou hast attained and received thy fill.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
5. Verily the Pen of the Most High hath borne witness unto thy recognition of Him, thy love for Him
and thy turning towards the Ancient Countenance at a time when the world hath rejected Him,
save those whom God, the Most High, hath willed....
Well is it with thee for having adorned thyself with the ornament of the love of God and for
having been enabled to make mention of Him and utter His praise. Divine grace, in its entirety, is
in the mighty grasp of God, exalted be He. He conferreth it upon whomsoever He willeth. How
many a man considered himself a celebrated divine and a repository of heavenly mysteries, and
yet when the slightest test visited him, he arose with such opposition and denial as to cause the
Concourse on high to moan and lament. Through the bestowals of the Lord, however, and His
infinite favour, thou hast attained unto the hidden secret and the well-guarded treasure. Preserve
then, in the name of God, this lofty station and conceal it from the eyes of betrayers. The glory
shining from the horizon of My Kingdom be upon thee and upon every handmaiden who hath
attained the splendours of My sublime Throne.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian and Arabic)
6. We beseech God to aid all the leaves to attain the knowledge of the Tree and deprive them not of
the ocean of His generosity. In this day no regard is paid to loftiness or lowliness, to poverty or
wealth, to nobility and lineage, to weakness or might. Whosoever recognizeth the incomparable
Beloved is the possessor of true wealth and occupieth a divine station. Today, in the court of the
True One, the queen of the world and her like are not worth a mustard seed, because although she
may speak in the name of God, invoke the Lord of creation every day in the temple of her body,
and spend large sums of earthly wealth for the development of her nation, she is deprived of
recognition of the Sun of His Manifestation and is barred from the True One in Whose
remembrance she is engaged.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian and Arabic)
7. Throughout the centuries and ages many a man hath waited expectant for God's Revelation, and
yet when the Light shone forth from the horizon of the world, all but a few turned their faces
away from it. Whosoever from amongst the handmaidens hath recognized the Lord of all Names
is recorded in the Book as one of those men by the Pen of the Most High. Offer thou praise to the
Beloved of the world for having aided thee to recognize the Dayspring of His Signs and the
Revealer of the evidences of His Glory. This is a great bounty, a bounteous favour. Preserve it in
the name of the True One....
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian and Arabic)
Women
Extracts from the Writings and Utterances of 'Abdu'l-Bahá
8. From the beginning of existence until the Promised Day men retained superiority over women in
every respect. It is revealed in the Qur'án: “Men have superiority over women.” But in this
wondrous Dispensation, the supreme outpouring of the Glorious Lord became the cause of
manifest achievements by women. Some handmaidens arose who excelled men in the arena of
knowledge. They arose with such love and spirituality that they became the cause of the
outpouring of the bounty of the Sovereign Lord upon mankind, and with their sanctity, purity and
attributes of the spirit led a great many to the shore of unity. They became a guiding torch to the
wanderers in the wastes of bewilderment, and enkindled the despondent in the nether world with
the flame of the love of the Lord. This is a bounteous characteristic of this wondrous Age which
hath granted strength to the weaker sex and hath bestowed masculine might upon womanhood....
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
9. O handmaid of God! In this wondrous dispensation in which the Ancient Beauty and the Manifest
Light—may my spirit be sacrificed for His loved ones—hath risen from the horizon of age-old
hopes, women have assumed the attributes of men in showing forth steadfastness in the Cause of
God, and revealing the heroism and might of fearless men. They invaded the arena of mystic
knowledge and hoisted aloft the banner on the heights of certitude. Thou, too, must make a
mighty effort and show forth supreme courage. Exert thyself and taste of the sweetness of a
heavenly draught, for the sweet taste of the love of God will linger on to the end that hath no end.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
10. Render thanks to the Lord that among that race thou art the first believer, 1 that thou hast engaged
in spreading sweet-scented breezes, and hast arisen to guide others. It is my hope that through the
bounties and favours of the Abhá Beauty thy countenance may be illumined, thy disposition
pleasing, and thy fragrance diffused, that thine eyes may be seeing, thine ears attentive, thy
tongue eloquent, thy heart filled with supreme glad-tidings, and thy soul refreshed by divine
fragrances, so that thou mayest arise among that race and occupy thyself with the edification of
the people, and become filled with light. Although the pupil of the eye is black, it is the source of
light. Thou shalt likewise be. The disposition should be bright, not the appearance. Therefore,
with supreme confidence and certitude, say: “O God! Make me a radiant light, a shining lamp,
and a brilliant star, so that I may illumine the hearts with an effulgent ray from Thy Kingdom of
Abhá....”
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
11. The establishment of a women's assemblage for the promotion of knowledge is entirely
acceptable, but discussions must be confined to educational matters. It should be done in such a
way that differences will, day by day, be entirely wiped out, not that, God forbid, it will end in
argumentation between men and women. As in the question of the veil, nothing should be done
contrary to wisdom. The individual women should, today, follow a course of action which will be
the cause of eternal glory to all womankind, so that all women will be illumined. And that lieth in
gathering to learn how to teach, in holding meetings to recite the verses, to offer supplications to
the kingdom of the Lord of evident signs, and to institute education for the girls. Ponder the
manner in which Jinab-i-Táhirih used to teach. She was free from every concern, and for this
reason she was resplendent.
Now the world of women should be a spiritual world, not a political one, so that it will be radiant.
The women of other nations are all immersed in political matters. Of what benefit is this, and
what fruit doth it yield? To the extent that ye can, ye should busy yourselves with spiritual
matters which will be conducive to the exaltation of the Word of God and of the diffusion of His
1 This Tablet was addressed to one Mrs. Pocohontas in Washington. According to Fadil Mazandarani, the recipient of the Tablet was a
black woman. See Tarikh-i-Zuhuru'l-Haq, vol. 8, part 2, p. 1209 (Tihrán: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 132 B.E.). Additional information
provided by the Archives of the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States indicates that Mr. Louis Gregory, in a history of the
Washington, D.C. Bahá'í community, mentions a black Bahá'í, Mrs. Pocohontas Pope, who is likely the same person. Mrs. Pope learned
of the Bahá'í Faith through Alma and Fanny Knobloch and Joseph and Pauline Hannen. There is, at present no other information on
Mrs. Pope.
Women
fragrances. Your demeanour should lead to harmony amongst all and to coalescence and the
good-pleasure of all....
I am endeavouring, with Bahá'u'lláh's confirmations and assistance, so to improve the world of
the handmaidens that all will be astonished. This progress is intended to be in spirituality, in
virtues, in human perfections and in divine knowledge. In America, the cradle of women's
liberation, women are still debarred from political institutions because they squabble. They are
yet to have a member in the House of Representatives. Also Bahá'u'lláh hath proclaimed: “O ye
men of the House of Justice.” Ye need to be calm and composed, so that the work will proceed
with wisdom, otherwise there will be such chaos that ye will leave everything and run away.
“This newly born babe is traversing in one night the path that needeth a hundred years to tread.”
In brief, ye should now engage in matters of pure spirituality and not contend with men. 'Abdu'l-
Bahá will tactfully take appropriate steps. Be assured. In the end thou wilt thyself exclaim, “This
was indeed supreme wisdom!” I appeal to you to obliterate this contention between men and
women....
No one can on his own achieve anything. 'Abdu'l-Bahá must be well pleased and assist.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
12. Know thou, O handmaid, that in the sight of Bahá, women are accounted the same as men, and
God hath created all humankind in His own image, and after His own likeness. That is, men and
women alike are the revealers of His names and attributes, and from the spiritual viewpoint there
is no difference between them. Whosoever draweth nearer to God, that one is the most favoured,
whether man or woman. How many a handmaid, ardent and devoted, hath, within the sheltering
shade of Bahá, proved superior to the men, and surpassed the famous of the earth.
The House of Justice, however, according to the explicit text of the Law of God, is confined to
men;2 this for a wisdom of the Lord God's, which will erelong be made manifest as clearly as the
sun at high noon.
(Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, rev. ed., (Haifa: Bahá'í World Centre, 1982), sec. 38, pp. 79-80)
13. And among the teachings of Bahá'u'lláh is the equality of women and men. The world of
humanity has two wings—one is women and the other men. Not until both wings are equally
developed can the bird fly. Should one wing remain weak, flight is impossible. Not until the
world of women becomes equal to the world of men in the acquisition of virtues and perfections,
can success and prosperity be attained as they ought to be.
(Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, sec. 227, p. 302)
14. Inasmuch as this is the century of light, it is evident that the Sun of Reality, the Word, has
revealed itself to all humankind. One of the potentialities hidden in the realm of humanity was the
capability or capacity of womanhood. Through the effulgent rays of divine illumination the
capacity of woman has become so awakened and manifest in this age that equality of man and
woman is an established fact....
In this day man must investigate reality impartially and without prejudice in order to reach the
true knowledge and conclusions. What, then, constitutes the inequality between man and woman?
Both are human. In powers and function each is the complement of the other. At most it is this:
that woman has been denied the opportunities which man has so long enjoyed, especially the
privilege of education....
The truth is that all mankind are the creatures and servants of one God, and in His estimate all are
human. Man is a generic term applying to all humanity. The biblical statement “Let us make man
in our image, after our likeness” does not mean that woman was not created. The image and
likeness of God apply to her as well. In Persian and Arabic there are two distinct words translated
into English as man: one meaning man and woman collectively, the other distinguishing man as
male from woman the female. The first word and its pronoun are generic, collective; the other is
2 From other extracts it is evident that the limitation of membership to men applies only to the Universal House of Justice, and not to the
National and Local Houses of Justice.
Women
restricted to the male. This is the same in Hebrew.
To accept and observe a distinction which God has not intended in creation is ignorance and
superstition....
It is my hope that the banner of equality may be raised throughout the five continents where as
yet it is not fully recognized and established. In this enlightened world of the West woman has
advanced an immeasurable degree beyond the women of the Orient. And let it be known once
more that until woman and man recognize and realize equality, social and political progress here
or anywhere will not be possible. For the world of humanity consists of two parts or members:
one is woman; the other is man. Until these two members are equal in strength, the oneness of
humanity cannot be established, and the happiness and felicity of mankind will not be a reality.
God willing, this is to be so.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, 2nd. ed. (Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1982), pp. 74-77)
15. Today questions of the utmost importance are facing humanity, questions peculiar to this radiant
century....
One of these questions concerns the rights of woman and her equality with man. In past ages it
was held that woman and man were not equal—that is to say, woman was considered inferior to
man, even from the standpoint of her anatomy and creation. She was considered especially
inferior in intelligence, and the idea prevailed universally that it was not allowable for her to step
into the arena of important affairs. In some countries man went so far as to believe and teach that
woman belonged to a sphere lower than human. But in this century, which is the century of light
and the revelation of mysteries, God is proving to the satisfaction of humanity that all this is
ignorance and error; nay, rather, it is well established that mankind and womankind as parts of
composite humanity are coequal and that no difference in estimate is allowable, for all are human.
The conditions in past centuries were due to woman's lack of opportunity. She was denied the
right and privilege of education and left in her undeveloped state. Naturally, she could not and did
not advance. In reality, God has created all mankind, and in the estimation of God there is no
distinction as to male and female. The one whose heart is pure is acceptable in His sight, be that
one man or woman. God does not inquire, “Art thou woman or art thou man?” He judges human
actions. If these are acceptable in the threshold of the Glorious One, man and woman will be
equally recognized and rewarded.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 133)
16. The world of humanity consists of two parts: male and female. Each is the complement of the
other. Therefore, if one is defective, the other will necessarily be incomplete, and perfection
cannot be attained. There is a right hand and a left hand in the human body, functionally equal in
service and administration. If either proves defective, the defect will naturally extend to the other
by involving the completeness of the whole; for accomplishment is not normal unless both are
perfect. If we say one hand is deficient, we prove the inability and incapacity of the other; for
single-handed there is no full accomplishment. Just as physical accomplishment is complete with
two hands, so man and woman, the two parts of the social body, must be perfect. It is not natural
that either should remain undeveloped; and until both are perfected, the happiness of the human
world will not be realized.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 134)
17. The status of woman in former times was exceedingly deplorable, for it was the belief of the
Orient that it was best for woman to be ignorant. It was considered preferable that she should not
know reading or writing in order that she might not be informed of events in the world. Woman
was considered to be created for rearing children and attending to the duties of the household. If
she pursued educational courses, it was deemed contrary to chastity; hence women were made
prisoners of the household. The houses did not even have windows opening upon the outside
world. Bahá'u'lláh destroyed these ideas and proclaimed the equality of man and woman. He
made woman respected by commanding that all women be educated, that there be no difference
Women
in the education of the two sexes and that man and woman share the same rights. In the
estimation of God there is no distinction of sex. One whose thought is pure, whose education is
superior, whose scientific attainments are greater, whose deeds of philanthropy excel, be that one
man or woman, white or colored, is entitled to full rights and recognition; there is no
differentiation whatsoever.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 166)
18. Woman's lack of progress and proficiency has been due to her need of equal education and
opportunity. Had she been allowed this equality, there is no doubt she would be the counterpart of
man in ability and capacity. The happiness of mankind will be realized when women and men
coordinate and advance equally, for each is the complement and helpmeet of the other.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 182)
19. He establishes the equality of man and woman. This is peculiar to the teachings of Bahá'u'lláh, for
all other religions have placed man above woman.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 455)
20. Women have equal rights with men upon earth; in religion and society they are a very important
element. As long as women are prevented from attaining their highest possibilities, so long will
men be unable to achieve the greatness which might be theirs.
(Paris Talks: Addresses given by 'Abdu'l-Bahá in Paris in 1911-1912, 10th ed. (London: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1979), p.
133)
21. In the world of humanity.... the female sex is treated as though inferior, and is not allowed equal
rights and privileges. This condition is due not to nature, but to education. In the Divine Creation
there is no such distinction. Neither sex is superior to the other in the sight of God. Why then
should one sex assert the inferiority of the other, withholding just rights and privileges as though
God had given His authority for such a course of action? If women received the same educational
advantages as those of men, the result would demonstrate the equality of capacity of both for
scholarship.
In some respects woman is superior to man. She is more tender-hearted, more receptive, her
intuition is more intense.
(Paris Talks: Addresses given by 'Abdu'l-Bahá in Paris in 1911-1912, p. 161)
22. Divine Justice demands that the rights of both sexes should be equally respected since neither is
superior to the other in the eyes of Heaven. Dignity before God depends, not on sex, but on purity
and luminosity of heart. Human virtues belong equally to all!
(Paris Talks: Addresses given by 'Abdu'l-Bahá in Paris in 1911-1912, p. 162)
23. In the Dispensation of Bahá'u'lláh, women are advancing side by side with men. There is no area
or instance where they will lag behind: they have equal rights with men, and will enter, in the
future, into all branches of the administration of society. Such will be their elevation that, in every
area of endeavour, they will occupy the highest levels in the human world. Rest thou assured.
Look not upon their present state. In future, the world of womankind will shine with lustrous
brilliance, for such is the will and purpose of Bahá'u'lláh. At the time of elections the right to vote
is the inalienable right of women, and the entrance of women into all human departments is an
irrefutable and incontrovertible question. No soul can retard or prevent it.
But there are certain matters, the participation in which is not worthy of women. For example, at
the time when the community is taking up vigorous defensive measures against the attack of foes,
the women are exempt from military engagements. It may so happen that at a given time warlike
and savage tribes may furiously attack the body politic with the intention of carrying on a
wholesale slaughter of its members; under such a circumstance defence is necessary, but it is the
duty of men to organize and execute such defensive measures and not the women—because their
hearts are tender and they cannot endure the sight of the horror of carnage, even if it is for the
Women
sake of defence. From such and similar undertakings the women are exempt.
As regards the constitution of the House of Justice, Bahá'u'lláh addresses the men. He says: “O ye
men of the House of Justice!”
But when its members are to be elected, the right which belongs to women, so far as their voting
and their voice is concerned, is indisputable. When the women attain to the ultimate degree of
progress, then, according to the exigency of the time and place and their great capacity, they shall
obtain extraordinary privileges. Be ye confident on these accounts. His Holiness Bahá'u'lláh has
greatly strengthened the cause of women, and the rights and privileges of women is one of the
greatest principles of 'Abdu'l-Bahá. Rest ye assured! Ere long the days shall come when the men
addressing the women, shall say: 'Blessed are ye! Blessed are ye! Verily ye are worthy of every
gift. Verily ye deserve to adorn your heads with the crown of everlasting glory, because in
sciences and arts, in virtues and perfections ye shall become equal to man, and as regards
tenderness of heart and the abundance of mercy and sympathy ye are superior'.
(From a Tablet to an individual believer - translated from the Persian, published in Paris Talks: Addresses given by
'Abdu'l-Bahá in Paris in 1911-1912, p. 182-84)
24. The woman of the East has progressed. Formerly in India, Persia and throughout the Orient, she
was not considered a human being. Certain Arab tribes counted their women in with the live
stock. In their language the noun for woman also meant donkey; that is, the same name applied to
both and a man's wealth was accounted by the number of these beasts of burden he possessed.
The worst insult one could hurl at a man was to cry out, “Thou woman!”
From the moment Bahá'u'lláh appeared, this changed. He did away with the idea of distinction
between the sexes, proclaiming them equal in every capacity.
In former times it was considered wiser that woman should not know how to read or write; she
should occupy herself only with drudgery. She was very ignorant. Bahá'u'lláh declares the
education of woman to be of more importance than that of man. If the mother be ignorant, even if
the father have great knowledge, the child's education will be at fault, for education begins with
the milk. A child at the breast is like a tender branch that the gardener can train as he wills.
The East has begun to educate its women. Some there are in Persia who have become liberated
through this cause, whose cleverness and eloquence the ulamá cannot refute. Many of them are
poets. They are absolutely fearless....
I hope for a like degree of progress among the women of Europe – that each may shine like unto
a lamp; that they may cry out the proclamation of the kingdom; that they may truly assist the
men; nay, that they may be even superior to the men, versed in sciences and yet detached, so that
the whole world may bear witness to the fact that men and women have absolutely the same
rights. It would be a cause of great joy for me to see such women. This is useful work; by it
woman will enter into the kingdom. Otherwise, there will be no results.
('Abdu'l-Bahá on Divine Philosophy (Boston: Tudor Press, 1918), pp. 81-83)
25. The world in the past has been ruled by force, and man has dominated over woman by reason of
his more forceful and aggressive qualities both of body and mind. But the balance is already
shifting; force is losing its dominance, and mental alertness, intuition, and the spiritual qualities
of love and service, in which woman is strong, are gaining ascendancy. Hence the new age will
be an age less masculine and more permeated with the feminine ideals, or, to speak more exactly,
will be an age in which the masculine and feminine elements of civilization will be more evenly
balanced.
(J. E. Esslemont, Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era, 5th rev. ed. (Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1987), p. 149)
Extracts from Letters Written on Behalf of Shoghi Effendi
26. If presented properly the position of women in the Bahá'í teachings will surely attract much
Women
attention, for it is not only legal but also spiritual and educational. Our ideals are so high and at
the same time so practicable that all other views will fall short if compared to them.
(7 January 1931 to the National Spiritual Assembly of India and Burma)
27. As regards your question concerning the membership of the Universal House of Justice: there is a
Tablet from Abdul-Bahá in which He definitely states that the membership of the Universal
House is confined to men, and that the wisdom of it will be fully revealed and appreciated in the
future. In the local as well as the national Houses of Justice, however, women have the full right
of membership. It is, therefore, only to the International House that they cannot be elected. The
Bahá'ís should accept this statement of the Master in a spirit of deep faith, confident that there is a
divine guidance and wisdom behind it which will be gradually unfolded to the eyes of the world.
(28 July 1936 to an individual believer)
28. As regards the membership of the International House of Justice, 'Abdu'l-Bahá states in a Tablet
that it is confined to men, and that the wisdom of it will be revealed as manifest as the sun in the
future. In any case the believers should know that, as 'Abdu'l-Bahá Himself has explicitly stated
that sexes are equal except in some cases, the exclusion of women from the International House
of Justice should not be surprising. From the fact that there is no equality of functions between
the sexes one should not, however, infer that either sex is inherently superior or inferior to the
other, or that they are unequal in their rights.
(14 December 1940 to the National Spiritual Assembly of India and Burma)
Extracts From Letters Written by the Universal House of Justice
29. It is apparent from the Guardian's writings that where Bahá'u'lláh has expressed a law as between
a man and a woman it applies, mutatis mutandis, between a woman and a man unless the context
should make this impossible. For example, the text of the “Kitáb-i-Aqdas” forbids a man to marry
his father's wife (i.e. his step-mother), and the Guardian has indicated that likewise a woman is
forbidden to marry her step-father.
(28 April 1974 to an individual believer)
30. Concerning your questions about the equality of men and women, this, as 'Abdu'l-Bahá has often
explained, is a fundamental principle of Bahá'u'lláh; therefore the Laws of the “Aqdas” should be
studied in the light of it. Equality between men and women does not, indeed physiologically it
cannot, mean identity of functions. In some things women excel men, for others men are better
fitted than women, while in very many things the difference of sex is of no effect at all. The
differences of function are most apparent in family life. The capacity for motherhood has many
far-reaching implications which are recognized in Bahá'í Law. For example, when it is not
possible to educate all one's children, daughters receive preference over sons, as mothers are the
first educators of the next generation. Again, for physiological reasons, women are granted
certain exemptions from fasting that are not applicable to men.
(24 July 1975 to an individual believer)
31. The primary question to be resolved is how the present world, with its entrenched pattern of
conflict, can change to a world in which harmony and co-operation will prevail.
World order can be founded only on an unshakeable consciousness of the oneness of mankind, a
spiritual truth which all the human sciences confirm. Anthropology, physiology, psychology,
recognize only one human species, albeit infinitely varied in the secondary aspects of life.
Recognition of this truth requires abandonment of prejudice—prejudice of every kind—race,
class, colour, creed, nation, sex, degree of material civilization, everything which enables people
to consider themselves superior to others.
Acceptance of the oneness of mankind is the first fundamental prerequisite for reorganization and
administration of the world as one country, the home of humankind. Universal acceptance of this
Women
spiritual principle is essential to any successful attempt to establish world peace.
(October 1985 to the Peoples of the World)
From Letters Written on Behalf of the Universal House of Justice
32. To the general premise that women and men have equality in the Faith, this, as often explained by
'Abdu'l-Bahá, is a fundamental principle deriving from Bahá'u'lláh and therefore His mention of
the “Men of Justice” in the Kitáb-i-Aqdas should be considered in light of that principle.
(29 June 1976 to an individual believer)
33. ... 'Abdu'l-Bahá asserts: “In this divine age the bounties of God have encompassed the world of
women. Equality of men and women, except in some negligible instances, has been fully and
categorically announced. Distinctions have been utterly removed.” That men and women differ
from one another in certain characteristics and functions is an inescapable fact of nature; the
important thing is that He regards such inequalities as remain between the sexes as being
“negligible”.
(8 January 1981 to the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States)
34. You are quite right in stating that men and women have basic and distinct qualities. The solution
provided in the teachings of Bahá'u'lláh is not, as you correctly observe, for men to become
women, and for women to become men. 'Abdu'l-Bahá gave us the key to the problem when He
taught that the qualities and functions of men and women “complement” each other. He further
elucidated this point when He said that the “new age” will be “an age in which the masculine and
feminine elements of civilization will be more properly balanced.”
(22 April 1981 to an individual believer)
35. It may be helpful to stress ... that the Bahá'í principle of the equality of men and women is clearly
stated in the teachings, and the fact that there is diversity of function between them in certain
areas does not negate this principle.
(23 August 1984 to two believers)
II. The Role of Education in the Development of Women
Extracts From the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh
36. It is the bounden duty of parents to rear their children to be staunch in faith.... For every
praiseworthy deed is born out of the light of religion, and lacking this supreme bestowal the child
will not turn away from any evil, nor will he draw nigh unto any good.
(From a Tablet - translated from Persian, published in Bahá'í Education, a compilation, 1976 World Centre edition, p. 6)
Extracts From the Writings and Utterances of 'Abdu'l-Bahá
37. Praised be God, the women believers have organized meetings where they will learn how to teach
the Faith, will spread the sweet savours of the Teachings and make plans for training the children.
...those present should concern themselves with every means of training the girl children; with
teaching the various branches of knowledge, good behaviour, a proper way of life, the cultivation
of a good character, chastity and constancy, perseverance, strength, determination, firmness of
purpose; with household management, the education of children, and whatever especially
Women
applieth to the needs of girls—to the end that these girls, reared in the stronghold of all
perfections, and with the protection of a goodly character, will, when they themselves become
mothers, bring up their children from earliest infancy to have a good character and conduct
themselves well.
Let them also study whatever will nurture the health of the body and its physical soundness, and
how to guard their children from disease.
(Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, sec. 94, pp. 123-24)
38. Work ye for the guidance of the women in that land, teach the young girls and the children, so
that the mothers may educate their little ones from their earliest days, thoroughly train them, rear
them to have a goodly character and good morals, guide them to all the virtues of humankind,
prevent the development of any behaviour that would be worthy of blame, and foster them in the
embrace of Bahá'í education. Thus shall these tender infants be nurtured at the breast of the
knowledge of God and His love. Thus shall they grow and flourish, and be taught righteousness
and the dignity of humankind, resolution and the will to strive and to endure. Thus shall they
learn perseverance in all things, the will to advance, high mindedness and high resolve, chastity
and purity of life. Thus shall they be enabled to carry to a successful conclusion whatsoever they
undertake.
Let the mothers consider that whatever concerneth the education of children is of the first
importance. Let them put forth every effort in this regard, for when the bough is green and tender
it will grow in whatever way ye train it. Therefore is it incumbent upon the mothers to rear their
little ones even as a gardener tendeth his young plants. Let them strive by day and by night to
establish within their children faith and certitude, the fear of God, the love of the Beloved of the
worlds, and all good qualities and traits. Whensoever a mother seeth that her child hath done well,
let her praise and applaud him and cheer his heart; and if the slightest undesirable trait should
manifest itself, let her counsel the child and punish him, and use means based on reason, even a
slight verbal chastisement should this be necessary. It is not, however, permissible to strike a
child, or vilify him, for the child's character will be totally perverted if he be subjected to blows
or verbal abuse.
(Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, sec. 95, pp. 124-25)
39. ...it is incumbent upon the father and mother to train their children both in good conduct and the
study of books; study, that is, to the degree required, so that no child, whether girl or boy, will
remain illiterate.
(Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, sec 101, p. 127)
40. 'Abdu'l-Bahá's supreme joy is in observing that a number of leaves from among the handmaidens
of the Blessed Beauty have been educated, that they are the essence of detachment, and are well-
informed of the mysteries of the world of being; that they raise such a call in their glorification
and praise of the Greatest Name as to cause the inmates of the Fanes of the Kingdom to become
attracted and overjoyed, and that they recite prayers in prose and poetry, and melodiously chant
the divine verses. I cherish the hope that thou wilt be one of them, wilt cast forth pearls, wilt be
constantly engaged in singing His praise and wilt intone celestial strains in glorification of His
attributes....
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
41. ...Thou hast written about the girls' school. What was previously written still holdeth true. There
can be no improvement unless the girls are brought up in schools and centres of learning, unless
they are taught the sciences and other branches of knowledge, and unless they acquire the
manifold arts, as necessary, and are divinely trained. For the day will come when these girls will
become mothers. Mothers are the first educators of children, who establish virtues in the child's
inner nature. They encourage the child to acquire perfections and goodly manners, warn him
against unbecoming qualities, and encourage him to show forth resolve, firmness, and endurance
under hardship, and to advance on the high road to progress. Due regard for the education of girls
is, therefore, necessary. This is a very important subject, and it should be administered and
Women
organized under the aegis of the Spiritual Assembly....
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
42. ...it is incumbent upon the girls of this glorious era to be fully versed in the various branches of
knowledge, in sciences and the arts and all the wonders of this pre-eminent time, that they may
then educate their children and train them from their earliest days in the ways of perfection.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
43. Furthermore, the education of woman is more necessary and important than that of man, for
woman is the trainer of the child from its infancy. If she be defective and imperfect herself, the
child will necessarily be deficient; therefore, imperfection of woman implies a condition of
imperfection in all mankind, for it is the mother who rears, nurtures and guides the growth of the
child. This is not the function of the father. If the educator be incompetent, the educated will be
correspondingly lacking. This is evident and incontrovertible. Could the student be brilliant and
accomplished if the teacher is illiterate and ignorant? The mothers are the first educators of
mankind; if they be imperfect, alas for the condition and future of the race. …
It has been objected by some that woman is not equally capable with man and that she is deficient
by creation. This is pure imagination. The difference in capability between man and woman is
due entirely to opportunity and education. Heretofore woman has been denied the right and
privilege of equal development. If equal opportunity be granted her, there is no doubt she would
be the peer of man. History will evidence this. In past ages noted women have arisen in the affairs
of nations and surpassed men in their accomplishments. ...
The purpose, in brief, is this: that if woman be fully educated and granted her rights, she will
attain the capacity for wonderful accomplishments and prove herself the equal of man. She is the
coadjutor of man, his complement and helpmeet. Both are human; both are endowed with
potentialities of intelligence and embody the virtues of humanity. In all human powers and
functions they are partners and coequals. At present in spheres of human activity woman does not
manifest her natal prerogatives, owing to lack of education and opportunity. Without doubt
education will establish her equality with men.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, pp. 133-37)
44. In proclaiming the oneness of mankind He taught that men and women are equal in the sight of
God and that there is no distinction to be made between them. The only difference between them
now is due to lack of education and training. If woman is given equal opportunity of education,
distinction and estimate of inferiority will disappear....
He promulgated the adoption of the same course of education for man and woman. Daughters and
sons must follow the same curriculum of study, thereby promoting unity of the sexes. When all
mankind shall receive the same opportunity of education and the equality of men and women be
realized, the foundations of war will be utterly destroyed.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, pp. 174-75)
45. Why should a woman be left mentally undeveloped? Science is praiseworthy—whether
investigated by the intellect of man or woman. So, little by little, woman advanced, giving
increasing evidence of equal capabilities with man—whether in scientific research, political
ability or any other sphere of human activity. The conclusion is evident that woman has been
outdistanced through lack of education and intellectual facilities. If given the same educational
opportunities or course of study, she would develop the same capacity and abilities.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 281)
46. Bahá'u'lláh has announced that inasmuch as ignorance and lack of education are barriers of
separation among mankind, all must receive training and instruction. Through this provision the
lack of mutual understanding will be remedied and the unity of mankind furthered and advanced.
Universal education is a universal law. It is, therefore, incumbent upon every father to teach and
instruct his children according to his possibilities. If he is unable to educate them, the body
Women
politic, the representative of the people, must provide the means for their education....
The sex distinction which exists in the human world is due to the lack of education for woman,
who has been denied equal opportunity for development and advancement. Equality of the sexes
will be established in proportion to the increased opportunities afforded woman in this age, for
man and woman are equally the recipients of powers and endowments from God, the Creator.
God has not ordained distinction between them in His consummate purpose.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 300)
47. The education of each child is compulsory.... In addition to this widespread education each child
must be taught a profession, art, or trade, so that every member of the community will be enabled
to earn his own livelihood. Work done in the spirit of service is the highest form of worship....
('Abdu'l-Bahá on Divine Philosophy, p. 78)
48. Devote ye particular attention to the school for girls, for the greatness of this wondrous Age will
be manifested as a result of progress in the world of women. This is why ye observe that in every
land the world of women is on the march, and this is due to the impact of the Most Great
Manifestation, and the power of the teachings of God.
(From a Tablet - Translated from the Persian, published in Bahá'í Education, a
compilation, p. 37)
49. Our hearts rejoiced at thy letter concerning a school for girls.
Praised be God that there is now a school of this type in Tihrán where young maidens can,
through His bounty, receive an education and with all vigour acquire the accomplishments of
humankind. Erelong will women in every field keep pace with the men.
Until now, in Persia, the means for women's advancement were non-existent. But now, God be
thanked, ever since the dawning of the Morn of Salvation, they have been going forward day by
day. The hope is that they will take the lead in virtues and attainments, in closeness to the Court
of Almighty God, in faith and certitude—and that the women of the East will become the envy of
the women of the West.
(From a Tablet - Translated from the Persian, published in Bahá'í Education, a compilation, p. 48)
Extract From a Letter Written by the Universal House of Justice
50. The cause of universal education, which has already enlisted in its service an army of dedicated
people from every faith and nation, deserves the utmost support that the governments of the
world can lend it. For ignorance is indisputably the principal reason for the decline and fall of
peoples and the perpetuation of prejudice. No nation can achieve success unless education is
accorded all its citizens. Lack of resources limits the ability of many nations to fulfil this
necessity, imposing a certain ordering of priorities. The decision-making agencies involved would
do well to consider giving first priority to the education of women and girls, since it is through
educated mothers that the benefits of knowledge can be most effectively and rapidly diffused
throughout society. In keeping with the requirements of the times, consideration should also be
given to teaching the concept of world citizenship as part of the standard education of every
child.
(October 1985 to the Peoples of the World)
Extracts From Letters Written on Behalf of the Universal House of Justice
51. A very important element in the attainment of such equality is Bahá'u'lláh's provision that boys
and girls must follow essentially the same curriculum in schools.
(28 December 1980 to the National Spiritual Assembly of New Zealand)
Women
52. The House of Justice regards the need to educate and guide women in their primary responsibility
as mothers as an excellent opportunity for organizing women's activities. Your efforts should
focus on helping them in their function as educators of the rising generation. Women should also
be encouraged to attract their husbands and male members of their families to the Faith so that
the Bahá'í community will be representative of the society of which it forms a part. Gradually the
spirit of unity and fellowship, as set forth in our teachings, will be reflected in the life of Bahá'í
families.
(29 February 1984 to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Mariana Islands)
III. Application of the Principle of Equality to Family Life
Extracts From the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh
53. Steadfastness in the Cause is mentioned in the Tablets and set forth by the Pen of the Ancient of
Days. Render thanks to the Beloved of the world that thou hast set thy heart on Him and art
uttering His praise. Many a man hath in this day been deprived of making mention of the All-
Sufficing Lord and of recognizing His truth; and many a woman hath fixed her gaze upon the
Horizon of the Most High, and hath adorned herself with the garb of the love of the Desire of the
world. This is God's grace which He bestoweth upon whomsoever He pleaseth. By the Day-Star
of ancient mysteries! The sweet-scented fragrance of every breath breathed in the love of God is
wafted in the court of the presence of the Lord of Revelation. The reward of no good deed is or
ever will be lost. Blessed art thou, doubly blessed art thou! Thou art reckoned amongst those
handmaidens whose love for their kin hath not prevented them from attaining the shores of the
Sea of Grace and Mercy. God willing, thou shalt rest eternally neath the shade of the favours of
the All-Merciful and shalt be assured of His bounties. Engage in the praise of the True One and
rejoice in His loving-kindness.
The world passeth away, and that which is everlasting is the love of God. God willing, thou shalt
circumambulate the True One in every world of His worlds and shalt be free from all else save
Him.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian and Arabic)
54. All should know, and in this regard attain the splendours of the sun of certitude, and be illumined
thereby: Women and men have been and will always be equal in the sight of God. The Dawning-
Place of the Light of God sheddeth its radiance upon all with the same effulgence. Verily God
created women for men, and men for women. The most beloved of people before God are the
most steadfast and those who have surpassed others in their love for God, exalted be His glory....
The friends of God must be adorned with the ornament of justice, equity, kindness and love. As
they do not allow themselves to be the object of cruelty and transgression, in like manner they
should not allow such tyranny to visit the handmaidens of God. He, verily, speaketh the truth and
commandeth that which benefitteth His servants and handmaidens. He is the Protector of all in
this world and the next.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian and Arabic)
Extracts From the Writings and Utterances of 'Abdu'l-Bahá
55. The Lord, peerless is He, hath made woman and man to abide with each other in the closest
companionship, and to be even as a single soul. They are two helpmates, two intimate friends,
Women
who should be concerned about the welfare of each other.
If they live thus, they will pass through this world with perfect contentment, bliss, and peace of
heart, and become the object of divine grace and favour in the Kingdom of heaven. But if they do
other than this, they will live out their lives in great bitterness, longing at every moment for death,
and will be shamefaced in the heavenly realm.
Strive, then, to abide, heart and soul, with each other as two doves in the nest, for this is to be
blessed in both worlds.
(Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, sec. 92, p. 122)
56. ...following the precepts of God and the holy Law, suckle your children from their infancy with
the milk of a universal education, and rear them so that from their earliest days, within their
inmost heart, their very nature, a way of life will be firmly established that will conform to the
divine Teachings in all things.
For mothers are the first educators, the first mentors; and truly it is the mothers who determine
the happiness, the future greatness, the courteous ways and learning and judgement, the
understanding and the faith of their little ones.
(Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, sec. 96, p. 126)
57. ...it is enjoined upon the father and mother, as a duty, to strive with all effort to train the daughter
and the son, to nurse them from the breast of knowledge and to rear them in the bosom of
sciences and arts. Should they neglect this matter, they shall be held responsible and worthy of
reproach in the presence of the stern Lord.
(Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, sec. 98, p. 127)
58. O ye loving mothers, know ye that in God's sight, the best of all ways to worship Him is to
educate the children and train them in all the perfections of humankind; and no nobler deed than
this can be imagined.
(Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, sec. 144, p. 139)
59. Note ye how easily, where unity existeth in a given family, the affairs of that family are
conducted; what progress the members of that family make, how they prosper in the world. Their
concerns are in order, they enjoy comfort and tranquility, they are secure, their position is
assured, they come to be envied by all. Such a family but addeth to its stature and its lasting
honour, as day succeedeth day....
(Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, sec. 221, p. 279)
60. You have asked whether a husband would be able to prevent his wife from embracing the divine
light or a wife dissuade her husband from gaining entry into the Kingdom of God. In truth neither
of them could prevent the other from entering into the Kingdom, unless the husband hath an
excessive attachment to the wife or the wife to the husband. Indeed when either of the two
worshippeth the other to the exclusion of God, then each could prevent the other from seeking
admittance into His Kingdom.
(From a Tablet - Translated from the Arabic, published in Family Life, a compilation, p. 8)
61. Question: What is the attitude of your belief toward the family?
Answer: According to the teachings of Bahá'u'lláh the family, being a human unit, must be
educated according to the rules of sanctity. All the virtues must be taught the family. The integrity
of the family bond must be constantly considered, and the rights of the individual members must
not be transgressed. The rights of the son, the father, the mother—none of them must be
transgressed, none of them must be arbitrary. Just as the son has certain obligations to his father,
the father, likewise, has certain obligations to his son. The mother, the sister and other members
of the household have their certain prerogatives. All these rights and prerogatives must be
conserved, yet the unity of the family must be sustained. The injury of one shall be considered the
injury of all; the comfort of each, the comfort of all; the honor of one, the honor of all.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United (States and
Canada in 1912, p. 168)
Women
Extracts From Letters Written on Behalf of Shoghi Effendi to individual
believers unless otherwise cited
62. When such difference of opinion and belief occurs between husband and wife it is very
unfortunate for undoubtedly it detracts from that spiritual bond which is the stronghold of the
family bond, especially in times of difficulty. The way, however, that it could be remedied is not
by acting in such wise as to alienate the other party. One of the objects of the Cause is actually to
bring about a closer bond in the homes. In all such cases, therefore, the Master used to advise
obedience to the wishes of the other party and prayer. Pray that your husband may gradually see
the light and at the same time so act as to draw him nearer rather than prejudice him. Once that
harmony is secured then you will be able to serve unhampered.
(15 July 1928)
63. Shoghi Effendi trusts that as a result of his cable and this letter your wife will be able to devote a
little more time to her family, but he also hopes that you will be able to assist her in obtaining the
time and opportunity to serve a Cause that is so dear and near to her heart and in which her
services are much appreciated.
(19 June 1931)
64. The Guardian, in his remarks ... about parents' and children's, wives' and husbands' relations in
America, meant that there is a tendency in that country for children to be too independent of the
wishes of their parents and lacking in the respect due to them. Also wives, in some cases, have a
tendency to exert an unjust degree of domination over their husbands, which, of course, is not
right, any more than that the husband should unjustly dominate his wife.
(22 July 1943)
65. It is one of the essential teachings of the Faith that unity should be maintained in the home. Of
course this does not mean that any member of the family has a right to influence the faith of any
other member; and if this is realized by all the members, then it seems certain that unity would be
feasible.
(6 July 1952)
66. The Guardian fully appreciates your desire to go forth as a pioneer at this time, and to help
establish the Faith in the virgin areas, but you should not go against the wishes of your husband,
and force him to give up everything in order that you might serve the Faith in this manner. We
must bear in mind the wishes and the rights of those who are closely connected in our lives.
If your husband wishes you to remain where you are, certainly there is a vast field for teaching
there.
(31 July 1953)
67. Wherever there is a Bahá'í family, those concerned should by all means do all they can to
preserve it, because divorce is strongly condemned in the Teachings, whereas harmony, unity and
love are held up as the highest ideals in human relationships. This must always apply to the
Bahá'ís, whether they are serving in the pioneering field or not.
(9 November 1956 to the National Spiritual Assembly of Central America)
Extracts From letters Written on Behalf of the Universal House of Justice to
individual believers unless otherwise cited
68. That the first teacher of the child is the mother should not be startling, for the primary orientation
of the infant is to its mother. This provision of nature in no way minimizes the role of the father
in the Bahá'í family. Again, equality of status does not mean identity of function.
(23 June 1974)
69. In considering the problems that you and your wife are experiencing, the House of Justice points
out that the unity of your family should take priority over any other consideration. Bahá'u'lláh
Women
came to bring unity to the world, and a fundamental unity is that of the family. Therefore, we
must believe that the Faith is intended to strengthen the family, not weaken it. For example,
service to the Cause should not produce neglect of the family. It is important for you to arrange
your time so that your family life is harmonious and your household receives the attention it
requires.
Bahá'u'lláh also stressed the importance of consultation. We should not think this worthwhile
method of seeking solutions is confined to the administrative institutions of the Cause. Family
consultation employing full and frank discussion, and animated by awareness of the need for
moderation and balance, can be the panacea for domestic conflict. Wives should not attempt to
dominate their husbands, nor husbands their wives.
(1 August 1978)
70. Noting that you and your husband have consulted about your family problems with your Spiritual
Assembly but did not receive any advice, and also discussed your situation with a family
counsellor without success, the House of Justice feels it most essential for your husband and you
to understand that marriage can be a source of well-being, conveying a sense of security and
spiritual happiness. However, it is not something that just happens. For marriage to become a
haven of contentment it requires the cooperation of the marriage partners themselves, and the
assistance of their families.
(24 June 1979)
71. The members of a family all have duties and responsibilities towards one another and to the
family as a whole, and these duties and responsibilities vary from member to member because of
their natural relationships. The parents have the inescapable duty to educate their children—but
not vice versa; the children have the duty to obey their parents—the parents do not obey the
children; the mother—not the father—bears the children, nurses them in babyhood, and is thus
their first educator; hence daughters have a prior right to education over sons and, as the
Guardian's secretary has written on his behalf, “The task of bringing up a Bahá'í child, as
emphasized time and again in Bahá'í Writings, is the chief responsibility of the mother, whose
unique privilege is indeed to create in her home such conditions as would be most conducive to
both his material and spiritual welfare and advancement. The training which a child first receives
through his mother constitutes the strongest foundation for his future development...” A corollary
of this responsibility of the mother is her right to be supported by her husband—a husband has no
explicit right to be supported by his wife....
In any group, however loving the consultation, there are nevertheless points on which, from time
to time, agreement cannot be reached. In a Spiritual Assembly this dilemma is resolved by a
majority vote. There can, however, be no majority where only two parties are involved, as in the
case of a husband and wife. There are, therefore, times when a wife should defer to her husband,
and times when a husband should defer to his wife, but neither should ever unjustly dominate the
other. In short, the relationship between husband and wife should be as held forth in the prayer
revealed by 'Abdu'l-Bahá which is often read at Bahá'í weddings: “Verily, they are married in
obedience to Thy command. Cause them to become the signs of harmony and unity until the end
of time.”
These are all relationships within the family, but there is a much wider sphere of relationships
between men and women than in the home, and this too we should consider in the context of
Bahá'í society, not in that of past or present social norms. For example, although the mother is the
first educator of the child, and the most important formative influence in his development, the
father also has the responsibility of educating his children, and this responsibility is so weighty
that Bahá'u'lláh has stated that a father who fails to exercise it forfeits his rights of fatherhood.
Similarly, although the primary responsibility for supporting the family financially is placed upon
the husband, this does not by any means imply that the place of woman is confined to the home.
(28 December 1980 to the National Spiritual Assembly of New Zealand)
72. You have asked, however, for specific rules of conduct to govern the relationships of husbands
and wives. This the House of Justice does not wish to do, and it feels that there is already
Women
adequate guidance included in the compilation on this subject. For example the principle that the
rights of each and all in the family unit must be upheld, and the advice that loving consultation
should be the keynote, that all matters should be settled in harmony and love, and that there are
times when the husband and the wife should defer to the wishes of the other. Exactly under what
circumstances such deference should take place, is a matter for each couple to determine.
(16 May 1982)
73. You ask about the admonition that everyone must work, and want to know if this means that you,
a wife and mother, must work for a livelihood as your husband does. We are requested to enclose
for your perusal an excerpt, “The Twelfth Glad-Tidings”, from Bahá'u'lláh's “Tablet of Bishárát”. 3
You will see that the directive is for the friends to be engaged in an occupation which will be of
benefit to mankind. Homemaking is a highly honourable and responsible work of fundamental
importance for mankind.
(16 June 1982)
74. With regard to your question whether mothers should work outside the home, it is helpful to
consider the matter from the perspective of the concept of a Bahá'í family. This concept is based
on the principle that the man has primary responsibility for the financial support of the family,
and the woman is the chief and primary educator of the children. This by no means implies that
these functions are inflexibly fixed and cannot be changed and adjusted to suit particular family
situations, nor does it mean that the place of the woman is confined to the home. Rather, while
primary responsibility is assigned, it is anticipated that fathers would play a significant role in the
education of the children and women could also be breadwinners. As you rightly indicated,
'Abdu'l-Bahá encouraged women to “participate fully and equally in the affairs of the world”.
In relation to your specific queries, the decision concerning the amount of time a mother may
spend in working outside the home depends on circumstances existing within the home, which
may vary from time to time. Family consultation will help to provide the answers....
(9 August 1984)
75. The great importance attached to the mother's role derives from the fact that she is the first
educator of the child. Her attitude, her prayers, even what she eats and her physical condition
have a great influence on the child when it is still in the womb. When the child is born, it is she
who has been endowed by God with the milk which is the first food designed for it, and it is
intended that, if possible, she should be with the baby to train and nurture it in its earliest days
and months. This does not mean that the father does not also love, pray for, and care for his baby,
but as he has the primary responsibility of providing for the family, his time to be with his child is
usually limited, while the mother is usually closely associated with the baby during this intensely
formative time when it is growing and developing faster than it ever will again during the whole
of its life. As the child grows older and more independent, the relative nature of its relationship
with its mother and father modifies and the father can play a greater role.
(23 August 1984 to two believers)
IV. Women in the World at Large
Extract From the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh
76. It is enjoined upon every one of you to engage in some form of occupation, such as crafts, trades
and the like. We have graciously exalted your engagement in such work to the rank of worship
3 This passage appears in the present compilation under Section IV., page 21. (ed. note : see item 76)
Women
unto God, the True One. Ponder ye in your hearts the grace and the blessings of God and render
thanks unto Him at eventide and at dawn. Waste not your time in idleness and sloth. Occupy
yourselves with that which profiteth yourselves and others. Thus hath it been decreed in this
Tablet from whose horizon the day-star of wisdom and utterance shineth resplendent.
The most despised of men in the sight of God are those who sit idly and beg. Hold ye fast unto
the cord of material means, placing your whole trust in God, the Provider of all means. When
anyone occupieth himself in a craft or trade, such occupation itself is regarded in the estimation
of God as an act of worship; and this is naught but a token of His infinite and all-pervasive
bounty.
(Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh Revealed after the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, rev. ed., (Haifa: Bahá'í World Centre, 1982), p. 26)
Extracts From the Writings and Utterances of 'Abdu'l-Bahá
77. The handmaidens of God and the bondsmaids in His divine Court should reveal such attributes
and attitudes amongst the women of the world as would cause them to stand out and achieve
renown in the circles of women. That is, they should associate with them with supreme chastity
and steadfast decency, with unshakeable faith, articulate speech, an eloquent tongue, irrefutable
testimony and high resolve. Beseech God that thou mayest attain unto all these bounties.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
78. Until the reality of equality between man and woman is fully established and attained, the highest
social development of mankind is not possible. Even granted that woman is inferior to man in
some degree of capacity or accomplishment, this or any other distinction would continue to be
productive of discord and trouble. The only remedy is education, opportunity; for equality means
equal qualification....
... And let it be known once more that until woman and man recognize and realize equality, social
and political progress here or anywhere will not be possible.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, pp. 76-77)
79. ...the principle of religion has been revealed by Bahá'u'lláh that woman must be given the
privilege of equal education with man and full right to his prerogatives. That is to say, there must
be no difference in the education of male and female in order that womankind may develop equal
capacity and importance with man in the social and economic equation. Then the world will
attain unity and harmony. In past ages humanity has been defective and inefficient because it has
been incomplete. War and its ravages have blighted the world; the education of woman will be a
mighty step toward its abolition and ending, for she will use her whole influence against war.
Woman rears the child and educates the youth to maturity. She will refuse to give her sons for
sacrifice upon the field of battle. In truth, she will be the greatest factor in establishing universal
peace and international arbitration. Assuredly, woman will abolish warfare among mankind.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 108)
80. Again, it is well established in history that where woman has not participated in human affairs the
outcomes have never attained a state of completion and perfection. On the other hand, every
influential undertaking of the human world wherein woman has been a participant has attained
importance. This is historically true and beyond disproof even in religion. Jesus Christ had twelve
disciples and among His followers a woman known as Mary Magdalene. Judas Iscariot had
become a traitor and hypocrite, and after the crucifixion the remaining eleven disciples were
wavering and undecided. It is certain from the evidence of the Gospels that the one who
comforted them and reestablished their faith was Mary Magdalene....
The most momentous question of this day is international peace and arbitration, and universal
peace is impossible without universal suffrage....
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 134)
Women
81. Question: Is it not a fact that universal peace cannot be accomplished until there is political
democracy in all the countries of the world?
Answer: It is very evident that in the future there shall be no centralization in the countries of the
world, be they constitutional in government, republican or democratic in form. The United States
may be held up as the example of future government—that is to say, each province will be
independent in itself, but there will be federal union protecting the interests of the various
independent states. It may not be a republican or a democratic form. To cast aside centralization
which promotes despotism is the exigency of the time. This will be productive of international
peace. Another fact of equal importance in bringing about international peace is woman's
suffrage. That is to say, when perfect equality shall be established between men and women,
peace may be realized for the simple reason that womankind in general will never favor warfare.
Women will not be willing to allow those whom they have so tenderly cared for to go to the
battlefield. When they shall have a vote, they will oppose any cause of warfare. Another factor
which will bring about universal peace is the linking together of the Orient and the Occident.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 167)
82. When all mankind shall receive the same opportunity of education and the equality of men and
women be realized, the foundations of war will be utterly destroyed. Without equality this will be
impossible because all differences and distinction are conducive to discord and strife. Equality
between men and women is conducive to the abolition of warfare for the reason that women will
never be willing to sanction it.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá during His Visit to the United States and Canada
in 1912, p. 175)
83. Woman must especially devote her energies and abilities toward the industrial and agricultural
sciences, seeking to assist mankind in that which is most needful. By this means she will
demonstrate capability and ensure recognition of equality in the social and economic equation.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 283)
84. Therefore, strive to show in the human world that women are most capable and efficient, that
their hearts are more tender and susceptible than the hearts of men, that they are more
philanthropic and responsive toward the needy and suffering, that they are inflexibly opposed to
war and are lovers of peace. Strive that the ideal of international peace may become realized
through the efforts of womankind, for man is more inclined to war than woman, and a real
evidence of woman's superiority will be her service and efficiency in the establishment of
universal peace.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 284)
85. ...imbued with the same virtues as man, rising through all the degrees of human attainment,
women will become the peers of men, and until this equality is established, true progress and
attainment for the human race will not be facilitated.
The evident reasons underlying this are as follows: Woman by nature is opposed to war; she is an
advocate of peace. Children are reared and brought up by the mothers who give them the first
principles of education and labor assiduously in their behalf. Consider, for instance, a mother who
has tenderly reared a son for twenty years to the age of maturity. Surely she will not consent to
having that son torn asunder and killed in the field of battle. Therefore, as woman advances
toward the degree of man in power and privilege, with the right of vote and control in human
government, most assuredly war will cease; for woman is naturally the most devoted and staunch
advocate of international peace.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 375)
86. According to the spirit of this age, women must advance and fulfill their mission in all
departments of life, becoming equal to men. They must be on the same level as men and enjoy
Women
equal rights. This is my earnest prayer and it is one of the fundamental principles of Bahá'u'lláh.
(J. E. Esslemont, Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era, p. 147)
87. The woman is indeed of the greater importance to the race. She has the greater burden and the
greater work. Look at the vegetable and the animal worlds. The palm which carries the fruit is the
tree most prized by the date grower. The Arab knows that for a long journey the mare has the
longest wind. For her greater strength and fierceness, the lioness is more feared by the hunter than
the lion.
... The woman has greater moral courage than the man; she has also special gifts which enable her
to govern in moments of danger and crisis.
('Abdu'l-Bahá in London: Addresses, and Notes of Conversations (London: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1982), pp. 102-3)
Extracts From Letters Written on Behalf of Shoghi Effendi
88. Concerning Bahá'í representation at the All-Asian Women's Conference: this is undoubtedly a
most commendable thing to do especially as the Cause has so much concerning the position of
women in society. Shoghi Effendi hopes that the National Assembly will do its best to win the
admiration of all the assembled delegates for the teachings of the Cause along that line. We
should always take such opportunities that present themselves. Maybe we would succeed to
render some service to society and alleviate its ills.
(10 November 1930 to the National Spiritual Assembly of India and Burma)
89. What 'Abdu'l-Bahá meant about the women arising for peace is that this a matter which vitally
affects women, and when they form a conscious and overwhelming mass of public opinion
against war there can be no war. The Bahá'í women are already organized through being members
of the Faith and the Administrative Order. No further organization is needed. But they should,
through teaching and through the active moral support they give to every movement directed
towards peace, seek to exert a strong influence on other women's minds in regard to this essential
matter.
(24 March 1945 to an individual believer)
Extract From a Letter Written by the Universal House of Justice
90. The emancipation of women, the achievement of full equality between the sexes, is one of the
most important, though less acknowledged prerequisites of peace. The denial of such equality
perpetrates an injustice against one half of the world's population and promotes in men harmful
attitudes and habits that are carried from the family to the workplace, to political life, and
ultimately to international relations. There are no grounds, moral, practical, or biological, upon
which such denial can be justified. Only as women are welcomed into full partnership in all fields
of human endeavour will the moral and psychological climate be created in which international
peace can emerge.
(October 1985 to the Peoples of the World)
Extracts From Letters Written on Behalf of the Universal House of Justice
91. ...there is a much wider sphere of relationships between men and women than in the home, and
this too we should consider in the context of Bahá'í society, not in that of past or present social
norms. For example, although the mother is the first educator of the child, and the most important
formative influence in his development, the father also has the responsibility of educating his
children, and this responsibility is so weighty that Bahá'u'lláh has stated that a father who fails to
exercise it forfeits his rights of fatherhood. Similarly, although the primary responsibility for
Women
supporting the family financially is placed upon the husband, this does not by any means imply
that the place of woman is confined to the home. On the contrary, 'Abdu'l-Bahá has stated:
In the Dispensation of Bahá'u'lláh, women are advancing side by side with men.
There is no area or instance where they will lag behind: they have equal rights with
men, and will enter, in the future, into all branches of the administration of society.
Such will be their elevation that, in every area of endeavour, they will occupy the
highest levels in the human world....4
and again:
So it will come to pass that when women participate fully and equally in the affairs of
the world, when they enter confidently and capably the great arena of laws and
politics, war will cease...
The Promulgation of Universal Peace, p. 135
In the Tablet of the World, Bahá'u'lláh Himself has envisaged that women as well as men would
be breadwinners in stating:
Everyone, whether man or woman, should hand over to a trusted person a portion of
what he or she earneth through trade, agriculture or other occupation, for the training
and education of children, to be spent for this purpose with the knowledge of the
Trustees of the House of Justice.
(Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh Revealed after the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, p. 90)
(28 December 1980 to the National Spiritual Assembly of New Zealand)
92. The duty of women in being the first educators of mankind is clearly set forth in the Writings. It
is for every woman, if and when she becomes a mother, to determine how best she can discharge
on the one hand her chief responsibility as a mother and on the other, to the extent possible, to
participate in other aspects of the activities of the society of which she forms a part....
(22 April 1981 to an individual believer)
V. Fostering the Development of Women
Extracts From the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh
93. In this Day the Blessed Tree of Remembrance speaketh forth in the Kingdom of Utterance
saying: Well is it with the servant who hath turned his face towards Him, and embraced His truth,
and with the handmaiden who hath hearkened to His Voice and become of the blissful. Verily, she
is a champion of the field of true understanding. To this the Tongue of Truth beareth witness from
His exalted Station.
O My leaf, blessed art thou for having responded to My call when it was raised in the name of the
True One. Thou didst recognize My Revelation when men of renown were immersed in manifest
idle fancies. Thou hast verily attained the mercy of thy Lord time and again. Render thanks unto
Him and glorify Him with thy Praise. He is, in truth, with His handmaidens and servants who
have turned towards Him. The shining glory from the Horizon of My Kingdom be upon thee and
upon the one who hath guided thee to My straight path.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian and Arabic)
94. We beseech the True One to adorn His handmaidens with the ornament of chastity, of
trustworthiness, of righteousness and of purity. Verily, He is the All-Bestowing, the All-Generous.
4 The quotation in the original letter which was taken from "Paris Talks", p. 182, has been replaced by this revised translation.
Women
We make mention of the handmaidens of God at this time and announce unto them the glad-
tidings of the tokens of the mercy and compassion of God and His consideration for them,
glorified be He, and We supplicate Him for all His assistance to perform such deeds as are the
cause of the exaltation of His Word. He verily speaketh the truth and enjoineth upon His servants
and His handmaidens that which will profit them in every world of His worlds. He, verily, is the
All-Forgiving, the All-Merciful.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian and Arabic)
Extracts From the Writings and Utterances of 'Abdu'l-Bahá
95. The effulgence of the rays of the Sun of Truth is abundant and the favours of the Blessed Beauty
surround the women believers and the handmaidens who have attained unto certitude. At every
moment a bounteous bestowal is revealed. The handmaidens of the Merciful should seize the
opportunities afforded in these days. Each one should strive to draw nigh unto the divine
Threshold and seek bounties from the Source of existence. She should attain such a state and be
confirmed with such a power as to make, with but the utterance of one word, a lowly person to be
held in reverence, initiate him who is deprived into the world of the spirit, impart hope to the
despondent, endow the portionless one with a share of the great bestowal, and confer knowledge
and insight upon the ignorant and the blind, and alertness and vigilance on the indolent and
heedless. This is the attribute of the handmaidens of the Merciful. This is the characteristic of the
bondsmaids of God's Threshold.
O ye leaves who have attained certitude! In the countries of Europe and America the
maidservants of the Merciful have won the prize of excellence and advancement from the arena
of men, and in the fields of teaching and spreading the divine fragrances they have shown a
brilliant hand. Soon they will soar like the birds of the Concourse on high in the far corners of the
world and will guide the people and reveal to them the divine mysteries. Ye, who are the blessed
leaves from the East, should burn more brightly, and engage in spreading the sweet savours of the
Lord and in reciting the verses of God. Arise, therefore, and exert yourselves to fulfill the
exhortations and counsels of the Blessed Beauty, that all hopes may be realized and that the plain
of streams and orchards may become the garden of oneness.
Upon ye, men and women, be the glory of glories.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
96. In this great Cycle and wondrous Dispensation some women have been raised up who were the
emblems of unity and ensigns of oneness, for the revelation of divine bestowals is received by
men and women in equal measure. “Verily the most honoured in the sight of God is the most
virtuous amongst you”5 is applicable to both men and women, to servants and handmaidens. All
are under the shadow of the Word of God and all derive their strength from the bounties of the
Lord. Therefore, do not consider thyself to be insignificant by doubting what a handmaiden living
behind the veil can do....
With a firm heart, a steadfast step and an eloquent tongue arise to spread the Word of God and
say: “O God, although I am sitting concealed behind the screen of chastity and am restricted by
the veil and exigencies of modesty, my cherished hope is to raise the banner of service and to
become a maidservant at Thy Holy Threshold; to ride on a charger and penetrate the army of the
ignorant, defeat the mighty regiments and subvert the foundations of error and violation. Thou art
the Helper of the weak, Thou art the Sustainer of the poor, Thou art the Succourer of the
handmaidens. Verily, Thou art the Almighty and All-Powerful.”
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
97. Confirmations from the kingdom of God will assuredly be received, enabling some radiant leaves
to appear resplendent in the assemblage of this world with clear proofs and convincing reasons,
5 Qur'án 49:13
Women
which will adorn the cause of womanhood. They will prove that in this cycle women are equal to
men, nay, in certain respects they will excel. Ponder ye: in this wonderful Cause numerous were
the men who scaled the heights of knowledge; they had a brilliant utterance, a convincing proof,
an eloquent tongue and magnificent speech, but the blessed leaf, Jinab-i-Táhirih, because she was
a woman, emerged with immense splendour and dumbfounded all the people. If she were a man,
this would not have been so at all. Therefore, ye should know that the greatness of the Cause hath
penetrated the nerves and veins of the world in such wise that if one of the leaves is attracted and
gains mastery in demonstrating reasons and proofs and in uttering convincing evidences, she will
shine resplendently. O radiant leaves, I swear by the Beauty of the Desired One and the Mystery
of Existence that if ye work actively in this realm, the outpourings of the Blessed Beauty will
reflect as the sun in the mirrors of the hearts. Your progress will astonish all.
The attracted leaves should not, when associating with each other, talk merely about the
temperature of the weather, the coldness of the water, the beauty of the flowers and gardens, the
freshness of the grass and the flowing water. They should rather restrict their discussions to
glorification and praise and the uttering of proofs and reasons, to quoting verses and traditions
and putting forth clear testimonies, so that all the homes of the loved ones will be converted into
gathering places for lessons on teaching the Cause.
If ye do so, in a short while the outpourings of the Kingdom will be so manifested that each one
of the handmaidens of the Merciful will become a perspicuous book revealing the mysteries of
the Lord of Mercy.
Upon you be the glory of glories.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
98. In this wondrous Dispensation the favours of the Glorious Lord are vouchsafed unto the
handmaidens of the Merciful. Therefore, they should, like unto men, seize the prize and excel in
the field, so that it will be proven and made manifest that the penetrative influence of the Word of
God in this new Dispensation hath caused women to be equal with men, and that in the arena of
tests they will outdo others. Therefore, the true bondsmaids of the Blessed Beauty must be
revived by the spirit of detachment, and refreshed by the breezes of attraction. With hearts
overflowing with the love of God, with souls gladdened by the heavenly glad-tidings, and with
extreme humility and lowliness, let them speak out with eloquent speech, and praise and glorify
the Great Lord, for they are the manifestations of His bounty and adorned with the crown of
splendour.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
99. Blessed, blessed are ye for ye have arranged spiritual meetings and engaged in propounding
divine proofs and evidences. Ye are intent on vindicating truth in support of the manifest Light of
the Cause, through conclusive arguments and proofs based on the sacred scriptures of the past.
This is a very noble aim, and this cherished hope a cause of the illumination of all peoples and
nations.
From the beginning of existence until the present day, in any of the past cycles and dispensations,
no assemblies for women have ever been established and classes for the purpose of spreading the
teachings were never held by them. This is one of the characteristics of this glorious Dispensation
and this great century. Ye should, most certainly, strive to perfect this assemblage and increase
your knowledge of the realities of heavenly mysteries, so that, God willing, in a short time,
women will become the same as men; they will take a leading position amongst the learned, will
each have a fluent tongue and eloquent speech, and shine like unto lamps of guidance throughout
the world. In some respects, women have astonishing capacities; they hasten in their attraction to
God, and are intense in their fiery ardour for Him.
In brief, spend your nights and days in the study of the holy Utterances and in acquiring
perfections. Occupy yourselves always in discussing these matters. When ye meet each other,
convey the glad-tidings and impart hope to one another because of the confirmations and bounties
of the Ancient and Ever-Living Lord. Let each set forth proofs and evidences, and talk about the
Women
mysteries of the Kingdom, so that the true and divine Spirit may permeate the body of the
contingent world and the secrets of all things, whether of the past or of the future, may become
openly manifest and resplendent.
O loved handmaidens of God! Consider not your present merits and capacities, rather fix your
gaze on the favours and confirmations of the Blessed Beauty, because His everlasting grace will
make of the insignificant plant a blessed tree, will turn the mirage into cool water and wine; will
cause the forsaken atom to become the very essence of being, the puny one erudite in the school
of knowledge. It enableth a thorny bush to give forth blossoms, and the dark earth to produce
fragrant and rich hyacinths. It will transmute the stone into a ruby of great price, and fill the sea
shells with brilliant pearls. It will assist a fledgling schoolchild to become a learned teacher and
enable a frail embryo to reveal the reality of the verse: “Hallowed be the Lord, the Most Excellent
of all creators.”6 Verily, my Lord is powerful over things.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
100. In this day the duty of everyone, whether man or woman, is to teach the Cause. In America, the
women have outdone the men in this regard and have taken the lead in this field. They strive
harder in guiding the peoples of the world, and their endeavours are greater. They are confirmed
by divine bestowals and blessings. It is my hope that in the East the handmaids of the Merciful
will also exert such effort, reveal their powers, and manifest their capacities....
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
101. Now is the time to speak forth and to deliver speeches, the time to teach and to give testimony.
Loosen thy tongue, expound the truths, and establish the validity of the verse: “The All-Merciful
hath taught the Qur'án.”7 The Holy Spirit speaketh through the innermost essence of the human
tongue, God's Spirit which desireth communion with the human soul unfoldeth the truths, the
Faithful Spirit writeth down and the Spirit of the Ancient of Days confirmeth.
I swear by that Peerless Beauty, Who is in the Unseen Kingdom, that when the leaves loose their
tongues in praise and glorification of the All-Loving Lord, and in teaching the Cause of the Kind
Lord, the concourse of the Kingdom and the inmates of the Unseen Realms will give ear, and cry
out with exclamations of extreme joy and jubilation.
Glory be upon thee and upon every handmaiden who is steadfast in the Covenant.
(From a Tablet - translated from the Persian)
102. O handmaid of God!... To the mothers must be given the divine Teachings and effective counsel,
and they must be encouraged and made eager to train their children, for the mother is the first
educator of the child. It is she who must, at the very beginning, suckle the new-born at the breast
of God's Faith and God's Law, that divine love may enter into him even with his mother's milk,
and be with him till his final breath.
So long as the mother faileth to train her children, and start them on a proper way of life, the
training which they receive later on will not take its full effect. It is incumbent upon the Spiritual
Assemblies to provide the mothers with a well-planned programme for the education of children,
showing how, from infancy, the child must be watched over and taught. These instructions must
be given to every mother to serve her as a guide, so that each will train and nurture her children in
accordance with the Teachings.
(Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, rev. ed., (Haifa: Bahá'í World Centre, 1982), sec. 113, p. 138)
103. ...we must not make distinctions between individual members of the human family. We must not
consider any soul as barren or deprived. Our duty lies in educating souls so that the Sun of the
bestowals of God shall become resplendent in them, and this is possible through the power of the
oneness of humanity. The more love is expressed among mankind and the stronger the power of
unity, the greater will be this reflection and revelation, for the greatest bestowal of God is love.
Love is the source of all the bestowals of God. Until love takes possession of the heart, no other
6 Qur'án 23:14
7 Qur'án 55:2
Women
divine bounty can be revealed in it.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 15)
104. In brief, the assumption of superiority by man will continue to be depressing to the ambition of
woman, as if her attainment to equality was creationally impossible; woman's aspiration toward
advancement will be checked by it, and she will gradually become hopeless. On the contrary, we
must declare that her capacity is equal, even greater than man's. This will inspire her with hope
and ambition, and her susceptibilities for advancement will continually increase. She must not be
told and taught that she is weaker and inferior in capacity and qualification. If a pupil is told that
his intelligence is less than his fellow pupils, it is a very great drawback and handicap to his
progress. He must be encouraged to advance by the statement, “You are most capable, and if you
endeavour, you will attain the highest degree.”
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, pp. 76-77)
105. The purpose, in brief, is this: that if woman be fully educated and granted her rights, she will
attain the capacity for wonderful accomplishments and prove herself the equal of man. She is the
coadjutor of man, his complement and helpmeet.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 136)
106. The realities of things have been revealed in this radiant century, and that which is true must
come to the surface. Among these realities is the principle of the equality of man and woman—
equal rights and prerogatives in all things appertaining to humanity. Bahá'u'lláh declared this
reality over fifty years ago. But while this principle of equality is true, it is likewise true that
woman must prove her capacity and aptitude, must show forth the evidences of equality. She
must become proficient in the arts and sciences and prove by her accomplishments that her
abilities and powers have merely been latent. Demonstrations of force, such as are now taking
place in England, are neither becoming nor effective in the cause of womanhood and equality.
Woman must especially devote her energies and abilities toward the industrial and agricultural
sciences, seeking to assist mankind in that which is most needful. By this means she will
demonstrate capability and ensure recognition of equality in the social and economic equation.
Undoubtedly God will confirm her in her efforts and endeavours, for in this century of radiance
Bahá'u'lláh has proclaimed the reality of the oneness of the world of humanity and announced
that all nations, peoples and races are one.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, pp. 283-84)
107. Equality of the sexes will be established in proportion to the increased opportunities afforded
woman in this age, for man and woman are equally the recipients of powers and endowments
from God, the Creator. God has not ordained distinction between them in His consummate
purpose.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá During His Visit to the United States and
Canada in 1912, p. 300)
108. Woman must endeavour then to attain greater perfection, to be man's equal in every respect, to
make progress in all in which she has been backward, so that man will be compelled to
acknowledge her equality of capacity and attainment.
In Europe women have made greater progress than in the East, but there is still much to be done!
When students have arrived at the end of their school term an examination takes place, and the
result thereof determines the knowledge and capacity of each student. So will it be with woman;
her actions will show her power, there will no longer be any need to proclaim it by words.
It is my hope that women of the East, as well as their Western sisters, will progress rapidly until
humanity shall reach perfection.
God's Bounty is for all and gives power for all progress. When men own the equality of women
there will be no need for them to struggle for their rights! One of the principles then of
Women
Bahá'u'lláh is the equality of sex.
Women must make the greatest effort to acquire spiritual power and to increase in the virtue of
wisdom and holiness until their enlightenment and striving succeeds in bringing about the unity
of mankind. They must work with a burning enthusiasm to spread the Teaching of Bahá'u'lláh
among the peoples, so that the radiant light of the Divine Bounty may envelop the souls of all the
nations of the world!
(Paris Talks: Addresses given by 'Abdu'l-Bahá in Paris in 1911-1912, pp. 162-63)
Extracts From Letters Written by Shoghi Effendi
109. Regarding the position of the Bahá'í women in India and Burma, and their future collaboration
with the men in the administrative work of the Cause, I feel that the time is now ripe that those
women who have already conformed to the prevailing custom in India and Burma by discarding
the veil should not only be given the right to vote for the election of their local and national
representatives, but should themselves be eligible to the membership of all Bahá'í Assemblies
throughout India and Burma, be they local or national.
This definite and most important step, however, should be taken with the greatest care and
caution, prudence and thoughtfulness. Due regard must be paid to their actual capacity and
present attainments, and only those who are best qualified for membership, be they men or
women, and irrespective of social standing, should be elected to the extremely responsible
position of a member of the Bahá'í Assembly.
This momentous decision, I trust, will prove to be a great incentive to the women Bahá'ís
throughout India and Burma who, I hope, will now bestir themselves and endeavour to the best of
their ability to acquire a better and more profound knowledge of the Cause, to take a more active
and systematic part in the general affairs of the Movement, and prove themselves in every way
enlightened, responsible and efficient co-workers to their fellow-men in their common task for
the advancement of the Cause throughout their country.
May they fully realize their high responsibilities in this day, may they do all in their power to
justify the high hopes we cherish for their future, and may they prove themselves in every respect
worthy of the noble mission which the Bahá'í world is now entrusting to their charge.
(27 December 1923 to the National Spiritual Assembly of India and Burma)
110. Full rights have been accorded to Bahá'í women residing in the cradle of the Faith, to participate
in the membership of both national and local Bahá'í Spiritual Assemblies, removing thereby the
last remaining obstacle to the enjoyment of complete equality of rights in the conduct of the
administrative affairs of the Persian Bahá'í Community.
(April 1954, published in "Messages to the Bahá'í World 1950-1957", (Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1971), p. 65)
111. That the members of this community, of either sex and of every age, of whatever race or
background, however limited in experience, capacity and knowledge, may arise as one man, and
seize with both hands the God-given opportunities now presented to them through the
dispensations of an all-loving, ever-watchful, ever-sustaining Providence, and lend thereby a
tremendous impetus to the propelling forces mysteriously guiding the operations of this newly-
launched, unspeakably potent, world-encompassing Crusade, is one of the dearest wishes which a
loving and longing heart holds for them at this great turning point in the fortunes of the Faith of
Bahá'u'lláh in the American continent.
(20 June 1954 to the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States, published in Citadel of Faith: Messages to America
1947-1957, (Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1980), p. 132)
Extracts From Letters and a Telex Written by the Universal House of Justice
112. Concerning the point you raised in your letter ... that the women's liberation movement in ... is
Women
assuming extreme positions which are having some influence on impressionable Bahá'í young
women, we feel it would be helpful if your Assembly were to stress the unique position that
women occupy by being members of the Bahá'í Faith particularly through participation in the
administration of its affairs on both a local and national scale.
(9 April 1971 to the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States)
113. 'Abdu'l-Bahá has pointed out that “Among the miracles which distinguish this sacred
dispensation is this, that women have evinced a greater boldness than men when enlisted in the
ranks of the Faith.” Shoghi Effendi has further stated that this “boldness” must, in the course of
time, “be more convincingly demonstrated, and win for the beloved Cause victories more stirring
than any it has as yet achieved.” Although obviously the entire Bahá'í world is committed to
encouraging and stimulating the vital role of women in the Bahá'í community as well as in
society at large, the Five Year Plan calls specifically on eighty National Spiritual Assemblies to
organize Bahá'í activities for women. In the course of the current year which has been designated
“International Women's Year” as a world-wide activity of the United Nations, the Bahá'ís,
particularly in these eighty national communities, should initiate and implement programs which
will stimulate and promote the full and equal participation of women in all aspects of Bahá'í
community life, so that through their accomplishments the friends will demonstrate the
distinction of the Cause of God in this field of human endeavour.
(25 May 1975 to all National Spiritual Assemblies)
114. PARTICULARLY CALL UPON BAHA'I WOMEN, WHOSE CAPACITIES IN MANY LANDS STILL
LARGELY UNUSED, AND WHOSE POTENTIAL FOR SERVICE CAUSE SO GREAT, TO ARISE
AND DEMONSTRATE IMPORTANCE PART THEY ARE TO PLAY IN ALL FIELDS SERVICE
FAITH.
(24 March 1977 To All National Spiritual Assemblies)
115. The youth have long been in the forefront of the teaching work, and now our hearts rejoice to see
the women, in so many lands where previously their capacities were largely left unused, devoting
their capable services to the life of the Bahá'í community.
(Ridván 1978 to the International Bahá'í Convention)
116. At the heart of all activities, the spiritual, intellectual and community life of the believers must be
developed and fostered, requiring: the prosecution with increased vigour of the development of
Local Spiritual Assemblies so that they may exercise their beneficial influence and guidance on
the life of Bahá'í communities; the nurturing of a deeper understanding of Bahá'í family life; the
Bahá'í education of children, including the holding of regular Bahá'í classes and, where
necessary, the establishment of tutorial schools for the provision of elementary education; the
encouragement of Bahá'í youth in study and service; and the encouragement of Bahá'í women to
exercise to the full their privileges and responsibilities in the work of the community—may they
befittingly bear witness to the memory of the Greatest Holy Leaf, the immortal heroine of the
Bahá'í Dispensation, as we approach the fiftieth anniversary of her passing.
(Naw-Ruz 1979 to the Bahá'ís of the World)
117. The equality of men and women is not, at the present time, universally applied. In those areas
where traditional inequality still hampers its progress we must take the lead in practicing this
Bahá'í principle. Bahá'í women and girls must be encouraged to take part in the social, spiritual
and administrative activities of their communities.
(Ridván 1984 to the Bahá'ís of the World)
118. Calling upon local and national Bahá'í communities to sponsor a wide range of activities which
will engage the attention of people from all walks of life to various topics relevant to peace, such
as: the role of women...
(23 January 1985 to all National Spiritual Assemblies)
Women
Extracts From Letters Written on Behalf of the Universal House of Justice
119. The House of Justice regards the need to educate and guide women in their primary responsibility
as mothers as an excellent opportunity for organizing women's activities. Your efforts should
focus on helping them in their function as educators of the rising generation.
(29 February 1984 to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Mariana Islands)
120. The princip1e of the equality between women and men, like the other teachings of the Faith, can
be effectively and universally established among the friends when it is pursued in conjunction
with all the other aspects of Bahá'í life. Change is an evolutionary process requiring patience with
one's self and others, loving education and the passage of time as the believers deepen their
knowledge of the principles of the Faith, gradually discard long-held traditional attitudes and
progressively conform their lives to the unifying teachings of the Cause.
(25 July 1984 to an individual believer)
VI. Bibliography
Bahá'u'lláh The Hidden Words. London: National Spiritual Assembly of the British Isles, 1949
Bahá'u'lláh Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh revealed after the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Haifa: Bahá'í World Centre,
1978
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1982
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Shoghi Effendi Messages to the Bahá'í World, 1950-1957. Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1971
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Family Life 1982 U.K. Publishing Trust, p. 8
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Esslemont, John Ebenezer. Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era, Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1976.
Revised July 1990
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