Freemasonry, Baha'ism, and British Tudehis
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Source: Bahá'í Library Online (bahai-library.com), curated by Jonah Winters. Used by permission of the curator. Original citation: Ali Akbar Dareini, Freemasonry, Baha'ism, and British Tudehis, bahai-library.com.
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The
Rise and Fall of
The Pahlavi Dynasty
Memoirs ofFormer General HusseinFardust

Translated and Annotated by
Au AKBAR DAREINI

MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS
PRNATE LIMIT~-.DELHI
First Edition: Delhi, 1999

© ALI AKBAR DAREINI
All Rights reserved.

ISBN: 81-208-1642-0

Also available at:
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PAHLA VJ REGIME, THE WESTS ESPIONAGE BASTION               185
184         THE RISE AND FALL OF THE PAHLAVI DYNASTY

Colonel and headed Mossad's station in the secret Israeli Embassy              The principal targets of the Israeli Intelli?~nce an~ sect-1:rity
in Tehran.                                                                  service are: (1) the Arab states - their capabilities and mtenhons
A few weeks later, Nimrodi came to my office. He bade me a              toward Israel, their relations with the USSR and other powers,
good morning sind offered me a sum of over 60,000 tumans.                   their official installations and representatives throughout the
"What is this money for?", I asked.                                     world, their leaders, internal and inter-Arab politics, morale,
"Since the establishment of Israel's extraterritorial bases in Iran,    military preparedness and other order ?f. battl:; (2) collectio~ of
we have paid this much on a monthly basis to Alavikia for his               information on secret U.S. policy or deo.sions, if any, concemmg
cooperation with us, and we continue to do so to you as his                 Israel; (3) collection of scientific intelligence in the U.S. and ot~er
successor", he said.                                                         developed countries; (4) determination of government policy
I rejected his offer. Then, I directly went to Alavikia's residence      toward Israel in the USSR and East European nations and the
to inquire about the issue. He confirmed that payments had been              problem of Jewish emigration from these areas; (5) close
made. He accepted my view that it was amounted bribe. However,               monitoring of anti-Zionist activity t_Iu:oug~out th~ world; and
I refused to accept the money and Nimrodi did not insist.                    (6) collection of political and economic intelligence m other areas
Anyhow, since probably 1958 Israel had established three bases            of interest to them, such as Africa." 7
in Iran. The bases were in Ahvaz in Khuzestan Province, Ilam in
Ilam Province, and Baneh and Marivan in Kurdestan Province. In                SAVAKhad also established ten extraterritorial bases abroad to
all these areas, SA VAK had its stations too. The targets were Iraq        monitor the domestic situation in Iraq and other Arab states but
and the southern littoral Arab states. The bases recruited local           their efficiency was even less than the three Israeli bases because
agents in order to better carry out their espionage missions. The          of lack of experience on the part of SAVAK agents.                .
recruited agents were mostly Iraqis but later, agents from Kuwait,            The bases continued operations until 1967-8. Some 300 Israelis
Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, and even Saudi Arabia were                  were active in these bases. By 1968, Israeli leaders decided to shut
recruited to the Ahvaz base. The bases were gathering the latest           down their bases in Iran, and Mossad, since then, directly operated
information on the internal situation in Iraq and especially on the        from inside Israel for collecting intelligence on Iraq.        .    .
government-owned organizations. A copy of the reports prepared                 However, Mossad continued to operate in Iran and Nimrodi
by the Israeli bases was sent to SA VAK's Second Department.                remained in constant touch with SAVAK. After the bases w~re
Iraq was of special importance to Israel and, therefore, great           removed Nimrodi continued his exchange of intelligence not with
attention was paid to the developments taking place in that country.        me but with Motazed after he succeeded me. Nimrodi had the ~ost
Gradually, the bases, which enjoyed all kinds of facilities, extended       extensive connections with SAVAK but in no way the Americans
their activities to the southern Arab states.                               complained about this. As I stated earlier, CIA and MI-6 had
deliberately encouraged SAVAK to tum to Mossad.             .
"Mossad stations outside Arab areas in the Near East are                     I met Nimrodi two times in Tehran after the bases .ha~ bee:i
generally under diplomatic cover within the embassies and                  withdrawn. He was on a mission to Tehran. He was conhnumg his
consulates of Israel. There are stations in the United States, most       job in Israel.8
of the European capitals, Turkey, Iran (during the Shah's time)
and strategic centres in Latin America, Africa and the Far East.                            FREEMASONARY, BAHAISM,
Operations range from formal liaison exchanges with host                                      AND BRITISH TUDEHIS
services through unilateral projects to special executive actions
directed against Arab terrorists. There are also smaller stations,        Freemasonary, since its establishment in Iran, was functioning as a
which run mostly unilateral operations and handle local liaison           pro-British political o~ganization. Its influence had ~eepened. to
on such matters as Arab terrorists ....                                   the extent that the majority of the statesmen and high ranking
186        THE RISE AND FALL OF THE PAHLAVI DYNASTY                                PAHLAVI REGIME, THE WEST'S ESPIONAGE BASTION              187

authorities had registered in the organization or did so when            mistakes at the feet of the British and Freemasons and to bring
appointed to a key post. It could easily be claimed that                 both into ill repute; secondly, to gradually isolate British policy-
Freemasonary organizations were the most important political             makers in order to pave the way for U.S.-backed agents to seize
groups which administered the affairs in the country for a long          key posts.
time. Wealthy families and many distinguished personalities joined          Bahais were another sect under the surveillance of the 3rd
the new setup and carried out the recommendations and the designs        Department. The department prepared a comprehensive report
of British leaders.                                                      about the activities of Bahais every three months. The Shah was
Freemasonary in Iran came into existence under the title of           fully aware of Bahai establishments and of high level posts held by
"Pahlavi Lodge" led by Javaheri with the approval of the Shah.           Bahais, and he used to show his goodwill to them.
Earnest Proun who was a conduit between Mohammad Reza and                   Bahais were in prominance even during Reza Shah. The former
the Lodge was the most influential figure in the group. As I said        monarch appointed Assadollah Sanie, a famous Bahai, his aid-deearlier, Proun took me to Javaheri's residence for a meeting, and        camp. Sanie's influence increased during Alam, Mansure, and
tried to convince me to join the organization but I refused since I      especially Hoveida. He was War Minister during Hoveida's cabinet
was not interested to align with them.                                   for some time. The most prominent Bahai during Pahlavis was
Since the very first day of SA VAK's birth, Americans assigned        Abdolkarim Ayadi. Abdolkarim's father had chosen the surname
the 3rd Department to collect information about the activities and       "Ayadi" meaning "elements or hands" because he was one of
investigate the role of foreign bureaus or international organizations   "Ayadi Amrollah" (Elements of God's Order), a close group to
operating in Iran. The investigation included Freemasonary and           Abbass Afandi. Abdolkarim's blessings helped many other Bahais
Bahaism as well. The American advisor at the 3rd Department was          to seize top posts during Mohammad Reza's reign. He played a
closely supervising the study and passed the required information        decisive role in having Amir Abbass Hoveida, a Bahai, appointed
on to CIA station chief. A permanent two-member section within           Prime Minister. Hoveida's father had also been one of the close
the 3rd Department was charged with supervising Freemason and            associates and special writers of Afandi.
a few other groups operating in tlie country. The section released          The activities of Bahais were jeopardized only once when
two bulletins a year about Freemasons. Although the Shah was             Hojjatoleslam Falsafi, a famous preacher, lashed out at the sect. In
aware of Freemasonary activities in Iran, a copy of the bulletin was     an attempt to pacify public wrath, Mohammad Reza ordered the
sent to him through SIB to stuCiy.                                       demolition of Hazirat-al-Qods, a holy place for Bahais, in Tehran.
The unfavourable reputation of Freemasons and a growing               The Shah ordered Ayadi to leave the country for a short time. He
opposition to the activities of the group forced the Shah to keep his    stayed in Italy for nine months, and returned home after the
relations with them strictly covert but he always backed them in a       situation returned to normal.
way or another.                                                             Bahais are not allowed to assume political posts without the prior
The Shah was regularly kept up to date on the latest function of      permission of their top leader in Aka, a Bahai holy site in Israel.
the organization. For their part, Freemasons always expressed            They are required to confine their activities to trade and agriculture.
loyalty to Mohammad Reza and supported his throne.                          "So, why have you accepted a political post?", once I asked Sani.
The publication of a three-volume book under the title of                "Leader permits us to accept political posts in exceptional cases",
"Freemason's Lodge and Freemasonary in Iran" written by Ismael           he replied.
Rain inflicted a heavy blow to the organization because it disclosed        Bahais believe that Iran is the "Promised Land" for Bahais and
the names of many of its members. I understand that the disclosure       therefore assuming political posts in Iran was not prohibited. All
was orchestrated by the Americans to reveal the strong hold the          the Bahais I have met do not have a feeling of being Iranians. It
British had over the Iranian ruling clique. Americans had two clear      was clear to me that they were spies. The Shah not only did not
intentions behind the. disdosure; first, to lay the blam~_o; past;       s~ow i11lY..~~~':'}lY..t'?.W..~£!s t;li-17 gr~~,Ft~~~~,~~B,~~~~an
188        THE RISE AND FALL OF THE PAHLAVI DYNASTY                                   PAHLAVI REGIME, THE WEST'S ESPIONAGE BASTION              189

but also he explicitly disclosed that he was happy to see them in                pretexts, primarily set to learning the different dimensions of
important posts because they did not conspire against him. The            .      the culture of the Islamic nations and peoples. Mr. Hemfer
(founder of Wahabism and the instigator of Mohammad Ben
powerful Bahais did everything to improve their financial position
and take the upper hand in handling the country's economic affairs.              Abdul-Wahab), in his memoirs, says: "The British Foreign
I did not know any poor Bahai during this period. Many districts                 Secretary told me that about 5,000 spies and experts on cultural
in Tehran were under Bahai's virtual control.                                    issues had been deployed in the remotest parts of the world to
In 1975, Shah's personal office (under Moinian) handed over to               obtain sufficient intelligence on nations and their customs and
SIB a complaint. The letter said Hojabr Yazdani, a wealthy                       traditions". On the other hand, the Ottoman Empire which was
influential individual, had confiscated lands of sheperds and                    gradually being weakened, had turned into a field of rivalries
villagers in Sangsar. The Shah ordered to investigate the case and               between the British and the Russians, each trying to pave the
report back to him the outcome. I dispatched two SIB officers and                ~ay for its o~~ future domination by penetrating into
a SAVAK photographer to the area. The officers reported that                     mtellectual, political and social groups.
inhabitants of Nazaranabad in the mountains of Sangsar are all                      One of the best known conspiracies by the imperialists in this
Bahais. Yazdani was their leader. They had seized lands of                      connection was this same issue of" religion making, sectarianism
nieghbouring Muslim-inhabited village. The evidence was                         and creating gaps in the Muslim ranks", just as the history of
collected, and was handed over to the Shah. The following morillng,             coming into existence of many of the present beliefs, concepts
Ayadi telephoned me and said Mohammad Reza had shown him                        and parties in the Islamic countries go back to those days (such
the report. He said the report was biased, and urged the Shah to                as Zionism in the Middle East, Babism, Bahaism and Kasravism
dispatch an unbiased team of experts to re-investigate the case!. I             in Iran, etc.).
said the documented report was accurate, and that there was no                      Bahaism was a rather successful experience by imperialism
need for a re-investigation. Anyhow, nothing was done to return                 and the enemies of Islam, although it did not prove much benefit
the lands to their Muslim owners. A year later, I learned that                  to its original promoter, Russia. Since its genesis, however, it
Yazdani was engaged in big land transactions in Tehran. He was                  has acted as a political party, opposed to Islam, disuniting people
always escorted by his two bodyguards.                                          and paving the way for the superpowers' penetration into Islamic
During the reign of last Pahlavi monarch, Bahais launched an                 countries, especially Iran. Here, we shall endeavour to describe
extensive campaign propagating Bahaism in Iran. They used girls                 the background which caused the Russian government to exploit
as means of luring men to convert to Bahaism. They also prescribed              it to create a new faith called Bahaism.
marriages between Bahais and Muslims. Iran had the biggest Bahai                    Following the death in 1825 of Sheikh Ehsaee who had
population in the world after the United States. Bahais who are                 managed to launch a new school of thought, called Sheikhia, in
mostly living in Chicago, U.S. are a powerful community. During                 Iraq's Shia teaching centres during the tumultous atmosphere
the height of Bahais power in Iran, Bahaism was among the religions             of the time between the Osoolis (those believing in rational
mentioned in employment application forms in government                         principles to understand the rules of scripture) and the Akhbaris
departments but it was dropped from the forms after their holy                  (those who believed in traditional narratives without applying
site was demolished in Tehran. Since then, they were introducing                intellect or rational principles), the ground-work had been laid
themselves as Muslims!                                                          by Ehsaee for misuse by imposters by virtue of omitting two
precepts, namely "resurrection" and "justice", from the religious
"With the advent of neo-colonialism and the introduction of                   precepts and their replacement by a fourth precept called "the
imperialists to remote countries, a flood of researchers from                 fourth pillar" (belief in the existence of a deputy and direct link
imperialistic governments, particularly Britain and the Czarist               between the Imam and the people during the Imam's absence).
Rtissi'a,'began pOuririg:irifo Islainiccotintiiesifud, tinder various       . Following his death;.hisdisciple,.SeY.ed Kazem Rashti, attempted
190          THE RISE AND FALL OF THE PAHLAVI DYNASTY
PAHLAVI REGIME, THE WEST'S ESPIONAGE BASTION               191

to propagate his ideas, thereby gradually increasing the gap                           called "Babism" (which later changed to Bahaism by Hossein
between the mullas of the new sect and those of Shi' ism. Rash ti,                     Ali Mirza's claim) was created by Shirazi and, in fact, under the
who, according to many historians and history books, was not                           leadership of the Russian spy. Ali Mohammad Bab's propagation
from Rasht but from Vladivostok in Russia and was a political                         of superstitious and sacreligious ideas sent him to prison.
agent of the Russian government, had in his class a young man                          However, he was released from prison by Manouchehr Khan
from Shiraz, named Mirza Ali Mohammad.                                                Motamedodoleh, the governor of Isfahan who was born an
After Seyed Kazem' s death, Ali Mohammad Shirazi claimed                           Armenia and was from Georgia in Russia and, with the Russian
deputyship and attracted some people around himself in Iraq.                          Government's help, had penetrated the Qajar establishment as
Among his disciples, there was a man by the name of Sheikh                             an enemy and had a deep dislike for Isfahan's Shia mullahs.
Issa Landarani whose real name, according to his own                                   Manouchehr Khan brought Bab to Isfahan and provided him
confessions and the documents published by Czarist Russia, was                         with propaganda facilities. As stated in "Surnrnorised History"
Kiniaz Dolgorouki who, in the beginning, during the rule of Fath                       by Nabid Zarandi, "Manouchehr Khan himself endeavoured
Ali Shah, had been an employee and a translator of the Russian                         hard to spread the faith". Dolgorouki has written in his book:
Embassy in Tehran. He had then gone to Russsia and, upon his                           "As soon as I received information that Bab had arrived in
return to Gilan, had introduced himself as a Muslim by the name                        Isfahan, I wrote a friendly letter to Isfahan Governor
of Issa Lankarani. Wearing the clergy attire, he went to Iraq on                       Motamedodoleh, asking him to protect him as my good,
an intelligence mission for his government to gather intelligence                      respected friend."
about the situation in the Iraqi religious teaching centres. There                         As is evident, the agents of Czarist Russian government
he attended the classes taught by Ali Mohammad Shirazi who                             spared no effort to protect him and to spread the new faith. Even
claimed to be the deputy' of the absent Imam MahdL This same                           when, under pressure from Iranian mullahs and the people of
i.
person (by the fictitious name of Sheikh Issaj was later sent to             ••        Isfahan, ordered him to arrest and exile Bab to Maku,
Tehran as the Russian Ambassador, at which time he supported
the Bahai movement in Iran and, ~ccording to admissions by
.•        northwestern Iran, Manoucher Khan refused to enforce the
Bahais, was the cause of Bahai's release from prison.                        i        order. "Sayyah's Personal Memoirs", a book written by Abass
Afandi (the third Bahai leader), states on page 16:" ... Manouchehr
Shirazi's psychological disorder, his strong ambitions for               j'        Khan sent him out of Isfahan with a group of his riders. When
leadership, continual instigations by Sheikh Issa Dolgorouki, and                      they reached Mourchehkhort, they were secretly ordered to
the susceptible circumstances created by Rashti all united to                         return to Isfahan, where he securely sheltered him in his own
induce Ali Mohammad to proclaim himself the justice-                                  house."
administering world saviour by pretending to be the "Promised                             This fact was divulged after Manouchehr Khan's death, when
Mahdi of Islam", and thereby attract the wretched and oppressed                       Bab was exiled to Maku. After some time he was imprisoned in
people to his beguiling mirage, which caused three civil wars in                      the Chehrig Castle, and finally in 1850, he was hanged in Tabriz
three sensitive regions of our country and shed much blood.                           after trial. Although Bab expressly repented twice, his real
In his confessions in this respect, Dolgorouki has written: " ...                 instigators, the Russian agents, did not allow the disturbance to
I gradually approached him and became one of his closest                              die down and, even to his death, encouraged him to make
friends. I invited him to my house several times, where I mixed                       baseless claims of disuniting effect.
his water-pipe tobacco with Indian hemp juice and hashish.                                During Shirazi's imprisonment, unpleasant events took place
During his ecstatic moods I encouraged him to stand up against                        at the hands of Babis in Zanjan, Ghazvin, and Mazandaran at
the Shia mullahs and to claim superiority."                                           foreign instigation and by the makings of people such as Mirza
Such circuffistances gave rise to Ali Mohammad's claim of                          Hossein Ali.( a_pleasure-seeking. Iranian who took over the
,,, ;:, Mahdism and      ETVen. prophecy: and divinitf and S(!i a:-new:l !*,!<:~ .        ;,r Ieadecihip of this new religion,claimedBabism andlater claimed
192         THE RISE AND FALL OF THE PAHLAVI DYNASTY                                    PAHLAVI REGIME, THE WEST'S ESPIONAGE BASTION             193

to be Baha Ullah, or Glory of God, and even God) as well as a              with the help of the British government, who were at war with
prostitute by the name of Qaralein. History is ashamed to relate           the Ottoman Government, as well as Abass Afandi's activities
such events. The blood of hundreds of innocent men, women                  and his trips to Europe and America and the support he received
and children was spilled. The political disorder at the time, the          from the Zionists who contemplated to set up a government and
Shah's chronic illness, repercussions of the instability of his reign,     to occupy Palestine, was able to set up an organization in
the Qajar family's quarrels over the throne, the existence of              Palestine, modelled on European political parties, at a site called
ignorant and oppressive governors and incompetent clergy,                  "Beitol Adl" (House of Justice) in Haifa. This same establishment
pr~~alence of religious gains, the uprising by the Afghan people,          gradually became an authority for taking decisions on Bahai
Bntish support for separation of the Afghani region, dispersion            activities in all countries, and was turned into a fundamental
of Iran's 60 thousand men army as a result of British threats,             pillar for establishment and entrenchment of the regime
expansion of the influence exercised by the Russian, British and            occupying Qods (Jerusalem). Following Baha Ullah's death,
French embassies in Iran, and riots by the people of Khorasan               Abbass Afandi and Shoghi Afandi respectively took over the
against the ruling class created such an atmosphere that enabled           leadership of the affiliated party."9
the Babis to strengthen themselves and thereby give rise to the
bloody events at Sheikh Tabassi Castle as well as the tragic events          Here let me explain about the term "British Tudehis". It became
in Tabriz and Zanjan. Amir Kabir who sensed British and Russian           a common phrase on the lips of the people during Mohammad
imperialism to be behind such events, decided to crush them.              Reza's reign. I have little knowledge about its foundation and its
However, in the wake of his death, foreign embassies proceeded            leaders, but certainly, British intelligence agents were behind the
with their schemes until August 1952 when the Babis tried in              party. Most likely, Assadollah Alam was the topmost member and
vain to assassinate Nasserddin Shah. Following this attempt,              leader of the party. The party came into prominence after
Baha Ullah was arrested, convicted and sentenced to death.                August 19, 1953 coup. Alam did nothing without receiving orders
However, he was released from prison at the Russian                       from the British, and certainly a large number of its members had
Ambassador's support and mediation and was saved from                     previously been agents of London who had performed great
certain death at the recommendation of Emperor Nicolevic                  services, and, therefore, deserved posts of a ministerial nature or
Alexander KK, whereupon he was exiled to Iraq with the                    the like at the Court.
remnants of the Babis. During their ten years in Baghdad, they
continued with their sedition, causing disunity and diversity
among the Muslim community as. well as committing crimes,
most of which are recorded in history books. They were finally
summoned to Constantinople by the Ottoman Government. The
fact is that the Ottoman Government initially sought to use them
as a means to weaken the Iranian Government. But, as soon as it
found out about their secret connections with the Russian and
British embassies in Turkey, it put a stop to their activities, and
finally, under pressure from the people who had grown
impatient with their atrocities, it divided them into two groups
one of which, called Babia, headed by Sob he Azai, was exiled to
(;,:yprus, :ind the ~ther group, ~eaded by Baha Ullah, was exiled
t6 Akka m Palestine. The Babia group m Cyprus abandoned its
and
:· : activities       is now almost extinct. But BahaUllah in Palestine,
REFERENCES                                449
448         THE RISE AND ;:ALL OF THE PAHLAVI DYNASTY

banquet and reception in the Oriental splendour of the old Golestan       17.    Please see The Economist, August 26, 1978.
Palace. Affairs of state delayed our honeymoon for a few days, but        18.    Please see Iran: Religion, Politics and Society, Nikki R. Keddie, Frank
then we had a long-awaited time together on the Caspian."                        Cass and Company Limited, London, 1980; pp. 220-1 and
Above from Mission for My Country: His Imperial Majesty                      PP· 230-1.
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Hutchinson and Co. (Publishers) Ltd.,         19.    Above from The Pride and the Fall: Iran 1974-1979, Sir Anthony
London, 1961-1968; pp. 224-27.                                                   Parsons, Butlers and Tanner Ltd., 1984; pp. 6-7.
5.   Please see The Return of the Ayatollah: The Iranian Revolution from
Mossadiq to Khomeini, Mohammad Heikal; Andre Deutsch Limited,                                              Chapter4
1981; pp. 93-5. The paragraph in parenthesis from All Fall Down:
America's Tragic Encounter with Iran; Gary Sick, Random House, New              PAHLAVI DYNASTY, WEST'S ESPIONAGE BASTION
York, 1985; p. 12.
6.   Please see Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam         1.    Please see The Return of the Ayatollah, Mohamed Heikal; Andre
Khomeini; translated and annotated by Hamid Algar, Mizan Press;                 .Deutsch Limited, 1981-1983; p. 16.
Berkeley; 1981; pp. 200-208.                                               2.    Please see The Return of the Ayatollah, Mohamed Heikal; Andre
7.   Please see International Herald Tribune (Paris), 13 and 14 May, 1973.            Deutsch Limited, 1981-1983; pp. 15-6.
8.   Please see The Return of the Ayatollah: The Iranian Revolution from        3.    "One other significant military official whom I very seldom met
Mossadiq to Khomeini, Mohammad Heikal; Andre Deutsch Limited,                    and with whom I cannot recall ever having had a social conversation
1981;p. 33.                                                                      was General Fardust, the inspector general of the realm. He, like
9.   Ahmad Shafiq was son of Shafiq Pasha, chief of Egyptian King's                   Qarabaqi, had been one of that select group chosen to be classmates
office. Shafiq Pasha was sent to exile in Europe after Foad replaced             and companions of the Crown Prince, and he was now reputed to
the king. Ashraf's decision to marry Shafiq annoyed King Farooq                  be closer to the Shah than any other officer; the monarch used him
who saw the marriage detrimental to the special relationship                     as his "eyes and ears". By making him inspector general, the Shah
between the two monarchical families. Mohammad Reza ignored                      fashioned an instrument of loyalty in whom he had complete
Farooq's anger and accepted Ashraf's request to allow her marry                  confidence and who could act discreetly to check information he
Shafiq. The fruits of their marriage was a boy and a girl. The boy               received from other officials. General Fardust constantly made
whom they decided to call Shahriyar later became a navy officer                  unpublicized trips throughout the country, investigating not only
and was assassinated in Paris after the 1979 Islamic revolution.                 military matters but also civilian government activities. He was
Ashraf's daughter, Azadeh was crazy-sex like her mother. Above                   particularly respected and feared among the bureaucracy, because
collected b:irthe compiler of Fardust's memoirs, the Institute for               his reports could result in the rapid termination of a career or even
Political Studies and Research, published as footnotes in the Persian            in a criminal action that brought corrupt officials into disrepute.
text of the book.        ·                                                           Please see Mission to Iran, William H. Sullivan, W.W. Norton and
10.   For details please see Twentieth Century Iran, Hossein Amirsadeghi               Company, 1981; pp. 76-7.
and R.W. Ferrier, William Heinemann Ltd., 1977; p. 102.                    4.    Please see Mission for My Country: His Imperial Majesty Mohammad
11.   Above from All Fall Down: America's Tragic Encounter with Iran; Gary             Reza Shah Pahlavi, Hutchinson and Co. (Publishers) Ltd., London;
Sick, Random House, New York, 1985; p. 47.                                       1961-1968; pp. 176-7.
12.   For details please see The Shah and I, Memoirs of Assadollah Alam.        5.     For details please see Documents from the U.S. Espionage Den:
13.   Above from All Fall Down: America's Tragic Encounter with Iran; Gary             America-Supporter of Usurpers of the Qods, The Centre for Publication
Sick, Random House, New York, 1985; p. 11.                                       of the U.S. Espionage Den's Documents, p. 283.
14.   Please see Mission to Iran, William H. Sullivan; W.W. Norton and          6.     For details please see Documents from the U.S. Espionage Den:
Company, 1981; pp. 65-6.                                                         America-Supporter of Usurpers of the Qods, The Centre for Publication
15.   Please see Iran Religion, Politics and Society, Nikki R. Keddie, Frank           of the U.S. Espionage Den's Documents; p. 273.
Cass and Company Limited, London, 1980; p. 146.                            7.    "Israel's principal intelligence and security authority is the Va'adat
16.   Please see The Pride and the Fall: Iran 1974-1979, Sir Anthony Parsons,          Rashet Hasherutim (the Committee of the Heads of Services),
Butler and Tanner Ltd., London, 1984; p. 67.                                    generally known as Va'adat. It coordinates the operations and
450          THE RISE AND FALL OF THE PAHLAVI DYNASTY                                                           REFERENCES                                 451

activities of its members. Mossad Letafkidim Meyouchadim (the Secret           though informal· relations. These relations, he says, became closer
Intelligence Service) or Mossad, its common name, has the primary              in later years when certain Israeli friends discreetly joined the CIA
responsibility for foreign operations and is subordinate to the Prime          in helping to organize and give guidance to a new Iranian security
Minister. Sherut Bitachon Klali (counterespionage and Internal                 service. The Israeli action was entirely 'under the table', essentially
Security), popularly known as Shin Beth, is responsible for security           a clandestine operation - but it was of great assistance to the Iranians.
and is directly subordinate to the Prime Minister. Agaf Modiin                      Kermit Roosevelt, Countercoup: The Struggle for Control of Iran,
(Military Intelligence) has the main responsibility for strategic              McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1979.
military intelligence and communications intelligence and is under
the command of the Chief of Staff of the Israeli Defense Forces. The
Ministry of Foreign Affairs provides support in research and political                                    Chapter6
planning to the Israel intelligence community."
For details please see Documents from the U.S. Espionage Den:                   INTERNAL SECURITY DURING PAHLAVIS
America-Supporter of Usurpers of the Qods, The Centre for Publication
of the U.S. Espionage Den's Document.;, p. 265, p. 267 and p. 276.         1.   Please see The CIA: The Forgotten History, William Blum, Zed Books
8.    "Yaccov Nimrodi (was) one of the richest men in Israel. An Iraqi                Ltd., London 1986; p. 74.
Jew and a former Israeli military attache to Iran, he had established      2.   Ibrahim Yunesi, translator of the book, Edmondz, Kurds, Turks and
the first official government-run arms channel between Israel and               Arabs says, "Sadat of Egypt was mediating between the Shah and
Iran in the early 1960s. In 1967, after the Middle East war, hecame             Saddam. In late February 1975, Barezani dispatched a delegation to
back to Tel Aviv and made presentations to the chief of the General             Egypt to see what were the alleged secret negotiations in ~aghdad
Staff of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). He wanted to be military              between the representatives of Iran and Iraq. Sadat received the
governor of the West Banlc, which had just been captured; ... when              Kurdish delegation and ensured them that there were no talks being
the IDF general staff said they were not ready to appoint him, he               held at all. He betrayed them." Above collected by the compiler of
told them that if he did not get the job he was going to leave the              Fardust's memoirs, the Institute for Political Studies and Research,
army and become a millionaire ...                                               published as footnotes in the Persian text of the book.  .         .
He surprised all. As soon as his resignation from the military         3.   Molla Mustafa Barezani died a slow death from cancer m the Uruted
went into effect, he returned to Tehran. Because of the friendship              States from 1976 to 1979. Molla Mustafa's son, Masoud, who had
he developed with the Shah, Nimrodi, reached an agreement that                  joined the KDP in 1963, was elected to succeed his father as KDP
any arms coming to Iran from Israel would have to be brokered by                leader. Masoud Barezani and his KDP welcomed the victory of the
him-with a built-in commission."                                                1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and in his interviews with domestic
Above from Profits of War: Inside the Secret US-Israeli Anns Network,        and foreign papers attacked the Pahlavi regime and the United ~tates
Ari Ben-Menashe, Sheridan Square Press, New York 1992; p. 168.                  for their treason against the Kurds. Above collected by the compiler of
9.    Above from Bahaism, its Origin and its Role: The Islamic Revolution             Fardust's Memoirs, the Institute for Political Studies and Research,
Culture Publication, The Hague, the Netherlands; pp. 3-6.                       published as footnotes in the Persian text of the ~k. . .        .
4.   Compiled from international wire services published m mtemational
newspapers.
Chapters                                         5.   Please see Iran: Past and Present, Donald N. Wilber, Princeton
University Press, New Jersey, Eighth Edition, 1976; pp. 163-5.
SECRET AGENCIES DURING PAHLAVIS                                       6.   On the same day SAV AK issued a statement: "Since, according to
reliable information and sufficient evidence, Mr. Khomeini's attitude
1.    Please see Mission to Iran, William H. Sullivan; W.W. Norton and                and provocations have been considered contrary to _the_int_erests_of
Company, 1981, pp. 94-6 and p. 99.           .                                  the State, and to the security, independence, and tern tonal integrity
2.    Please see Profits of War: Inside the Secret US-Israeli Anns Network,           of the State, he has been exiled from Iran effective November 4,
Ari Ben-Menashe, Sheridan Square Press, New York 1992; p. 27.                   1964".
3.    Kermit Roosevelt, a crucial CIA figure during the 1953 coup itt Iran,
in his book Counten:oup writes that Iran and Israel__ had excellent

.I
-- Freemasonry, Baha'ism, and British Tudehis (Used by permission of the curator)