Baha'i Studies in Europe
REPORr ON ... BAH.A 'I á- STUDIES IN
EOa:>PE
(1981)
Thie report la compriaed of accOUDt• of personal inter• i•v• engaged. vi th • mi•- ber of indiriduale aw of who• actiri- ti•• relate th• ill aom• var to th• in- teuiv• hietorioal or doctrin•l atu«17 of - - the Bibi and B•bi'i r•ligione, •;ncl of dee- criptiona of certal! prin.te, pu.blic, u- ai•ereit7 ancl Bebi'i inetitutio-al libra- • ri•• •ad archiY&l colleotione containing Bibi •nd B•bA't related literature, the indirldu•l• and librui•• located in Eng- land, Wales, Belgium, France, Switserland, Weet Ger•án;r~ Den•ark, Sweden, Horḥa1' 1 Finland, Italy, Austria, •nd encountered between NOY•ber 2'1-, 1980 and July 141 1981 bJ the author of thie report, Peter 'fraffard Terr7 Jr. I If D B X
I. 1JNITED KINGDOM IV. MORWAY 1)Dr. Moojan MOll9n 1 7>Tcm labbock 2)Peter Smith 3 8)0elo Uniyereitete- 3)Robert Parry bibliotek 63 9)0.lo Menighetsfakultets- 4.)Dr. Deni• MacEoin 8 bibliotek 63 5)Dr. 'Abbas Amenat 10 10>Teologiskfakultet- 6)Viva Perdu T•lin 11 bibliotek 64 ?)Stephen Lámbden 12 11)Báb8•i Senter Bibliotek 64 8)Jan .Jeeion 13 9)Britieb Behi'l Archives 14 V. IUJARD 10)Iancaeter aeeting 16 1)Sirkka Salai 65 2)X.•ran Rudar 65 áII. MIDIUM 3)Mosatar \t..dar 66 1)Dr. Loni Brwon 25 lt)llllrri Peltola 69 5)Dr. Babib'u'Jlab Zebi.hiap 71 III. F!WCE 6)David s;nnone 72 1)Dr. Alline Heabah 2:1 2)Dr. Maurice Bemiol ,,. ?)Helsingin Yliopiaton Kirjaeto .,, 3)Andre Brugiroux 36 8)Slavonic Collection 4)Bibliot~que Rationale UniveraitJ of BelaiDki et Uniyeraitaire de Librarr 73 ~traabourg 37 9)1Canaallieen Kirjaaton 5)Bibliot~ue Rationale SieilJ.7e 74 de Paris 39 6)Bibliot~ue National• - - de France des Bahii'ia 41 VI. SWEISN 1)Sven Mlrde 75 ?>conference on Bahi •i Political BcontA117 42 2)Bene Od9111r '17 3)Ezzat Dja~eri 78 IV. NORWAY . 4)Paul Stolpe 83 1)Mrs. Gerd Strand 45 2)Misa Gudrun tffetegaard lt8 VII. IErDfARK 3)Bj.-rn Bubendick 49 1)Dr. Margit Warburg 85 4)Berald Thiia 51 2)Liebeth Andereen 85 5)Bolger Bagan 54 3)~ Bolek 86 6)Dr. Arild Ranarheim 57 4)Dr. .&lee OW.ton 86 I N D E X
VII. IEflllRK X. AUSi"llll 5)Dr. Fereydun Y•hm•n 89 1)Dr. lent D. Beveridge 1lt1 6)Univeraitetebiblioteket 90 2)Ja•bis Pooetchi 1"6 3)0sterreichisbe llational,- bibliotbek 148 VIII. GERMllfY 1 )Dr. Udo Schaefer 91 - lt-)Mational B•bi 1 i Archi••• of .luatria 1lt-9 2)Rana J,ange 'Tl 3)Buecbm•nd Sabet 101 XI. SVl'lURIIJfD lt)Dr. Farahid A8hraf 104 1)Gita Steiner Kh••ai 150 5)Dr. Iba•n B•labi 105 2)Maged llerous 152 6)Peter Mllhlechlegel 106 ?)Ursula Muhlachl•g•l 112 4)Dr. Christine Se-endari- 8>Erik Blumenthal 115 Bekim 153 9)Univeraititabibliotek 5)Dieter Me7er-Scbmid 154 Heidelberg 116 6)Z.ntralbibliothek 10)Wiasenecbaftlichen Ziirich 155 Theologiach•• Semia•r 11? 11)Staats Archiv 11? 12)Wiirttemburgiache l•ndeabibliothek 118 - 13)Ger•n B1hi'i Archive• 119
IX. n'ALY •• 1)Dr. Paul Ojermark 120 2)Dr. Aleaaandram Bauetni 123 3)Profeaaor Huaayn Avarega.n 128 4)Dr. Badi'u'llah Para 134 5)Fondazione Caetani per gli atudi 138 6)Biblioteca Nazionale Central• di Firenze 138 ?)National Bahi'l Library of Ita.17 139 Peter Trafford Terry Jr. (J•nu•17 1982)
Pond Road, Bridgton, Maine oltoo9 11.S.A.
Work iA the ti•lcl ot Bibi •ncl Beb&•l. ltud.iea, 197)-1982, incluai••• Paper• tor the UDiTerwity of Mein• at Portl•nd-Oorbem on 'TY Greatest Nw in th• Bible,• •A Nev Eoologio•l Re- ligion,' •eomparatiTe Mynioim, • •PolitioeJ Socialis•ticm,' 'COlllP&r&tiY• Comologys Babi•I/Bopi/Dagon, • •Eq11•lity of Opportunity in Eduationi A B•bi 1 I Perspective-' 1'll5-:ZZ. Papers for the Uni•er•ity of M•eaechueetta inAmh•r•t on 1 Th! Per!li~n, ,B ayḥs, • •cwpsriaon of th• AHISA Model and
Beba 1 ! Teachings,• 'Iii.De Pioneera in World Educations one obapt•r on St•DWoocl Cobb~' Began o ntal-7 cm the Bidden Words of Babi'u'll•h; SbayJmI./BibI/Beba 1 I bibliography& etudy of Behi'l proof•. Helped organise conference at the UDiver•ity on the •Spiritual Lite,• with partioipation by !lhiyyih Ad••a, Mari•n Lippitt •nd Do'A. 19'n-78 Papere for the UDiveraity of Chicago on 'The Personifica- tion of EYil in th• Old Teeta•nt, New !estwnt •nd Holy Qur•in, • trmlation from Arabic into Engliab vith intro- duction ..,.. .. - and notes with fellow student ..... 'Abdullah Zaid of Alá rieala min Hae•n al-Beeri fi al-amir al.-mu'minim 'Abd al- Malik ibn Marwin.• Edited pa:per on Chriet in the Gospel.a and • by Coptio the Qur •an • Obri8ti•n fellow .etudent. Aeaiated Persian Bah&•I iD stud)' of Bebi 1 l administration. Contimied r r••!•rch OD Báhi' proofs; cc.apilation of ~wkllf/Sib- - ba'i bibliogr•Phr• 'frenalatiou of Lee Se~ Preuv!a du from Nicoles' French into English. 12'!8-80 Translation of Le B;v~ .A.rabe from the French of Nicolas in- to Engli.eh. Continuation of compilation ~bayk.bi/Bi.bi/Bahi.' i -- bibliography; reee•rch on Baha'i proofs. Began study áof wo- men's history end literature; events of the year 18lf.4; com- munal lifeetJles in the United States in the 19th and 20th ceniuriea. Writing of philosophical eaeaya coloured by Ba- bi 1 i teachings. November 1980-July 19811 Europe: Interviewing Baha'i schol- ars and 'aourcea' , compiling §bay\WI/B&bI/Bahi '1 bibliogra- phy, collecting infgrmation for history of 1844, organi.&ing conference on Bahi'i political economy for June near Pari6, participation in Lancaster meeting in July. Jul7...A.ugust 1981: Maine to California to Wu!lington to Maines - Interviewing Baha'i scholars, meeting vi.th K•limi't Preas in - L.A., with L.A.Bahi.'i Study Group. September 1981-January 1982: Maine and Maa•chuaetta: 'llrit- ing first and final drafts ot rep,Qrt on Bahi'i studies in - Europe, correspondence with Behi''i scholars, organizing pho- tocopy service, pl•nning weekend on Buddhiec, perticipation - in programmes at Green Acre Bahi•i School, etc., etc., etc. I. OIIfED JCilliDOll 1
1)Dr. Moojan Momen J,•nga-sea: Inglish, Perei•n, Arabic, •OM Prencll, acme Ger- an Degreea: M.A., Cubridp lJDiYer• •it7 1 Orient•l ltudiee; 11.D. IaterYiew: M7 fir•t contact vith Dr. Homen waa in earl1 Deceaber 1980, renewed bf correspondence during . , traYele on the Continent in winter •ad spring of 1981, ud then at the L•ncuter ...ting Ju17 ll/12. On our firat ••ting, be adviaed •• to reque•t a COP1 of hi• bibliograpbJ' from Al•n Coope, who incorporated Dr. Momen's bibliograph7 into hi.a ova iD 1975. Aa he baa ..de a number of additioDS to his bibliograp~ •iace tben he of- fered to edit "7 completed bibliographJ, theáaooaer the better. Be ahoved • copies of •n inco!Pl•t• collection of Sba11mi literature recentl1 pub- lished b7 the ab•1Jmi group iD Xer•aa, frii, and later asked M to ApplJ' him with the liet of taaciail• literature at tb• Bibliot~que lation•le de Para, which I did. !'hi.9 li8t will be included in 111 forthcoming biblio- graphJ. Be ia one of three pertie• responsible for eatabliahing a libra:17 based upon the collection of the late Band of the CauM ot God, Besen II. BalJUSi, to 'be called tbe •Atn;n LibrarJ" or wociated with the Afnln fa- .Ur t deacendante or the Bib •• r•latio•á l fev 110lltb8 ago I WU to1d b7 Dr. Homen that tbe foreation of the libr&17 u a legal identit7, and u a cbaritable foundation 1a well on its n.r. •nd tbat .lbu'l-Qaaim Atn•n, for- •rlJ' caretaker ot the Bouse of t~t 8lb in Shiriz, lri.n •nd nov resident in Ozford, Bngl•nd is nov at vork cataloguing the contents in Persian •ad Arabic languages resident in thi• rare collection. When this collection le bouaed, catalogued and legal.17 and financiall7 constituted it will be -- - opened tor the uae of ecbolare viehing to research the hiatori and teach- ... Faiths and the Perai•n Gulf area during the inp of the Bibi and Betia'i nineteenth and twentietháceaturies. Dr. Homen •eked .. to aseiat him-=at- ter I offered to be of eervice--on the Continect and in the United States in co11ecting information on the folloving topic• (I share thia information in the hope that some other scholar 11a7 be of service to him): a)Austria: to find the diaries of Prokesh-Oaten for the 7eare 1865-18?0, to locate his person•] •nd official papera in the Austri•n Foreign Minis- try Archives, and to go after the uncatalogued material in particular; and to consult the Bau.a-, loft- and Staata-.Archiv •nd the Politischea Archiv in Vienna in search of the paper• of Austrian consuls end ambassadors ••- aigned to the Ottoman Empire in tbe 7ear 1868. (Please refer to report on Dr. Kent hveridge of Austria tor details of this research.) b)Scotland: to-~ocate the original COPJ of Behi'u'llah'• Tablet to Queen Victoria, vhich he believes to be kept along with her other personal papere in Delmoro Castle: for tbia an official introduction would be neceeaarJ, •nd I vaa unable to •esiet him at thie time. . c)France: to determine what Dr. Ami.De Meebah (see report under France) h•a accomplished through working iu the Archives of the Mini•tl'J for Foreign Affairs in Paris and the Gobineau collection at the Universit• de Stras- bourg; to locate the Oriental address book of the comte de Gobineau; to de- termine the origin of the copy of the Mugt"tu'l:,,-!,af now preserved in the Bibliot~ue Nation•le de Paris; to find out what Dr. Mesbah h•e diacoTered in studying the commercial records of the Chamber of Ooawerce in Marseilles, lrance, looking through the commercial correspondence of French consuls in Iran and the Ottoman Em~ire duriA~ B•hi'u'll•h'• lifetiae. (Por details on research into Gobineau •nd !;ugtatu'l-Kaf, see reports=- Dr. Meabab, Biblio- teque Rationale de Faria and Bibliot~que Rationale et UDiYeraitaire de Straa- bourg, all under France.) L •• flit '
1)Dr. llooju . . .Jl laatert18VI d)lvadeas aooardt111 to Ilia jnfOl'9Ati011 1 the 8wd1•h goww••nt tr•1=a4 ••cl offioerecl the Iruian ution•l polioe taro• fr• 1890 ••til 1919, end lie •-ked • to ~h for refareno• to l•bia ••d l•h• '1a iD the diepatch•• of t!ae • Swdieb police offioen to their goterwat ia ltookhola. (Plew ••• report Oil pt ofeaaor Djua,er_i la Sweden for cletall••) e)Finl•nd1 look for literature •ationbg Bab:l ar l•be'i 'J'aith written :la ar plblie!a.ed in Bwia, ill tbe librarJ baring the largMt collection of Rae- •ian literature pre-dati.Dg tb• 1918 rewol11ticm oat.ide of t1le u.s. •- .• (I ..a giwea two copi•• of J•n Jasion'• partial lieting of ti. oontenta of thi• librarJ,Slatonic áCollection of ti. VDi.Yereiq of &.letnkin Libr&J7 1 •nd for report on it• contata, plea•• ... cl98Cription ot Libr&rJ ancler Pin'land.) f : look into the nt archi.,... of Vurtenbur~tuttprt, of th• Germ.a Templ•rea FOCUN con of BeilharsáChronik, encl oopi•• of pic- ture• of Baira during lifeti.M of .Bebe'u'lleh. (I dicl •11 of tbe aboYe: pleaae 8M report.a OD J•nd. .bibliothek •nd Staataarohi'f' iD Stuttprt •ad •l ao ~•mJJ•lse•••ll eeh•ft in Shttgart, Oer1te ft1 •) g)United Statee of America a find refereDCea to Bebia and B•b•' ia 1n reports "1 AMric•n mi.uioaeri.. in " • Irudan and Ottom•n Bllpirea during tbe lU•- tiMe of Báb•'•'llab and á' Abcba'l-l•!te, in the following locatious America Board of Cwi•eionera for l'areip Jlie•iom, ArchiTN at Boughton Librar'J', •rtard Vtrl.YereitJ (including •i••ionari.. who were ill Cbihriq, ia 18't8 end in Iran until 18?0)1 1Jnited Preeb,.teri•a LibrarJ in Kev York, Persian •nd Palestinian recorda for 18?0; docwnte of the late In. B•ll, aiuioner, iD AdrU.nople fr• 1868 (&Yailable iJl the firet-Mntioned col- lection); docu••nte of th• Ir•nien ..b&88J at Conetenttnople, kept at !ale UniYerai~I Burgeae lettere in the Archine and M•nuecript DiYieiOD of tu Nev York Public LibrUJ 1 thoe• letter• refering to Babia; reporta fr09 tbe Americ•n ub•aeador• ill Iran tr• 188o onvarda, and the report• of the Yioe- comsul ill Adri•nople frOll 1865 to 1868, •nd of Yioe-cOD8Ul Scb11macher, l••d- á er of tbe Gex m•n ~empl•r•, with whom Beb•'u'llah at~ecl iD 188o and from 1890 into 1891, all of which are iZl the United Stat•• lrchiYH of the De- partment of State, Wuhington, J>.C.; the reports relatin to the eesaMi"•- tioa of hbrie, Aaerican conaul ill !ebr•n on ground.a he waa a Baha'i ill 1926, in the •=e depoaitory; the collection of uncatalogued M.Dlwcript• at Princeton Univerait,', aaeociated with Jelel Azal •nd Said lb•n XurdS•á tani, including a cop;y of the !'3tatu'l-ICat, and a doc\11Dent p>rporti.Dg to be the diary of the Bab. CI have not 79t investigated 01 of .th• abOY• but intend to 4o ao vhen time pezaita.) Dr. Momen regar0a the esta.bliabment of a Baha'i Studies Au0cia:tlon in :am-- ope as premature end nnneceaaery and unlikel.7 to advance academic work on the Baha'i Faith end u euch of little consequence to '9rioua Babe'i schol- ars. Be insiata that there is much vork to be done before an EncrcloP!c\~ Baha'i can be suitably formulated, that an encyclopedic project ia tertiaey and Beha'i echolara must be occupied for the foreseable future with primary and aeconda17 source en•l;rsis and 111nthesia. An excellent idea but before it• time. Papera: 'The Social Besie of the Babi UpheaYale (1848-5}): A Preliminar:t AnalysiJI', 20 pages, 1979. ''l'be Tri•l of Mull• 'Ali Beetami: A combined Snnni-Shi' i fatwa against the Bab 1 1 Je.2 pqee, 1980. Publications: Dr. J.B. Eaalemont, London:Beb•'i Publiahiag tfruat, 1976. ':'he Babi and Baha'i Reli ions 181ti.-1 : Some Conte rar :á:estern Accounts, Oxfo~d: George Ronald, 1 1. I. DRii&U .• • t t. ' 2)Peter Sllith Iánpageai 10gJ1u, i&e-o'll, - Persian. DegreM: Ph.D. ill , Vni- Yereitr of I áneuter 1 D9»art.nta of Sociolog eud Religio118 Studiee, topic of reaearcha "A Sociological StudJ of the Bi1>I •Dd láb'i'l Reli- gion•"• htertiev: Mr. Saith •nd I haYe been corresponding aince apriDg of 1978, and so it vu with great pleasure indeed that I •de tbi• achol•r'• acquaiD""" tanc• for the firat tiM ill Deo•ber 198<>. At thi• time we di•cuued a m- ber of topic• but I did not 7et ha•• •"1 aort of queatiou in •ind and so this occasion paeaed without • garnering much inforu.tion abOllt bia work. Our subsequent Meting Jul.1' ll/12 of 1981 did not aupplwnt the gleaniDp of the first ri..llit ea th• •esembled acholare di•cuaaed utters of mutu•l and general interest •nd b•d but little occas,!on tor irivate conTersations. Mr. Smith was kind enough to 8end • a "BabJ.'i Studiu Vita", tram vhich I vill draw most of the materi•l for thia report. Another source ia tbe re- - port I -.de of our Jul7 11/12 ••ting, which ia aTailable ill toto upon re.. quest. Mr. Smith'• accC>11pliabmenta in the field of Baha'i ltucliea to date include the folloving: Lancaster Bahi•I Studies Seminars: convener of the 19'n-8o Bebl'I Studies Seminars held under the aggie of the Deparbente of Socioloa •nd Religious Studies, UniTerait7 of Lancaster. "Copies of all ext•nt papere have been depoaitecl at the Bahi'I World Centre Libra.?7 at Haifa. Unfortunately, I •m unable to supp~ copies of the papers, but several of them are like~ to be published." 'fbie is the statement of Mr. Smith. Iáhaye copies of several of these papers end vill •ake them available upon dem•nd and at coat. For copies of reports on th••• aeminara write to .. •nd I will supply same at cost. For short accounts of the 19'n •nd 1918 Seminars Me the United . Kingdom Bahl•I Journ•l, no. 245 (June 1978), pp. 16-1? (•nd the erratum ill no. 248, Jan1aary 1979, p. 11); •nd tor the 1979 Seminar ••• the Bulletin ~t the Briti~h ~pciet7 for Middle ,r,aster~ ~tudies, no. 6 (19?9), PP• 119- 23. Ae mentioned above, for copy of rq report on 1981 Meting of Baha'i echol~a in Lanca.ater, write me. ~á i Stu,di.~s Regist~r: compiler of two (1978 and 1979) editions of •n 1!- ternational Register of those involved ináthe academic atuc:IJ of the Bahl'i Faith. I have copies of both editions and can make them available on de- mand. This project ia DOV in the bands of c.A.s.B.F. (nov A.B.s.). ~ibliogra:ePI of Doctoral and Mas,ter:!!, tbeSt!:!. on Ba.bl"' i topics: First list- ing published in Bulletin of the British Societz for Midd.f1' East Studies, no. 6 (1979) 1 .pp. 129-30á Mr. Smith is presenti, preparing a aupplement&rJ list and would be grateful for •Dy other titles. _ When asked whether he approved of the establi~hment of a 'Babi'i Studies As- eociation in Europe, the cooperation of Bahi.'i scholars in the compilation of an Ency~loped~a.~•i and other cooperative efforte between Baha'i schol- ars, he replied, *1No, No, Yes,'' making it clear that he regarded the former tvo •s pre:nnt~e anti the latter u an excellent idea, when it work.a. Papers: 'The Routinization of Charisma? Some comnents on Peter L. Berger's ''Mot i:f Messianique et Processus Social d•ns le Babaieme"' , 2:l pages, 1CJ77. 'Nillemrianiam in the Bibf and Babi•! Religions', 29 pages, 1'T/9. - Articles: ''Motif Besearch: Peter Berger and the Bahi 1 i Faith," Bel!sion, vol. 8, Aut11n1n 1979, PP• 210-34. I. IDtftED KlNGOOM 2)Peter Saith Interview: Article•: "Hilleurieni• ill th• Babi and Beba' 1 Religiou," The Sociolo- 57qr Kellf Religious Movement!I ed., Roy Valli.a. Forthcoming. ;; he Americu B•ha • i Con11unity, 189'+-1917: A preli•i1:1at") eur- TeJ'," Stu~iee _in ~bi !'"d sBalul' i Bistoa; ed., Moojan Homen. Forthcoming. "ieviev: H.M. Balyuzi'• Beb••u 1 ll•h: 'l'be JC!D.6 ,of Glou,'' Inter- national Journal of Middle Eeat Studies. Forthcomi1:1g. s I. UNll~F.O JCDIJOOM
3)Robert ~ t.nguagea: Engliah,.Sanakrit, Pali, some Persi•n, •o• Ara- bic, some German Degrees: Ph.D. in progress, Uni•er- si t7 of L•ncaster, Departments of Pbiloaopby and Religious Studies; topic: comi-rative •nalyaia of cog- nitional theOJ7 ot two Jesuit phi- losophers and the !heravadin Bud- dbieta Interview: My first exchange of leteere and tirxt visit with Mr. Parr.r occured in December 1980. Subaequently we met Jul7 11/12, 1981 in J.ancas- ter, and have not ce•eed to correspond. During the couple ot days we spent together in LlandudDo, North Wales, much of the time vith hie wife Mitra, we diacussed a multitude ot topica, moat of them philoeophical •nd theolo- gical. ~ese notes are drawn from the record ot those talks •ad from the minutes of the Lencuter •etiDg •nd'Mr. ParrJ'• letter in response to the minutes, filling in the holes. We diec•>ued collaborative efforts between -- Bah&'i acholara, •nd it vas hie view that the categorie• for collaboration belong to the already predetermined categories of intellectual studies such as the f olloving: a)the difference between religioDB experience and ecieutific methodolo11, and cODUDon sense activities; b)the role of authority in human developaent; c)the role of Revelation in the hiatoric•l proceae and in the bn•an cogni- . tive process; d)the nature of various t1pes of diacourae, e.g., 11Are religious atateHnts descriptive, evocative, poetical, pertornwtive, proscriptive or combinations thereof?''; the nature of religious lang111ap: symbolic? how considered true? e)free will in relation to God 1 a Will; t)relationship of truth and meaning iD the Babi•I Faith' g)hermaneutics--the interpretation of the Holy Texts in our lives: theol"1 and practice by the individual and by the group; h)the nature and scope of rationality; i)mapping out of the relationship between the Bana•I Faith and Eastern re- ligious traditions, especially u Ba.hi'u'll'•h never mentions Buddha, Krish- • na or Rama; _ j)is there a role tor altered states of consciousness in Bahi 1 i experience? Are the stat,ments of a person who bas undergone or i.a undergoing states of altered consciousness truth-functional? Mr. Parry notes, regarding this liet: ''the philosophical bent here, 'these tasks are by :110 means exhaustive.'' - Relative to collaborat~on be!veen Babi'i . scholars, Mr. Parry recommended - that papers written by Baha'i scholars be reveiwed first by fellow scholars before sent to a Bahi 1 i r•ri•Vine committee so that they are correct tact= ual ly an~ professional in style prior to their formal eubr~~iasion to Be.hi• i authorities. lie also recommended that Balia'i scholars publish bound papers as !t dCl'i... by the Royal Asiatic Society. Speal~ing of dialogue between Ba- hi' is and Christiane and members of other religions, he stated his opinion that if there is co?Dmon ground, dialogue is possible, and if there ia no - com.-:ion ground dialogue is not possible, only preaching. When asked for bi• . cl•- fi.D1tion of Baha'i apologetics, tfr. Parry answered that this is the corr4t- lation of questions implicit in t~e human situation which has not beard or responded positively to the Bahi'i Revelation, and the answers given b7 that Revelation. T~is is an heuristic structure which simply anticipates a task witbout specif~ring ite content. I shall now have recourse to his most recent letter to clarify further points,
Inter,iev: - surely of interest to bis fell.av BáJii'i 8Cholaraa a)Baba•r acholare "•hould not try to be áawv•ata of agnostic or potential]J -- atheistic ..thodology, but to be aware that we are B•lia'ia enp.ged in •aca- demic' research. Hot enr,.thing that c from the pen of a peraon who i.e hODest~ counnitted to a particular horizon ia propagandist. !'bough B011ebody vho ia etraining tor acceptance in the vide academic world could well be ill- plici tl1 propagandist and dishonest to bia ow be•ic hori&on cb•nge. All iD all let ua not tr,. and hide oar experience under a cloak, ~ co-1itted acholara- Marxists, atructuraliate, procees theologiam, etc. write accep- table and accepted work. Even known. atheist acholara wáite work that is ac- cepted bJ' at lea.at one pereon. Being accepted. ie not the criterioa. It all depends on •tyle. A~, what aomebody calla propagandiat somebodJ else vill call apologetic.•• _ b)Mr. Parry abarea my interest in th• compilation of an J;ne:rcloP!dia .!'ahi''i, and here he expi esaea aome of bi• Yi.,,. thereon: "An enc1clopeedia by any
other n•ne would do. For it to work there doesn't have to be a reservoir ot clearly defined priury aourcea- who ia to define them? The work could contain abort pieces on Yarioue theme• fr-am Absolute to Za.yn al-Huqaribin. 'fbe7 co_!!ld be written fairly quickly and wwld give the direction in vhich ve Báhi.'ia move. A fixed arrov is al.WIQ' on the way, •nd ia a good analog::r for our liYee in all aspects. The m,yth of prima1á1 aourcee could quite eaeil- 7 halt any attempt at a summary b7 eimpl.J' questioning the validity of that ewama...?. If we acknowledge that the articles are provisional, like the ar- row alway& in a certain direction, then w can be sure that the,- do not ex- haust the truth about an iasue. !he encyclopaedia would provide an entrance into the Bahi•i 11niverae via thumb-oail diecuaaion.s. It'a still viable for me.'' c)On the T&lue of the rational facult,.z 'Trca 1 Abdu 1 1-B-ha's writings we can gather that he was very opti•iatic about man' a rational power&••• so muat we be. How if rationality has a green light, ao to apeak, then truth •nd coa11uitment mu.st be aeen in a specific light. Then people who lea•• the Faith for vhat they consider to be fact11al reasons, llU8t be spoken with •nd not considered as those vho have been blinded by ego and consequently strayed ott the airat--l~taquim. The point iJI that rationality presuppose& shared - meanings which constitutes objectivity. Being a Baha'i does not occur in m:s head onl~" but •lso in my language. A lot more could be said 011 thu.'' d)On the lioitations ot Western thinking: á''Seven 7eare of academic research and study U;l Eastern Religions have made me very aware of the limitations of certain type6, of philosophical analysis, ••I•, linguistic analysis and ordinary-language philoaop}\T. What I think ia good ia that people expose tbemselVeS to ena]y iCal VigOtar••it'& good for the ' á&Oul I and is ap antidote to several types of complacency: 1)I'm a Bahi•i and that's it; 2)I'm a Baha'i áand I've got a lot to learn tho~ l'Te learnt nothing vortbwhile yet ••• •• e)On comparative Buddhist/Baha'i studies: ''As regards Buddhism and Babi•l- a lot of worl~ to be done. However I don 1 t think appealing to famous people who have accepted Buddhism and Christianity i.e such a good argument. For each of those you haTe cited thereis someone famous who wouldn't agree vith the union. There are plenty of people who feel that a modified Buddhist ethics could be wedded with a Marxist philoeo~ does that make euch a union Yia- ble? There is no doubt that certajn Christian mystics and Sufi mystics had similar described experiences as their Ind].•n and Sri Lankan compatriots. But ve must reoember that withiJJ Christianity for example such mystical ex- periences were regarded vith bubeity. Mystical. experience vil1 often be up for comparison vith nr1stical experience, but what happens vhen IDY'&tica.l ex- periences differ? Wblcl, is tal-;en as paradipatic? And what happens vhen a I. UNITED KINGOOK 3)Robert Par?7 Interview: mystical experience goes against the teachings of prophetic religion? 'a:lho wina? It depend.a on vbat you believe. As tar aa I know, Buddha in the Pali Canon did not eay reality i.a indivi.sable-- that sounde like a statement trom Mahayana••• Buddhism and á~ontemplative Chriat- ianity or mystical Christianity aha.re a point ot contact. ilotice it is not the obediaace of faith (St. Paul) in Christ's aalvitic ro: ~ in the individuaJ•a lite which i.a the point ot contact; the contact lies i.n t ~e mystical tradition which requires a suspension ot normal consciousness. Zen Buddhism and Christ- ianity' are placed side by side. Because Zen is relativelv weltanscha11ng-tree, it's basic message ia sitting meditation tor Soto Zen an1 the Koan for Ri.nzai Zen. Such a technique can be grafted onto Christian pra=tice and advocated by 'westerners aa being valuable in 'Widening the experienc~ ot the CrJ-i.stian. Fair enough. But I hardl:! see it aa bridging a áconceptu!il. gap which I feel is very important. The concept and the experience it both expresses and brings about are linked.• ~ - Mr. Parr/ favoured t~e esteblie~e?tt of an European Balli' i Studies Association, with some reservations, that ia conditional upon its dedication to academic and academical~-viahl• work. He is tull1 in favour of the compilation of an EncycloJ:?!d.ia Bahi'i aa •lroady indicated, and hopes to be peraonall1 in- volved in ita organization and execution. Papers: 'Phenomenology, Methodological Agnnaticiam and Apologetics•, 1979• . 'Revelation •nd ff11maa Nature: •a ea~ on Existential Theology', n.d • .. I. UlrtED ID«llX>M
,. )Dr. Denis MacEoin teqaagee: Bngliah, Arable, Per- •iu, French Degreea: II.A., Edinburgh Vniver- •itJ i Ph.D., Cambridge Universi- ty, á1;ag•a College; diuertation - - 'T_ topic: ''fr.om lh•~illi•• to B'i.b:usm: -- - A StudJ in Ch•riematic Renewl in §lli'i Islam"
hte~iev: Dr. HacEoiD •nd I bave corresponded tittullJ' over the past fevá 7ears, eince I 'began ~ graduate studies in lalimic CiTilisation at the Uni- Terai~ of Chicago, in fall of 1977. It ws hence with mch pleuure that I •ade hie acquaintance in December 1980, Ti&liting him in South Wal•!• At that time he vu writing a nove1, an introduction to the BibI and Bab'l'i religions, and seeking a publisher for hia full-length biography of rahirih, tbe Bibi heroine, and for hia translations and adaptations of eevera1 of her poems. After our di.sc11ssion he was hired as a lecturer b7 the Universit,. of Bewcaa- - tle upon 'fyne, and now has a graduate student \1Jlder his inaediate advisement, Stephen Lambden, vboae area of etudy 'will be Balii'i doctrine and JudeosCbriat- ian religious tradition with special reference to the Baha'i interpietation of Biblical texts. Dr. HacEoin ia, according to a letter from Mr. Lembden - dated 1}/8/81 ''lecturer in Arabic and Islamic studies''. Dr. MacEoin and Mr. Lambden are plannins a conference on "The Baha'i Religion and the Great World Religions'' for April 1982. Are there nine letters of Balii'u'llah at BNUS? Du.ri~ our conversations together Dr. MacEoin agreed to review my bibliography tor publication, ud I consider this •n honor as he ia very V!ll preP!red for - ascertaining the completeness of those parts entitled '~baylslli', •Bibi', 'A- -- zali' 1 and for much 'Baha'i' material aa well. Be personally bas a large col- lection of Bab! manuscripts. Be ie fa•orable to collaboration between schol- ars but declined to suggest specific apherea of cooperative effort. Be i.s in favour of the publication of small runs of translations of scholarly articles about the Babi and Baha'i Faiths, such as those authored by Ivanov and Gia :Ro- - berto Scarcia. He is interested in the comparative study of Babi.'i Faite!nd o~h.!r religions,_particularly in the analY!i! of_t~e role of megic_in .§!ii' ism, Babisn and ~!ism, in th! study of Ismi'ili Shi'i.sm, of the Zaydj.s, the Illa- .Allahi, of ~~i 'i&ci and ~ufism in general, of Baha'u'llah ••as a fufi''• Dr. MacEoin showed interes~ in the etudy of twentieth-century Bah'i 'i cor?n•zni!Y but affirmed that access to information and to material is difficult. Bah'i.'i na- tional histories must be collected and published in some form 80 that es!en- tial materi~ is not destroyed. He suggested~hat I contact Vahid Rafati for a bibliography o~ the recent edition of Sha~i literature. We discussed many. issues of concern to_Ba.11a 1 Is, most of them highly controversial and hence a- voided by most Ba.~a'is in discussion, especially in public forums. Be asked whether Dr. Beveridge plans to translate bis dissertation from German into English. (See D.r. Beveridge for his anewerl) - Dr. MacEoin prefers ad-hoc seoinars to the forzuation of a formal association for_Bahi 1 i studies. If such an association is formed, he feels that non-Ba- ni • i scholars inte::-ested in the Faith such as William •tcElwee Miller ( Rever- e~d minister of the Presbyterian Church) and Dr. Mangol Bayat Phillipp (pro- fessor of Middle Eastern History at Harvard University) and himself ahoul2 be invite~ to participate. I did not ask him about an Encxclo;p;edia ~á.i and so am •anable to represent his views thereo11..
Papers: 'Analysis of Sources for the Words of the Bib, Baha'u'llab and 'Ab- du'l-Bana•, 2 pages, n.d. 'S'iblsm, BaJii•!sr:: and the Irl.nian Constitutional ReTol.ution•, 19 pat;es, n.d. I. 1JNl'fED KINGOOK
4)Dr. Deni.a MacEoin Interview: Papers: '!be Concept of Jib•d in the Babi •nd Baha'i lloT-nts' 1 31 papa, 1979. . 'A Critica1 SUrTe~ of the Sourcea far Eer~ Bebi Doctrine •nd Bietor- 11 with particular regard to the Jrobleu of authenticit7 1 eapecialq in the case of the Rug,tatul.-Kaf', 52 pages, 1976. 'Bitu.l. Ulll Semi-Ritual Observances iD Babin and Báha'i• (Part One and Appendicea), n.d. á 'The Sbay'khi Reaction to Babim' , a.d. 'From Sbayt..hiam to Babim: A Stu<Q' in Cb•ri--atic Renewal ill Shi 1 i Islam', 252 pa.gee, 1979. (Ph.D. dissertation) lfranslations and introductiol'JIS: 'Introduction to tran•lationa of aelected poems attributed to lfahirih ; 1 Selected Poems attributed to !'•hirih' ; 'Introduction•, Selections fJ"om the Writimta of .\he Bab, Haifa: Uni- veraal Bouse of Justicef revision of text of tr•nalationa frail Writ- ings of the Beb, requested b7 Univerael Bouse •f Justice. Publicatiomss ''Orient.a Sobolarahip •nd the !eb•'i J'aitb," World Order, 8/4, 911mer 19'74. ''The concept of the nation iJI Isl•," World Order, 10/4, a•>••wsr 1976. ''Ravi.ah-i muta1i' •-J'i 'il mi va karburd-i •n dar tahqiqba-yi Baba' i, '' ~h&M-i Badi', :rear }2, no. }45.
5)Dr. 'Atábas Anar.at Lan~s: English, Persian, Ara- bic De~ees: Ph.D., Oxford Universi- ~y; topic o! diseertat ion: ''Bab- is in Ir1.n in the 1840•a with historical background of 1t30's and 18lto• 11 in Iri.n''
Interview: At the time of ~.. interview Yi.th Dr. Amanat he 1-Ad not yet been awarded his Ph.D., •nd he was still at work paring down his dissertation to the licit o!" 1201 000 words. He said that he would w&.nt to participate in Ba!-la•r Studies se~ina.~s after the completion of bis dissertation but was un- able to attend the July 11/12, 1981 meeting of Baha'i echolars in Lancaster. - He a£;?'~3d with me that B&-~i•I scholars need to come together, &nd also af- - fi~~ed tbat Ba.hi'i scholars need to expand their field, publish articles in academic journals and in otbe~ periodicals and otherwise acquaint aeadeoics with t~eir field of etudy. He stated that there has been much and good re- search on the historical period of the Bab's 111inistry and following, 18'1'•-52 but so far very little substarititive work on Baha'u'llah'a ministry, 1852- 1892, and that C".JCh research needed to be done on this period. Bahi'i stud- ies should not be limited to study of history but should •lao address impor- • tant issues includinc the following: a)future o! the Ba..~'i Faith; b)Bahi•I vie~ on world i6sues; c)dialogue between Baha'is and world on the growth ot socialism, on nuclear war, on environmentalá problems, on technology; - a)discussions of essentials or Bahi. 1 i teaching: view of God, whether corresp- - ondinG to th~t of old religions or something new; the roota of the Bahi'i conception of div1De ~ifestation; e)study of the .Bana•I 'Faith as phenomenon of past and treatment as live sub- ject in prese~t and future; !)future stud á 2s in ~eneral; g)Ba.~a'i invc:ve~ent in politics; b)Bah'i•i attitude: open and ir~vestigative or evangelical and fanatical.? - !>:-. ~anat feels that access to sources fo~ :Ba.bi and Baha'i studies needs to - be liberalized. lie recom.'7"tended that the next several seminars held in the U.K. be open for free discussion of specific tteme5, open consultation, dia- locue rath~r than the readins of pape~s. H~ !eels that the establiehment or an ac.ade:-.ic centre !or Ba~a' i studies would be too controversial and cost too much money_to be appropriate for the preoent. Dr. Amanat Rointed out that what Baha 'is bene~ally acc~pt as the 'official history' of the Cause is not infaJ.lible, ~d tlJ.at Bali.a' i sc~olars, reg-ardless of tbe-ir religious affiliat- ion nrust use 6cientific methods in the study of the past. Independent inves- tisation of reality, th!-oubh use of reason and scientific method is supported in the Baha'i Writjnes and this should be the meti1od or B:J~á i &eholars. We need to detach ourselves froc the Weste~n rationalistic and Eastern irrational- •
i6tic perspectives and find a trc.nsce!ldent~.l vie\.: a."ld approach to scholarsr~ip. He is inte~est2d in acquirint: rep~i~ts of old anj copies cf new articles on Baoi an:i Ba'1e • i topics ll ?.ussi?.n la.r.itUace. Dr. h r:Ja:'lat described the conte!lts o~ t.is Plá.• D. dissertatior, as :f'oll o\1s: It is about the situatio~ in !ran in the 1f30's ii!lj 184o•s, a socie..l fii~tory related to the ~istory o! the Babis; t~e responce of t~e 'ular.~ to the B~bls1 tte rol~ of me~chants1 the ecor-o~ic situation in Irar. i the conve!'sion of the early Babie in 1(i44; the Bat.I an:i general histOTY o~ fil:u!"~an, ncrt~ :cast provi:,ce of Iran; the faa.ily baci;r,rour.d of the B~ jJ'!"io!" to 1844; a..'l intro~uction to rries s i&.:li c movements in the nine- teenth century; t he Bib's pil~ir:~ce; the i~tellectual, relicious, political, econo~i c, social preconditions f~: BibisM; interp~etations or Bibisr.-••
P -~ • .. .... ~ .~ . ..,.. ...;,, ;0.• "'' 6 e • e ' t , 0-T",I r.• c! • I. 1JNrrED KINGOOM 6)ViYa Perdu Tomlin Lenguapa: Bngliab, Perei•n Degree11s Ph.D. ia propeu, Os- ford Uni.Yeraitfl topic,_compar- illg Cbriati•n and Bábi'i OCNlllOIOJ11
Interview: Mr. •nd Hrs. 'fomlin kindly accepted • u a guest ill their home when I stopped into Oxford to visit Hra. Tomlin and Dr • .Amenat, both graduate students at Oxford UniveraitJ, iD December 19&>. Hrs. TOii] in did not offer detailed descriptions of her studies, papers or publications. Nor did al!e answer ~ of my questioll8 about cooperative efforts, ~~yclopedia Ba."ia'i •nd Baha'i studies. She prefered independent á research to working vith other Baha'i scholars resident in the u.K. •nd ao ahe seemed to be relative- ly unaware of their work (as they were quite ignorant of here). She invited me to sit in on a claaa tor adults offered through Oxford_lJnivereity'e exten- sion program, and I vas avare that her depiction of Babi'i cosmic theory bore distinct similarities to that of Mrs. Marian Lippitt, chief compiler of The Worlds of God compilation with vhom I bad atudietl for a few months. It is my hope that Dr. Tomlin, for soon eball she be, u aoon aa her diasertatioD is completed, will Uke a name for herself as a Bab5•I theologian. She cer- tainly has acquired first-class training in theology at Oxford University. I. OIHED mfGIX>M
?)Stephen Lambden I.anguagea: English, aOlle Arabic, eOM Persian, lebrev, SJriac, Qr"k (for Rew Testament readings) Degrees: M.Litt./Ph.D. iD progreu, Univerait7 o~Bevcaatle upon fJD•, -- Department of Beligioua Studies; topic: llahi'i doctrine and tTudeo- Chri.atilln religious tradition vith special reference to the !alia'i in- -- terpretation of Biblical texte Interview: Mr. I,ambden •nd I corresponded prior to our meeting and woad•• ful, heart-warming and mind-stretching coD.versatione on Jul7 11/12, 1981 iD L•ncaster. Since then we have also exchano...d a few letters. In Lancaster we spoke of ~ 11V1ttera á~d I did ~ot keep notes, eo w~.atever I 88'3 here ia based upon a stale r.lemory, corrected b7 Mr. I.ambden b'!.:nselt. Be showed h!Ja- selt enthusiastically in favor of the publication of a §..ha1'kl!t/Bibt/BahK•i . bibl1~a~, end iD the publicatioQ ot primary aource materi•l• tor Bibi •nd -- Balli'! studies, in the original tongues. Be ia a prolific writer, but baa not 7et found a benificent and coura.geoue publishing patron, and ao hie •anuacripte remain for the present beyond the pale. One of these 'books explores the cri- teria for investigation of realitJ cited b;J 'Abdu'láBahl-the senses, reason, tradition. ir.&Spiration and revelation; another book studies some of the mani- teetationt ot $..~piration. Hi.a interest is primarily in Bahi' i doctrine and - the Bani'i inter~etation of Jew'!.sh, Chl!ieti•a and Islimic scripture and tra- ditio!• In the future he hopes to write varivus bool:& designed to expo11nd the 1'ab&'i understanding of Judaism and Cbristi.8Dtt7 from both a acholarl7 and a- pologetic stance. He is working on llis M.Litt./Ph.D. having a]rea~ cc11apleted a desree in Biblical and Religioua Stu4ies at the Univer•ity of ftewcastle upon Tyne, and ia under the supervision of Dr. D1nie Hac~oin, lecturer in Arabic and Ielimic .Stlit.':! ~• (eee report I ... )). Ire is vork.i.ng with Dr. >'.acEoiD iD or- ganizing a Baha'i ati1diea seminar tentatively scheduled ~or .April 1982 and l:..aving the proviaio:lal subject-heading "The Babi•i Religion and the Cb'eat World Religiona". In a letter dated 15/5/81 1 Mr. Laobden listed the topics ot a number of papers he hopes to vzá:lte in the future, based upon collections of notes compiled over the past ten years: a)lote-tree motif in the Q~'~n •nd Wr!t;ng& of Bahi•u'llahl b )T .K.Cheyne, Biblical scholar and Ban&' I; • _ _ c)Bibli2al texts applied to M~inmad and Islim b;y Muslims and Baliil'ia; d)Baha'i Christologr; • )Sabeans I l1c:tndeans and !Jani rs; t )Ba.hi.' u' lla.h • s ~i!,\tGt.::.i-~g.9.as; _ g)Paraclete in Judaism, Christianity, Islam and_Bahi.'i Writings; b)Old T!,atar.ient texts applied to Jesus in Bahi.' i Writinss; i)Balii'i estimation of St. Paul; - j)Jalii'i view o~ the Bible; k)'J,,YJca in the Bible, Islamic tradition and Ba.hi'i ~riti~; l)G~~ek p~ilosophe~s and Jevish p~ophete: notes on a Bahi'i doctrine; m)Biblicu (\uotations in Balii' u' llah' e EsE-enee o_f l~isteries; n)Bana 'u' llah on Hebrew and S:;Tiac, langu~.::es ot Revelatio.c; o)Job in Bahi'u'llfdt's La,:~h-i-A,.,:y!t~. _ Mr. La'!lb1en i.s eaoer to tal:e 1'<áá... t in any so:-t or association of Ba.lii' i scl1ol- a.rs in Eu:-orie ~d to contri~:;tf. :.ic expertise to the compilation of an ~r.,c:r- ., _~. c_.ci.::.e 1:.á-áá .... ia _,a_l'}a 1.
P~;>e:-s: - 'Heroeneut'ics and tht -,a..~a'i 'o!rit~s', n.i. '.:J.i. ~-~.n-! S;áá e:. á!cur 1-Ic:t l.fs in the Bil: le and t."ri t~s of 3a1ii 1 u' lla.."1 ••• • t "Z.7 "-- .-1 •• ,,... ~~---t ""a•-)~ I~ . .le
8)Jan Jasion Languages: English, Polish, some - Assistant Librarian 3aha • i ':/orl1 Centre Library Russian De~;:-ees: B.A. in History, Univer- sity of .lináisor, Onta.cio, Canada;
aiploma in Polish language, Jagel- lonian University, Cracow, Poland. Interview: :1r. Jasion participated in a meeting of Baha'i scholars from. the United States of America, Belgium, England (and, in his case, Israel), held July 10-12, 1981, in the home of Pe~er Smith, Lancaster, U.K. (See report on Mr. Smith 2)), and on the evening of July 10 he ga 1e the assembled persons a report of his work at the :world Centre Li- • brary. I here reproduce rny notes ot his remarks, along ~ith_inforr.ia.tion gleaned fron ?áIr. Smith's 'Register ot Academic vl_2rk in 3ah'i'i Studies,' second edition, 19?9, p. 5 and from ~tudes Ba~a'i 5tu1ies, Vol. IV, De- cember 19?8, ''Three Stu.iies on 3ah•'1' £1istor:r''. During his July 10 dis- cussion w!,th es ;.!J-. Jasi~n passed around copies of the 'Desiderata• of the Bahi'i './orld Centre áLibrary, dated 5 July 1981 9 and we were impres- sed with the nU!!\ber and variety of titles that are being actively so~ght. Copies ot this list are available fro~ me at coet--I want to encourage all efforts to stock this collection, already the most comprehensive and valuable of ita kind in the world, with every conceivable book, journal, article, pamphlet or unpublished manuscript that contains important re- ferences to the Bib! and Ba.hi•! religions. This 'Desiderata' liJt was ma.de and is kept updated entirely on unpaid oá.rertime. The Baha'i ~lorld Centre Library has very few staff and very little space for the tiny staff to work. Thia list includes a number of books not specifically -- related to the Baha'i Faith but considered good reference ~orks for re- lated studies which are indispens.able for an international library of t~e future status aa this collection, establis~ed formally by Shoghi Et!endi and expanded to well over s.ooo titles by 1948 and to more than 20,000 catalogued titles by 1981, there being t~ousands ot uncatalogued items and hundreds flooding in every month from all over the planet. Mr. Jasion is in charge of acquiring new materials tor the World Centre Library, and in pursuance of this sacred mission he has been assisted by Dr. Kent D. 'Beveridge (see report under Gerrlan.y) t Mr. David Sir.anons (see report under Finland) and Dr. tfoojan 1-fomen (see report under u.K. 1)). At this July meeting he gave copies of t~e July 'Desiderata' to Ox-. Loni Brar.ison, Mr. Peter .Smith and myeelf 9 in hopes that some ot those attending oight be of some assistance to him. Mr. Jasion ex- pl3.ined how \•re could help hi::t locate and procure books and other mat- erial tor the h'CL: place this 'Desiderata• list with book dealers and sellers, and it we are able to locate any of the items thereon, write láfr. Jasion to ask whetl1er or not he has since received a copy ot the discovered item, and it he writes back and indicates need for the item, t~en order it from the book dealer or directly from the publisher it it is in print, purchase it and send the invoice to WCL. Be asked that tl1e invoice not be sent to ?-tr. Jasion in a personal letter--it compli- cates the paperwork. i,áfuenever possible Mr. Jasion orders books direct- ly trom publis~ers and sel~ted book sellers. The 'Desiderata' list has been in existence tor a little over one year, and by July 1981 nine lists had been compiled, the first in Septembe~ and October ot 1980. It is also my understanding tr•t every month since October 1980 a list has been compiled of the literature catalogued for the first time and included in the ~./CL. and that there is no list of literature cata- logued prior to that date, nor is there any list of book review or of material written by Covenant-brea..~era catalogued since that ti~e. The I • U"lI"'i:'D • J;.,. •-~Il'G;"w':' • • ;.JI<_ •• 14
8)Jan Jaaion Interview: list of catalogued ::iaterial is eo~piled 3nd photocopied !or dietribution at the World Centre alone afte~ ~or:salworkinJJ ho!lrs and by volunteer la- bour. There is sh~Pl7 no time to ~a.~e ei~her of these liats generally a- vailable to 3a~~ is. It there are enori.~h á1olunteers ot assistance an in- strumentality for distribution My be \~-.1:-ked out in the tcreseable future. ~ecently, subject bibliorrraphies ~ave b~en compiled at the request ot the Universal ;:ause of Justice and t~e !land!l ot the Cause of Goii. Mr. Jasion asserted t~l8.t at present, because of the ahort~ge of staff people and_ lack of space, t!le only indiviáiuala with unlimited access to the World Centre Library are the nande of the Cause. So tar subject bibli~graphies have -- been completed tor á~olstoi and the Bah~'i Faith' and 'Townshend and the Ba'li.•t Faith' and one is cut,rently in preparation on•the subject of 'Ru- bi:r.rih Kbimam and the 3ahi.' i Faith.•. Ot course r.iany Bat~3..1 ia have been given peraission by the Universal IIouae ot Justice to consult the Inter- - national Bahi•i Archives and the World Centre Library, but only tor li- mited periods of time and.tor researQh of a specific and well justified nature. • Mr. Jasionáshoved the assembled scholars copies or letters which are sent - regularly to the Bahi • i flat ional Spiritual Asse!"llblies asl-ting them to send copies of all newly published literature, and occasionally asking for cop- ies of rare items published in their host countries. He said t!'l.at the WCL gathers material and builds its collection in the following ways: ac- ceptance of gifts including photocopies ot rare materials; receipt of the deposit copies ot new publications requested of the NSAs; purchase. Hr. - Jaaion, who is an assistant librarian at the Bahi' i ~'iorld Centre, working with Mr. \áfilli•m Collins, head librarian indicated that the 1:/CL ia in need of expert advice; in library science, in archives management and procure- ment, in Bibi and Bahi•i bibliography, in Persian and Arabic language mat- . erial, in Hebrew literature, in comparative religion and in the Scriptural libraries of the various revealed religions. The ~pose ot allá or this ef!ort is th.e establishment of the International -- Bahi'i Library to be constructed on the Arc of Mount Carmel within ten to ti~een tears and intended to be the world center for the doClL'lMtntary study of Baha'i teachings and history. There will be space enough for about fift7 schol•re to atu~ at one time, and so opportunities for use of this Lib~ary vill be limited but undoubtedly it will work with public and Ba.- hi' i librariee to make rare materials available through photocopy, photo- atat, microfilm and inter-library loan and hence have a oonsiderable im- pact upon the field of Bibi and Ba~i•I studies the world over. All of the assembled ae~:ed Iáfr. Jasion if a volunteer might make a catalogue of all material now available in the '.'1CL collection, based upon the card catalogue, and t~is is being looked into. When such a catalogue ia avail- able it will constitute the largest and moat valuable bibliography of Ba- - ha' 1-related literature in the world. 11'e all wished Mr. Jaaion the very beat in his work at the Baha'i World Centre. á Mr. Jaaion, when not wor~:ing for the !ál:L, ia pursuing research on the tol- lowillg topics, according to Mr. Smith's 1979 Registert _ Leo 'l'olatoy and the Bah&'{ Faith; Izabella Grinev~a, Russian Bahi'i dra- matist; BahA' i Faith in Poland, 1871-1943; Baha'i tra,1el teachers in 'East- ern Europe, 1912-1940; Iiiat2_ty of Bah&•I literature in 'Eastern European languages, 1914-1940; D~lii'j. bibliography generally. -- We did not discuss either an Europeea Bahi.•I Studiea Association or an En- czc}.ol)!dia Bah!a'i.
Publication•s '!'A.J.' and th• Introduction of the Bahi•'i Faith into Poland,'' Etudee BahK'i Studies, vol. IV, n.ceaber 1978, PP• 30-37. r:'J i••; T"'.' I • tJTJo11~ .L'_á I_. J...: 1~ !V"' .-.J á• ~l '..A.J4
9)British Ba!ia'i Arctives -
- This ~áras the fi~st lJational :Jaha' i Arc '.1i~1es I ~.ad the privilege of sa~p- lins, and it is equi:ped ár1it~: a large eon!'erence table, per:1aps two 11undred 1looks bound in protecti•1e plastic coá1ers wit~ cards and si.gnatuiáes and kept in a glass-doored cabinet, anti hundreds of ot:1e!' boo!:a a.'1d articles a.n:f pam- phlets stas~ed in wooden cabinets ,,,it:-iout or.zanization or protectiáre cover- ing, and apparently of little appeal to anyone. This space is core lavish than that provided for t~e Frencll, German, Danish, Ilor•..1egian, Finnish, Aus- trian or Italian Bar~'l •T t~rchi ves. I ~..ave seen many b~xes of boo1~s and other literature in the cellar of t'he British f!azira.tuá'l-'1ud.s, and so I ass,une t 11at this collection is actual!:'! r.rui:r tir.ies lar~;er t 11an it á.-1 ould first see~ to be. iá!~r list ot its holdings is representative onl~r of t hose selections found on . the second floor of t!1e r.i:azi!":.:t.tu' 1-'iuds and in t:1e ~oom in which the cata- ~
lo;~ed arcl1ives are kept (eá1en as tl1e treasures of our soule, some dressed up for public display and ot!1ers, just as ~raluable pe!:haps, s11oved into the obscure background, shut up in a box and forgotten unt i l discovered by some bibliomaniac in his search for t:1e 'rarest of t~e rare' ) , and al tl1ough I have listed all of the catalogued works, I am not confident that my list includes all of the uncatalogued r.iaterial in those wood cabinets. In any case, the authors repi-esented in this collection include the following {too many titles to cite here--please order the complete list if it can be ot any value to you): Ba.'la'u'llah, in English translation; 'Abdu'l-Baha, in Englis~ translation; Shoghi Effendi, in English; Rands of the Cause residing in the Holy I.and; 1-~aye Ha.r1ey Gift; National Spiritual Aa~embly of the BaH'lt'ts áot Canada and
- the United States of America; David !Iofman; Zoe !-1eyer; Brigadier-General Per- cy Sykes; ?álirzi Assad'u'lla..li, in English tr~lation; :!.?~. "Balyuzi; Lady Blomfield; Thornton Chase; Thomas Kelly Cheyne; Stanwood Cobb; Hippolyte Drey- fus; John E. Eaalemont; Mirza Abu'l-Fa~l, in English translation; John Fer- raby; l-1ary Hanford Ford; :-1 arzieh Gail; Julia r.f. Grundy; 1.ál.'t'I. Harmon; Eliza- beth Herricki Gayle Woolson; Albert Durrant Watson; George Townshend; K.J. Spaulding; t-tirzi. AJ;!mad SoQ.ri.b; '.'lilliam Sears; Cr.arlee f1ason Remey; Horace Ilolley; ?azel Mazanders.ni; rrational Spirit1~l Assembl:':' ot India, Pakistan and Bu..~; Beatrice Irwin; láf anchester 'Sa~a'i group; !á!ay 4á- iaxwell; Ruth_J. - f.:loffett; ?'1ary Perkins and Philip Hainsworth; Florence E. Pinchon; fáfabil-i- Zarandi; M. ~idayat Hosain; Martha L. Root; Peter Essle~ont; Isabella D. Brit- - tingham; Paul :<ingston Dealy ; i/iolette l'Ta'. ;hja~iini; Er.teric Sala; láf rs. Basil Hall; Laura Clifford 3arney; i-1JTon H. Phelps; Edith :s. Schliapper; Francis Henry Skrine; Sydney Sprague; Ed1.4 rd T~eodore Hall; IIowa.rti Colby Ives; Loral
- Schoffiocher; K.T. S'.:ah; !1argaret B. Peake; Glenn A. Shook; George Orr Lat- imer; Rlll1iyyih Rabb'ini; Bernard Leach; Helen s. Goodall and Ella Goodall Cooper; ráfary L. Lucas; !Jarry Undy; Jane Bradshaw; Angela Andereoni \i. Wilson Cash; Sir E. Denison Rose; Edward Granville Browe; Lawrence Oliphant; 5.G. '.Jilson; George Napier Whittinghai11; :rtoma Lister; Adib Taherzadeh;_Bah&'u'llah, ill German translation; William Sears, in German translation; Nabil-i..z&ran- di, in German translation; Ba.lii'u'llah, in French translation. .'
10)Lancaste= oeeting, July 10-12, 1981
T::e follo1..,ing :re ".:'.y re"rise1 ::ti.nutes of t ":":e ~eeting o! ~. Loni I3ra."!15on Dr. ~lendy : 1o~en, Dr. :!oojan iio::en, Kr. áIan .Ja.sion, rtr. S ':ephen Lar.ibden, :tr. Robert Parry, á:r. Peter Sr.!it~ an~ ~'r. Peter Terry Jr. 0 1.rer the i.-1eel<end of Juljr 11-12, 1981 in the home ot S•m•oi, Corinne and Peter Smith. The first issue of minutes went out áto partieipants a couple ot weeks after the meet- ing and thev \1ere t ~ien responded to ani t hese r:tinutee reflect t~e responses of rrrJ colleagues, although I take respo~sibility for all of the manifold • errora '.t'1 i.!'!'.~ 1"!'1ay continue to lurk "!erein. á • .... - - ( 1 ) ~egarlfi:ig t !1e pu'.)lieation of a s t rict .._., scholarly Ba!1i.' i perio ~iical: a)Status of ~tp.1ies in ~~b,i..an1 Jah~'..~. :ri~.tor;y, vol. I-- George ~onald Publishers was t~e fi~st publisher considered and its e- ditors asked tor so many unacceptable mo:iifications of t :á.e original text that the aut~ors decided 'to su~mit the manuscript to anot ~er publisher. Tá.-10 years ago it was accepted tor publication b 'r Kali::iit Press, but hi:•s not yet ~eer. ~uthorized tor publication in the United States by the Ba:ta'i Review Co ..~~.:..:tee of the American :á!SA. As f'ar as the pub: 13her, editor and á authors of t~ia work are aware, it has yet to be revie~ed at all. Shortly t~ey will c~nsider its publication tn the U.K. through sc~e other channel. Dr. lá!oojan ?<ocien is editor of this volume, while contributing authors in- clude ?átr. Peter Smith, :4r. Robert Parry and Dr. Loni Branaon 9 if I am not mistaken. á b)T!te assembled participants do not all of them have a high regard !or the edito~il.l polioies and academic or literary q11ality of either \ál orlri Ord.er or Et~~d.es gahi' f Studies (the forme:- a publieation of the American - tiSA and the. latter of the Association tor Bahi'i Studies, centered in To- ronto, Car.ad&). For this reason t ~ey were not in favour ot submitting their volume to eit!ler !or possible publication. Dr. ltornen states his preference !or the F.lblication or an occasional volume ot papers over - the issuance ot a re:- ;ular journal of Baha'i studies, whatever its pub- lishing schedule aa ~eing ti:'.te-saving, without deadlines of severe and sometL"!les inhibiting nature, and without need tor fillers, and teoptation to offer anything but top-quality wor!• ~'lith regard to volumes ot ar- ticles, it 11tas pointed out that '!Ja:fa' i ..Pe:rspect i_;1es q,n Cr.ri~t i,ani tár• the book proposed b•r C~istopher 3uck and Steven Scholl is the second seriOU8 - attempt on th! part of Ba.hi• i to y.i~lis:-i a selection of scholarly arti- c:.es on Ba~i!' i-relateái topics. 3orne ot the participants ,_-1ere appro:>ached by ~á!ssrs. Euck and .S~holl just prior to this meetinr, to write articles tor the proposed book, to be publiaheái by Kalirnit Press in the not too distant future. T11ere is no re..!son w LY un,iveraity libraries w!ll not buy a volume such as s.t;u_dies in Bib,i; a!ld ~ahi' 1:. ~istcry. No Bani' i publisher ll!lJ!I r.a~e an all-out effort to r.t.arket their books to libraries and in par- ticular to academic institutions. It was eonceeded that capital is the - necessary foundation of marlceti:ig and 3a!la ' i publishers are endo,.,ed with precious little fluidá capital. George Ronald Publishers will na.~e its first serious attempt to r.iar!at! a book to_acadernica with the publication in 1981 of Dr. :-tomen' s T111e ~~i ,and Ba~• i R_!l.li!)ions, 18l1 1 t-19'~1, Sor.ie Con- te~norar ~ecou..~ts. á c Dr. TAr.i B::áMson suggeated that the NS& of Belgium might print a vo- lume of scholarly articles and t~t it might be bound into a book locally, in . Englan1. Mr. Jan Jasion insisted t 11a.t printing can be done more cheap- ly in Canada than in the United States or England • . Dr. ?1omen rer.iarked that 1? I. UNITED KTI7GOO?át
10)Lancaster meeting, July 10-12, 1981 George Ronald ia1,rinting his book in the United States becaua~ costs there are so ~uch less than in E?li~lan~, even including the price of oversea.a pos- - tage. Itr. Ter?'y promised to price the coats of printing in Ife\4 England, and to supply tl1at information to the next convocation of Ba!la' i scholars in the United Kingdom. á (2)~egarding the holding ot annual seminars with presentation ot scholarly papers: . a)Propoeed organization of an European Bah8. •I Studies Association-á - Investigate the operation of the Bahi'i International Esperanto League as a possible model for such an Associationinobody volunteered. There are mixed feelings and thoughts on thia subjeot but the .views most • often voiced are: •. -That Bah&'{s should be able to meet to discuss Bana•i and Bibi history and teachings without inhibitions, among themselves and with individuals .. . - who are not enrolled members of the Ba~ 1 i cor.ununity • 'á -That there is conaid9r!ble resistance to the organization and carrying out ot such meetings on the pert of some enrolled members of this comnunity. -That the conferences, surmner schools and other of fieially planned com- munity convocations have not allowed for an open and yet disciplined intel- lectual. exchange of information and perspectives and interpretations. -That those instrumentalities which have been ostensibly established in - order to encourage Baha'i atudiea have ao far become what one participant called •an advanced deepening institute probably combined with propaganda . . . . among the universities', essent~ally and exclusively subjective rather than objective, ideological rather than dispassion•te, dogma.tic instead of scien- . ., . ; tific in method. - .JThat individ11•l Baha'ia have jealousl1 defended and oftea irreconcilable views ot. intellectual enquiry, of open and •scientific' study of their own religion, and that we are not ready to listen to each other and to reach a higher ground that can be shared by all • .rlot all of rq colleagues would agree with all of these statements, but all of them will agree with some ot them. The discussion ot the last topic, ot our differing viewe waa particularly ricn with contraat, colour and convic- tion. Mr. Smith championed the phenomenological approach to tge etu<ty of religion1 Dr. Moman regarded the acientific study of the Baha'i Faith as similar to taking a step outside ot one's self in order to see the reality . thereof more clearly; Mr. Parry insisted that, to quote hie subsequent let- ter in which he. reiterated this point with force, 'we should not try to be servants of agnostic or potentially atheistic methodology, but to be aware - that we are Bahi'is engaged in 1'academic'' research. Not everything that comes from the pen of a person who is honestly committed to a particular horizon is propagandist.'' Dr. Bremeon affirmed the distinction between a- cademic research and intellect11al discussion, and personal spiritual commit- ment to the Faith. and insisted that she aeea no contradiotion between the two and that she ia a Baba'{ first •nd an academic scholar second. ?ti-. Ter- ry offered bis perspective, that scholarship ia a spiritu•l exercise, the intellectual arm of deepening, and aa richly regarding for the speaker and writer aa for the listener •nd reader, hence not as something ae)M\rate from Baha'i life but as a natural. and necessary extension thereof. b)Reporta of personal meetings with selected Counsellors-- Dr. Loni Bramenn met with Mr. Louis Henu.et, Continental Co11nsellar for Europe, resident of Belgiwa, tior to her attend•nce at .thta meeting, and to11nd him supportive of Bab.K' acholarship, convinced that unleaa an intel- lectual. approach to the Bahi 1 I Faith, including Bahl.'l studies is vigorous- I. UNtl't;D KINGJ0%á1
10)T.ancaster meeting, July 10-12, 1981 lv.. cultivated on t'h.e European Continent t~1e i:nr.iediate prospects of t:1e propo- zation of the religion of Go(t are dis~c:.l indee'i. :Ie feels that •..;e~e an Eur- opean Ba~'la'i 3tu.lies Associati"."!n to be formed, it could only be span.sored either by t~e ?fatioasl Spirittnl Assembly of the United Kingdom or t!t3.t of Gert!~á (Jr. Bra.-nson later wrote me in a letter dated 3/9/81, that she 'trote, on beá~~lf of the ~oup assembled in Lancaster this weekend, •to tae European CBC• about a European ilistory Project. In this letter I exp~aine1 that for several reasons we do not want a !or~al Baha'i Stu1ies Societv in Europe. When I spoke with Louie Henuz~t after the meeting, he agreed, ~nd aciazingly enough cited all the same re:• 3ons cited at the meeting••, although I didn't tell him what they were. We certainly don't need help in setting one up, aa you suggested Canada could do. All ot us are m~mbers or other professional societies. I think it would be better to letát~inga evolve á here naturally.' ~lr. Smith, on pilgrirnalJe to Haifa, Israel, met with t~ssrs. Aziz Yazdi and Hooper Dunbar, Contine~tal Counsellors serving with the International Teaching Centre. He found both of these indivi1uals to be encouraging and enthusiastic regarding the renaissance of Baha'i studies and desiring to be kept informed of progress made. He !lleo found the Universal House o"! Justice members to be wholeheartedly supportive of his own academic scholarly efforts. t-tr. Terry, who met briefly with 1-fra. Ursula ?.fuhlschlegel and ~.fr. Zrik Blumenthal, both of them members of the European CBC, in late ?4ay 1981, and . who discussed the prospects for organizing an European Baha'i Studies Asso- ciation and about Baha'i studies in general and the concept of an Encyc~~~ . Redi,!l Baba'\ (please see reports on these individuals under section on Ger- many), tound both of these Counsellors to be personall7 supportive otááand . interested in the development of Baha'i studies, and both also insisted that all proposal.a for international projects in this field be submitted to the ... Universal House of Justice tor guidance and adjudication. . . c)Continuation of small. relatively informal conferences in the U.K.-- Mr. Stephen l•mbclen informed ua that ~á~e and Dr. Denis MacEoin proposed that the next meeting of those present take place in September 1981 at a á conference to be organized by the two of them at the University ot Newcastle upon Tyne; we asked them to please postpone this meeting until April or May 1982 to give prospective participants adequate time to prepare substantive papera for presentation. The theme of this conference is provisional~v es- tablished aa 'The Baha'i Religion and the Great World Religions•. We shall no doubt be hearing more about this occasion in the near future. (Please see reports on l.fr. Lambden and Dr. l1aeEoin tor their addresses if you '"ish to write either of them regarding the up-coming conference.) It was also recommended that the participants in the next meeting be sent copies of all or moat of the papers to be presented so that they can be read prior to the meeting--all 'negotiation.a• should be made directl.J' with the organizers. (J)Register of Baha'i Studies After circulating hi• 1979 'Register of Academic Work in Baba' i Studies' , Mr. Peter Smith turned over all of the material he had collected to the Association tor Baha'i Studies (then denominated the Canadian Association tor the Stud:r of the 3aha • i Faith) with the understanding that they would continue his \'lork, updating and expanding and circulating this unique •ae- giater•. All participants agreed that t~ia work should continue, alt~ough A.a.s. has yet to circulate a revised 'Register•, in either 198o or 1981. (~)En~yclo2!dia l!,aba'i a1Biographical Dictionery-- Mr. Jasion remarked that the World Centre, that ia the Universal House of Justice and its subsidiary institutions is in need ot a biographical die- I. utáiITED Kil:GOOM
10)Lancaster meeting, July 10-12, 1981 .... - - ~ tionav describing prominent 13abis and Baha' is and t'.1e '.letaila ot 3abi and 1ana'i history. Dr. ltomen indicated that l1e ia attr:tcted to this sort ot project and had thougl1t of compiling sue~ a dictionary himself' t along with - an 3.Ilnotated bibliography of literature useful for the study or Bahi'i his- tory, and a cornpre~ensive chrono~ogy, maps and ~loss~y, but conceeded that ~1e will probably never und~rtal{e sueh a pro j ect. His reason !or not commit- ting hi~self to this work is that by the ti~e one ~oes enough research on ~ny one individual prominent in Ribl or 3ahi'i history, one might as well write a full-scale biography of that person rather than content oneael! •,1ith a short article f'or a biographical dicti2,nary, inas~ch as '\lmost nothing has been written about 8.!lY of the Bibis and Bahi'is and even about the Central Figures of the Baha'i Faith, in comparison with the dozens and in some cases hundreds of exhaustive biographies written about t ae lives of prominent European and American public figures, such as kings and queens and painters and poets, not to ~ention prophets, and also in view of the E~Teat deal of research one 'A'ould liave to do il! order to gather information about the life of 8.n:f prominent Bib! or Ba!la•i. b)Encyclopedia- - iá1r. Robert Parry and ~tr. Terry in consultation with l-1r. Abu'l-Qasirn Af- nan a~d many other Bahi'is conceived or the compilation of an ~l\..cyclope~j.a ~abi~i independently of each other and during the months which directly pre- ceeded this tneet.ing. They spoke or their concepts with the assembled par- ticipants and these were received with polite tolerance but for the most part disapproval. It was remarI<::fMl that a corporate life of some variety would have to oversee the compilation or such an enormous work, that this would be the work ot an Institute, not of a loose-knit group of individuals. The standing ot such a project would have to be defined via a' via the Uni- versal House of Justice. Dr. ?!omen pointed out that each of us has a li- oited lifeá.span and can accomplish only a limited body ot work, al'\(l that no•-' ia the time to collect primary source material and to 1.'1ork with some secondary material, and that the compilation ot an Encyclopedia ia prema- ture, inasmuch as it ia the fruit of generations of scholars, based upon áthousands of scholarly articles and books, a third stage project. lfe !avours the pursuit of practical, attainable ai~e, and the production of work of en- during value. Important iesues \tere raised by all participants, and ~tsars. Parry and Terry conceeded that they do not yet have answers to many of their colleagues' questions: 1:/ho will finance this project? \fuo will organue it? \iho will edit? á"Jho 'fill write? idho will research? l>/ho will revi•v? Who will publish? Who will choose topics to be included, length of articles ••• ? Mr. Parry, in a letter refreshing my memory after the meeting and upon his re- ceipt of the first draft ot this report, wrote that 1 An encyclopedia by any other name, would do. For it to work there doesn't have to be a reser- voir of clearly defined primary sources--,.,ho is to detine it? The worká could contain short pieces on various things from Absolute to Zayn al-Muqar- ibin. There cguld be written fairly quickly and would give the direction in which we Bana'is move. A fixed arrow is always on the way, and is a good analogy for our lives in all its aspects. The myth of primary sources could quite easily halt any attempt at a summary by simply questioning the vali- dity of that summary. If \'19 acknowledge that the articles are provisional, like the arrow always in a certain direction, then we can be sure that they do not exhaust the truth about an issue. The encyclopedia would provide an entrance into the Bahl'i universe via thumb-nail discussions. It's still viable tor me.• t-t r. Terry ventured to assert that th• compilation of an en- cyclopedia could serve as a rallying point for Bahi'i scholars, a.a a tocua for their collective energies, for the d7namic expression and formation of T!tár~n v-á IáG~'á I• Ji. ~.l:J ro..l• !.A.I.'!
10)Lar.caster neetins. Jul7 10-12, 1921 spiritual unity of t :1e learne:i of ~a.~1a and of t~e entir ~ eo!':l."'lUnity of :\1- Ab:i.ai :m,j t :~at in cor.ipilinrr 5tlC1:t a ,.,or!-:, á.11.ich mi ,: h.t •:1e J.l ta~á:e decades, an entire :;eneration or eáren t •.-10, t he indi •ri átual scholar '...rould contrioute c!l.1.:r ..,~t ~.1e o!' s ~:e can r!o best, not'.'li?i.;! bl.it t'1e !)est, á..1ith !l.n understandi!l.']; t~'l t e•.r entuall•r• t .1e co":lnlete • at!'-uct,.ire •á1i 11 be rai3ed llnd t~e full \átor!-: ~1ade a ár'!i lab le to t~ e inquisi ti á."e rearter. ?á!r. S::?i t :1, 1Jr. J:""a.rison and Dr. '.!endy ~!o~en ~roi.ce1 t ~-: eir a,~eenent •.á1 it i1 :>r. !toojan '.-lor.ten t 1.!at such a project is pre~.1ture at t ~1i3 ti :~e. 1 .!e a~eed to disa~ee. :tssrs. Parry and Te~ry are still 3ttac~ed to the conce~t. - ( 5)Zuropean !!iator'IJ Project ~!r. Terry understands t!i.at the Uniá1ersal Iiouse of Justice !las t-1ritten a nlL'!l~er of .i:uropean I13As asking them to underta~\:9 the C')::lpilation and. \-lri te- U!] of t '.1 eir respecti,re national 3a:ia• i histories, that is ot the de;relopi.tent ot the °"3(!1.:-:.a • i Fait:1 in thei~ specific countries. As far :is he kno~á1s, such ":listories are bei?lg á.-1ritten or :1ll~1e been completed in ~\ustria (by Dr. Kent ). Je 11eri1~;e and iá1r. Kat:ibiz Poostchi and others, see reports), Norway (by iá! :-s. Gerd. Strand a!ld :•i iss Gudrun Ofate~aard, see reports), .Finland (by I1r. !Iarri Peltola, see i"'eport), S\ofeden (b~r f.fr. Paul .:itolpe and Iátr. Ezzat Djaza- :reri, see reports) 1 Den.':'larlt (by !lies Kaya ~lolclt 1 see report), Spain {láliss 'lfi?... ~inia Orbiaon, Casi ta Rosa, :tonte de Sanoha, J.'!alaga, Spain), Italy ( ~á~ •. Feri rtazl...m, via. S. Yorio, Locarno, Switzerland), and France (rlr. David ~red Blacl~er, 8, rue Gaston l(eller, 57000 lletz, France). !>r. Bramson a .:1. ..YJ.ounced tliat sl1e plans to study 3elzian 3aha. 1 i history and to receive perr.1isaion to consult currently closed port:i.ons of the ~\r.ierican Ilana' i ~!ational Arc!1ivea collection in ':lilmette, Illinois. In pursuance of her air.i she has already undertal~en some intervie\áTS ~.,it~1 ''old belieá1ers'' and has discove:-ed a fair nw:1ber of relevant docu.~ents. She mentio~ed that t!1ere are Ishqabadi !3a!'!.a' is living in Belgium. :átr. Terry mentione~ encoun- tering soMe Ishqabadi ~aha'is in Finland, or rather be~~1 encou:-age1 to tape in- terviwa with t~l!"ee Is!1qabadi 3aha' is by a iátoscovite Da~1a. 1 i whilat in !Iel- sin!::i. Dr. 3ra"'.!son also :1opes .t o write Ba}la 1 i histories for the D1ltch, Lux- embourgish and French comotmities. Dr. rroo j an llomen avered t '.'lat no one person could compile a comprehensive history of the British Baha'i community inasmuch as there are big gape in t~e historical accounts whic~ presently exist and comparatively little and diso1~ga.nized documentary evidence. :!e noted that o.z. ~.'l1itehead and l~ichard Beale r.iay be ,,,orking on the '.o/riting of a British 3aha'i history, • and that Continental Counsellor Setty ~eed has asked for information on the Ishqabadi ~1a'is to be collected. ':le discussed the idea of an European llistory Project to which Baha' is from the various European national eoanunities could contribute and as a locus for t1.e pooled talents of a number ot Ba..'1a'i historians, and Dr. Bramson indicated t!:.at slie would talk with !á! r. Louis Henuzet and also write a letter to the Continental Board of Counsellors regarding this proposal. (On August 9, 1981 Dr. Bramson vrote oa froo B~ussele to the effect that she had recently talk- ed .,.,ith !áIr. Henuzet and written the CBC and th.at the future of this proposal \IBB aq1aarely in their hand.a.)
(6)Guidelinee tor the review of sc~olarly literature a)Problema with the review of manuscripts beinr, submitted for publication and written by Baha'i authors, by Jeview Committees appointed by the Nation- al Spiritiwl Asaembliea-- Loaing of manuscripts; slowness of response; insistence of reviewers on exclusive emplo71Dent ot stock ''Baha • i'' terms in scholarly articles, regard- leais of their audience; ad~erence of revieá..rers to one system of Perso-Arab- ic transliteration, regardless ot the readership; inadequate theological and
10)Lancaster oeeting, July 10-12, 1981
h isto~ ical and acade~ic pre!)aredness or reviewers; double-standards: review- ers •. r:10 criticize in academic articles and books in the field of BS.bi and - - Baha'i studies 'trhat t l1ey t ~1 er.1se1~1es practice in t:teir respective professions and fiel1s o! specialization; power politics: t~e position o! the reviewer s1.-1 ella not a few lteada; there is actually no committee: onl:,• individuals R!)pointed to review, no consultation bet~-1een revie•.1 ers; anon:rr.iity of review- er so t~at no personal rejoinder and dialogue is possible; failure to dis- tinr;t1ish in many cases bet•.áreen editing, á.-1hich is the 2re!'o0t ... ~."e o~ ~h.e '!:J1.lh- lis!ler, and review for accuracy of port:::-a:ral of 3a~tiá i teaci1in~s and history an:i 't'lit!1 t11e aim of protecting t~!e Faith from its enemies and the believers f!"or: controvers~r. M
b)Letters from the Universal House of Justice on review-- T11ose \'1110 attended !'ead copies of letters on árevie•..t 't1ritten bi tl1e Uni,1er- - sal !Iou3e of Jt1stice an1 by the Jesearch Department at t~e Ba.!1a' i \á/orld Cen- tre, one of \lhic~ "Jtas publis:1ed in part in an issue of lah~' i l'Teltrs, a..'l.d - ot~ers aent directly to individual 3ahi'i scholars and then circulated by t 11er:? to eac~ other. All of tl1ese letters t'lere most encouraging to Ba..lta.' i sc:1olars and carefully explained the need for revie'" !t t l1is time, in order to protect against the misrepresentation of the Baha'i Faith by its own fol- - lo\'1ers, •.'/ho are often not fully informed ot the facts and ot their correct in- terp:-etation; to correct tite misconceptions of 3a~' is and non-Bahi' is; to - alleviate the occurrence of scornful attacks ,.,hie~ take ad,rantage of these ~i~e~esentations ~~1 miseo~eeptions voiced (and published) by Bahi. 1 is. All - tl-1ose present were impressed by ,the tone, the reasoning and measured voca- bulary of these letters from the Uni"rersal IIouse of Justice. Tl-:.ere vras lit- tle discussion--my feeling was that further discussion would be fruitless: tl1e ~Iouse had spo!'.'..enl á c)Characteristics ot certain Review Committees-- - Ea.ch Bahi'i community has its o~n standard~ for the review of material submitted !or publication by Baha'ls on B!hA'i-related topics. Df• 3rar.taon affirmed that in Belgium and France Ba..i.i' i scholars never have an}\ diffi- culty with Review Committees, that, in fact, it is difficult to get them to review material written by scholars; in Belgium the lTational Spirit\1al Assembly told Dr. Bramson that it !eels there is nobody in Belgium quali- fied to review her academic work. :-1 r. Smith noted t11at review \'18.S an is- sue in England a few years ago but t~at now the knowledu"'8 . and judgement of - individual Baha'i scholars is more consistently appreciated, :t.nd, at the ti1lle of this meeting, five out ot the twel,re reviewers were participating in this conterencel Dr. l~oojan tfomen said t1'..at he looks through whatever is submitted to him for review and it it is acceptable, he sends it back to the committee secretary recommending approval; he has yet to turn down a manuscript. Several or those present pointed out that review takes less than two months on most occaaions in the United Kingdom, and that t11ey also have an ''emergency review'' proceedure to hand.le books and arti- cles which must meet a publisher's deadline and soon, or else •••This in - - contrast to the Review Committee ot the American l~SA which has yet to res- pond to Stu~ies in Bibi a;i~ Ba..118•~ His~orx, vol._I, t~o years after it waa offered !or review prior to publication by Kalimat Press. ?á!r. Terry men- tioned the difficulties whicn ásome Germ•n Baha'i scholars have encountered with the Review Connnittee of the German NSA as presently constituted. Participants agreed th&t there must be personal contact with reviewers in order to change the sometimes rigid and dogmatic views ot some of the individuala appointed to pase judgement upon the written compositione of their co-religion!sia. All admitted that review will go on, like_i~ or not, and that Ba..~'i scholars must accomodate to thi.a tact ot Baha'i life, I. UltI'rED Kn?GOOrI
10)Lancuter meeting, July 10-12, 1981 one ,.,a,, .. or ~other. :re started t~11s discussion iárith the idea t~t '!.•re, a group ot Ba'ha' i sc:á.olars, might draw up a set of guidelines tor the review of sc~olarly literature in the field of 3~bi and Ba~a'i studies, which we r.ti~ht t\?en propose to the Universal House of Justice, ani/or to the indi- á1i iual tlSAa &."ld t:~eir ~eview Comittees. By t~1e ti:ne we finished reading t~e letters from the Universal !!ouse of Justice our enthusiasm for drawing 11p any sue!\ guidelines á11as entirely dissipated; ,.,e seem to have, at least teaporarily, resigned ourselves to the way thin~s are nov, to put up and s~ut up, or try to c~ange policies by getting to know the reviewers per- soMlly. We "'ere moat impressed that the Universal House of Juatioe praised the intellectual eftorta ot a Baha'i scholar, Iáfr. Jtaan Jicardo Cole, whose specific conclusions in one of his articles (published in Uorld Order on the subject ot the Manifestation of God) the House did not itself entirely sr.:.are and agree withl Paranoid scholars, ta?te heedl (?)Baha'i Studies Centre . Participa..~ta asked whether the Association !or Baha'i Studies has es- tablished a .!laha'i Studies Centre in Toronto, Canada, and 1'1r. Terry pro- mised to c~eck on this and make a report. (Mr. Terry haa since tall~ed ,.,ith ti-10 merlb•re ot the Executive Board of A.B.S., Dr. Husain Daneshá and Dr. Williar.a Hatcher, and the representative of t~e American ~ISA to that Board, Mr. John v/albridge, and accordir.~ to the information he has been able to collect so far, the A.B.s. headquarters is located at 224 Fourth i\venue, Ottowa, Ontario, Canada K1S 2L8, and it comprises an entire build- ing, adjacent to the campus of the University of Ottawa, and is intended to become a Baha'i Studies Centre under the jurisdiction of A.B.S and the Canadian NSA.) . }le also asked .Dr. 1~toojan Momen whether such a Centre tor Baha'i Studies might be associated with the Afnan Library in the future, and Dr. Homen said that he and the other two trustees of t:1e Libra.r:r have considered this eventuality in a positive light, but that such a Centre will not be coming into existence in the very near future. T.aetly, tie aa.l(ed Mr. Jasion if the Universal House ot Just ice contem- plated establishing an Institute tor Baha'i Studies in Haifa and connected with the International Ba.~• i Library and the International Baba' i Ar- . chives, and I.fr. Jasion said that the International Baha'i Library, which will be able to accomodate approxi:na.tely fifty Baha'i scholars at any one time, will not be completed, t~t is the structure tor this.collection will not be raised for ten to fifteen years yet, and that, properl:r speak- ing, this would not tu.Dction as an Institute for Baha'i Studies, but rather as ~ other reference library. (8)Publication of prima17 source :nate~ials Dr. láloojan Moman noted that Kalimat Preas is reprinting Tahirih the Pure, by Martha Root, with an introductory essay on Martha Root by l.farzieh Gail, and three Appendices and tour pages ot Retea, in 1981, and that the American Bal1a'i Publishing Trust is publishing a reprint of E.G. Browne's translation of •,\bdu'l-Baha'a history ot the Ba.bi and Baha'i Faiths, en- titled A T~avele?"'s liarrative, without the tlotes and Appendices which char- acterized the second volume of.hie work, and without the Persian language origiml text edited by Mr. Browu published in the first volume. I.fr. Lambden insisted upon the need for circulation of accurate copies ot primary sources, p•rticu1arly of Babi and Ba1".a' i Scriptures in their original tongues, •nd alao of histories and photographic copiea and care- tull.J edited tranaoriptions and scholarly trea•lationa of original docu- ments. T~e other participants in the meeting did not indicate much in-
10)Lancaster ~eeting, July 10-12, 1981 tere.st in t'.1is :'"latter' ,_.,ith tli.e exception or :tr. Terr)"' 'rlhO has becor.te pain- full~r ~~á:are of t':'.e need for i.lore efficient circulation of such r.iateriala t ::.rou:;h his cons1.lltation.s \á1ith s,!:\:1i'l sc:"?olars on t~e Continent (and subse- q•.1ent1~~, i:i t::e United States of Aoerica). Jr. ;too,jan ~to11en noted t~mt E. G. 3roá.me Gt!:died t 1::ree ;.'lanuscripts of t:-..e n('\•ran-i-~!'"sI, and that it \iOuld be relati~1el~r ea.s:r to cor.ipa.re his copies •:1 ith t ~:oae in !!aifa and hence to pre~e a carefully edited and authentic edition or t l1e i-lotrler Book of t11e 3~b} ~evelation fo~ eventual publication and ~eterence by students of the - - labi and 3ar.a'i Faiths. Professor Browne's careful study of hie three manu- scripts is stored in a box in the Cambridge University . Library • ( 9) :.:eport on t~e .ft:f'nan Library by Dr. tloojan =átor.ten á.r.:1en I!and of t~~e Cause of God IIasan ?-t. Balyuzi passed away, his \~ill pro- vided for his private library be established as a reference library and re- search facility for students of the Bibl and Bahi 1 'I :t'aiths and Persian Gulf region. !le appointed his 'rlfe, his son }obert and hi.a research assistant, Dr. iioojan Ito;'jen, as tr,1stees of t:"?.e library, and provided that a cember of eac11 family continue to ser11e in concert to ~overn thia institution. !-lr. ~alJ'l.lZi intended for his collection to be the hub of a research institute, not just a librarz. At sooe tir.ie in the future the Trust may be able to establish a Baha'i Studies Centre and also ta..~e part in the publication of scl1olarly literature in the field ot BabI/Bahi'i studies. As provided for in llr. oalyu.zi'e will, his collection is being established at present as a Trust; a~d the trustees hope to have it registered some ti.me thereafter as a charity. At t11e time of this meeting the .~fnin Library was without legal identit;r, and a draft trust ~ed was bein~ considered by the British NSA. This Librar;r does not cor.iprise only the personal papers of tálr. Balyuzi but ,.,ill eventua1'ly include docu1nents associated ~"ith most if not all members of t~1e Afnan .family, l1ence its identification as the Af'r..an Library. r:!r. ~hu'l-Qasim Afnan, formerly custodian of the House of the Bib in S,Jtri.z, I::.1~n, and no,., a resident of Oxford, England, has promised between six and seá:en l1undred volw:es along wit!1 c:tests of Afnan family docu.~ents now in - ~iding in Iran. After these docW?Jents are smuggled or shipped out of Iran they r.rust be cataloblled and the only person wl10 can do r.ruch of this \otork is iátr. Afnin, as he is the only living r.ieober of the Afn.in family who can distiil.GUish the handwriting of his various predecessors. He is also the only person who can i~entify the handwriting on t~e envelopes of docur.ients \át~ich !Ir. Balyuzi r.ad collected over the years and which he did not identi- fy himself. At present l-'ir. Afnan is going through t l1ese documents and i- denti!'jing and cataloguing t~ern. As to the care and organization of the entire collection, a prof'essior.a.l librarian has been consulted b~r the trus- tees, and not~ing is being touched, everything--exeept for some of the Per- sian and ;\rabic ~uscripts being identified and catalor;ued by :.fr. Afnin-- is neing left as i.t \á1as at t~e tir.ie of ?'!r. Balyuzi' s decease. Mr. á Bal- yuzi' s library is not so impressive for its selection of published C18.t• erials but rather for its invaluable collection of manuscripts in Persian a.."ld J\rabic script. :~r. !3alyuzi B.Bked t h e Universal Howse of Justice to set asiá:le a covJ of ever:rthing sent to the Janda ot the Cause of God un- til tl~e ter~inntion of that institution 1:1ith the passing of the laat Hand, so t!i.a.t t!1e Afnan Library mig~1t ~18.ve a complete collection ot all oaterial sent to t~e :!ands. The Afnin Library '"ill be under the le'S&l jurisdiction of the lTSA of t'."le United Kingdom, as is required bf British statutes, but t :1e Universal !louse of Justice has indicated t :1at \.,henever the r1SA should be required to exercise its legal authority, it ~ill take instructions on this natter from tI~e Uni~1ersal llouse of Justice. As soon as the Library is constituted as a Trust, its truatees can begin to raise funds for the 10)Lancaster meeting, July 10-12, 1981 provision of operating expenses and acquisitions. It is probable, said !>r. llor.Jen, that t~e collection will continue to be housed in 11r. Bal~~zi 's T..1on- don home. 1e;a~dint; t~e man&bement of the Library, !tr. Jasion recommended t'hat the trustees consult á.*itil a orofessional - archi,riet. 1á!r. Terry suscest- ed that the Af~!.~ Librarv adopt the sane system and call numbers and letters for the classification of boo!r..s L"ld manuscripts adopted and in use at t~:e "3a!,_i • i 1.lorld Centre. :át~. Jasion described that ayster:i aa being related to tl1e u.S.L!br&?T of Congress ~Jstem, \iith sor.ie innovations required by Sao{ and Bahi' i literature. Dr. ll0C2en indicated that the trustees of the Af!tan Library might adopt the sa.~e system, and indeed the verJ same call numbers and lette~s for books and other literature in its collection which is also to be found in the World Centre Library and has been classified according to the above-mentioned system. Mr. Jasion also indicated that he could ar- range to sen~ duplicate copies of books in the World Centre Library to form part ot the Afnin Library collection. - (10)How to assist young people who are thinking of going ,!nto Bah&'i scholar- ship fro~ becoming alienated troo the Faith and the Bahi'i comm~ity Dr. llomen suggested that we conceive of guidelines tor Sa.hi.' i scholars so that t~ey will not be lost to the Faith, either that or we should dis- suade young people troni devoting themselves to Bahi•i studies. He cited - a number ot fine Bahi•is who became students of the Faith in pursuance of an academic program, aa aociologista ot religion, Ialamiciets, Iranologists, -- theologians, co1nparative religionists, lltho were alienated from the Faith and the Baha'i coamninity in the procesa. Dr. Br•meon asserted that_the guidelines for Bahi•I scholarly endeavour are to be found in the Bahi'i teachings. Aa ah• reiterated for me in a let- -- ter in response to this report in first draft, 'All one b•ls to do is follow them, i.e. live the Baha'i life. Moderations should especially . be observed. Don't get so involved in studiea that one cuts oneself off from the Baha'i community.• Ifr. Lambden avered that it is always risky for a religionist of any per- suasion to undertake an academic or ostensibly eoientitic study ot his own Faith. ?áIr. Smith noted that the central problem ia that of the controversy bet- ween the rule of Revelation and the rule of Reason, and he suggested (joke) that ?-Ir. Parry wark on th.is matter and work it out somehow and to everyone's .satisfaction. - . ltr. Terry suggested a cooperative nett'1ork of Bah&' i scholars, mut11ally supportive, through thick and thin, emoti~nall:r aa well aa intellect11ally,' and then we quickly adjourned for lunch. Ct.fr. Parry's excellent t!1oughts on the matter are well represented in lll'J report devoted to hie work. They refer to the problem of Reason •nd Revelation, not to saving the souls of Bahi•I scholars.) THAT'S ALL FOIKSI II. BELGim1
• 1)Dr. Loni Bramson Languages: English, French Degrees: Ph.D. in History ot P.eligion, Universite de Laval, Bruxelles; disser~ation on his- tory ot the Ba.Iii' i Faith in the U.S.A. and Canada, 1922-36 T!tte!"'!i~.-t: 1'r. ~r!l.'!!Son, whose ciissertation ~á!as accepted and degree awarded with high honors shortly after our first meeting in December 1980, hopes to have a reciaed version thereof published in French and in English (perhaps by l{a].imit Press of Los Angeles, California). She is also deter- mined to write the Bahi•I history of Belgium, and possibly that of France, Holland and Luxembourg. Dr. Bramson recommended. my recourse to the ~ook atoree on Russel Street in London in search for rare titles in Baha'i-related lit!rature. She mentioned Ann!_-Marie Mazgani in Holl•nd as a specialist in Iranian history and a Baha'i scholar. Dr. Bramson is interested in doing some translation.a trom French into English and vice versa it there is ae- surance of publication and if such translations are related to her work. - She haa taken part in the Babi'i studies semin•ra at the University of Lan- caster (see I.2)), presenting one paper (listed below), and will continue to participate in scholarl.J' meetings of this nature. She describes her philoeopby' of research aa tollovss she ia a pioneer first and foremoet, and this colours all of her work; eh• aima not to teat the taitg of others; ahe affirms that the Jiivulgence of trutn can not hurt the Bahi' i Cawse; and she feels that she hae no problem in being objective in her acr.,J1&rly work while - reraainl.ng loyal to the Bahi' i Faith. Dr. Bramson is open t-) collaborative - effort with other Babi'i scholars, but only with those of a poeitive atti- tude, tho!9 who do not separate faith trom reuon, who are not critical of the Bahi' i Cause. She is particularly a!tracted to collaborative effort with nonáBaha'ia and believes that Bahi'i and non-Bahi'i scholars can com- plement each other's studies. She ask•d me to send her a cow of my biblio- gra~ upon its completion for her cu-efUl review prior to its tinal pre- paration for publication. ~he noted in conversation regarding sources tor the stu~ ot European Baha'i history that the archives of the International -- Baha'i Bureau in Geneva, Switzerland, trom 1925 to 1955, and associated. vi.th Shoghi Ettendi eeem to be lost. Dr. Bramson spent some six months in search of a university poeition teaching history of religion, appl7ing for positions all over the world.
Dr. Bramson, in tu.11 agx eement with Louia Henuzet, Continental Coynaellor in Europe, resident in Belgium, regar~ the eatabliabment of a Bui•i Studiee Association in Europe at this time •a inappropriate and untim~. In a let- ter dated 8/9/81, Dr. Bramson vrote that ''I think it would be better to let things evolve here naturally. It a Euro~an Hiator1 Project get! ott the gro1md, then I feel that it vill be •n •mbl"J"O for a tuture Babi' i Studies Asaociation••• It would be much more logical to have such a society be born from neceaait7, that ia from •11 these projects, than Yice-veraa. It th• foundation of the aociet7 ia academic, and its history of activities ia a- cademic, then there vill be no problem••• :t a Europeen BS.A. were auociated with a univereit7 there wOuldn't be •D1' probleu about it not being acadeá mic.'' Dr. Bramson aleo feel.a that it is premature tor Bahi•t scholar• to undertake the compilation.of an Enc;rclopediA; Babi•I, ~ad that it would be - Paith. cadeaica vill lemra to ~speot the B•h•'l - preferable tor collectiou of achol•rly article• to be piblillbed eo that a- II. BELGIU?.f
1)Dr. Loni Bramson
Interview:
Papers: 'Jlisto?7 ot the Baha'i Faith in the United States ot America and Canada', n.p., n.d. (Ph.D. dissertation) 'Internal Opposition to 'Abdu'l-Baha's Will and Testament and the Establishment of the Guardianship', 4 pagee, n.d.
Publicationas ''La foi baha' iei un apercu introductif, '' article in prepar- ation tor Belgian scholarly publication. ~ rsl,is~on baha!ie, book in preparation tor Belgian publication•
• III. FR.UfCE
1) Dr. Amine :.fesbah Languages: Persian, .Arabic, French, some English Degreea: r.f. D.
Interview: Thanks to the hospitality and generosity of Dr. Amine Mes- bah and his wite Jeanne Mesbah, I \fa8 able to talk with him three times and for several hours without interruption. So what I will write is gleaned not from one interview but from several. The first took place in January 1981 ana the second and third in May of that same year. I \-la& interviewing Dr• tátesbah chiefiy because I had been told by Dr. Moojan Momen that the former - -- had engaged in the study of French documents related to the Bibi and Bahi.'i religions, in the Archives of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Paria, the Gobineau collection of the Univeraite de Strasbourg library, the Biblioteque Nationale in Paris and the Chamber of Counnerce in }larseillea. Dr. Mesbah explained to me that there are at least twenty cases of letters, correspon- dence between the comte de Gobineau and 11is friends and colleagues in the Gobineau collection at the Biblioteque Nationale et Universitaire de Stras- bourg (B?IUS), and that he looked through all of t':lese letters searching for references to the Bibi and Baha'i Faiths, their Founders and adherents, that all of those which contained such references were included in the corresporvt- ence of the comte de Gobineau and the baron Prokesh von Osten published some time ago. As tor the letters which he wrote to his mother and to his sister, and to other persons, he did not tind a single mention of such topica in ~ of these. (For information of a more precise nature on this subject, please refer to reports on the BRUS and the Biblioteque Rationale de Paris (BHP).) Dr. J.feabah aseured me that Dr. Beveridge (see report on him under Austria) ha.a a larger collection of letters written by Gobineau with references to - - and Bahi.'is than does he himself. Dr. Mesbah 20ssesaea ph~tocopies the Bi.bis and microfilms of letters of Gobineau mentioning the Bibia and Bahi'is in hie home, and he offered to have copies of these made tor me, aa th• Univer- sal House of Justice gave hill permisaion to do so. I have not yet taken ad- vantage of his kind ofter aa I am not immediately in need of auch copies. If &n1' ot my correspondents or colleagues would seek copies of these documents I mq be able to arrange this with Dr. Meabah. In the BRUS, Dr. Mesbah did not seem to be sure of how many letters to the cOl!lte de Oobineau on behalf of Bahi'u'llah (that ia attributed to Him or to His representatives) were ex- tant and available tor perusal. During my first trip to BKUS I discovered onl7 on• sue~ letter, but Dr. Meabah shoved me copiea ot fiY• othera, and I now have photocopies of all au of these. Dr. Meabah also •lloved me to pho- tocopy a letter on behalf of Bah&'u'llah or attributed to Him, written in the Ottoman Turkish l•ngw1•g• •nd kept, along with its translation into Prencb and the responee it received, in the arohivea ot the Ministry of Foreign At- fairs in Paria, in which Dr. Meab•h h•• spent: a number ot houra looking through the filea. Th• aiz letter• attributed to Baha'u'llah at th• BNUS are addressed to the comte de Oobineau. It appears trom the comt•'• cG1Tea- pondence with baron Prokeah von Oaten that h• received other letters troa Babi'u'llah: we have no record of theae, and if tlwy are included in hia personal papera they are surely lost or destroyed •• all of hie person•l pa- pers are kept at mms. Dr.- Hesbah sent copies of all of these letters to the tra.iversal Ilouae ot Jutic•- as he was asked to undertake thiAI reuarch by the Reeearch Depert•nt- end to Hand of the Cause of God Raa•n H. Ba.l.J'u- zi (which rill nov be catalogultd and 111&de aTailable to acholara at the Afá nan Library: see report OD Dr. Momen, in the United Kingd011). Dr. Meabah told me that the Reeearch Departmen~ in Haifa waa unable to locate the aeal used to identity the lettera aent to Gobineau and to the Ministry ot Foreign Aftaira, that the• lettera are neither in the handwriting of Babi'u'llah . 1 )Dr. Amine Iálesbah Interview: nor in that ot his secret3ry at the tiQe ot t h is correspondence. It is Dr. Mesba.~'s opinion th3t while these letters are not proven to be authentically Baha'i in source, they are probably so. The aeal affixed to the letters in the B?tu3 ruid Archives ot the Foreign Ministry is composed ot two i\rabic words, !J~ and 'Alf, but their arr.'.U18ement OD the seal is different from that employed on the seals which survive to t~ia day and whi~h ar! assoc- iated with the Founder o.f the Bahi'i Faith, 1-firzi IJusayn 'Ali Niiri Bahi'u'- llah. Dr. Meebah haa round no trace ol an Oriental address book tor the coeste de Gobineau in mros, and neither have I. Dr. fáfesbah did not himself atud7 the documenta at the Chamber of Commerce in Marseilles relative to - Perso-French 00111191'cial relations during the lifetimes of Babi'u'llah and 'Ab du' 1-Bahi to locate references to Bib is and Ba.hi.' -ia. He did however ask Mr. Sabet, cousin of Buahmand Sabet of Stuttgart, a resident of Marseilles, to 11ndertake such a stud7. This reeearch is not complete but whoever elects to continue this research should consult \tith Mr. Sabet firat. Dr. Mesbah ~ ----- -,_., spoke ot a collection of lettets written between Mirza A,gh• Kb.an and ~fal- colll, the British diplomat in Irin, •nd of letters of ~adr Azim, Persian en- -- voy to the French government relative to the Baha'ia. These letters, he in- timated, are preserved in the A.?"chivea or the French Foreign láf inistry, and he baa copies of all of them. He baa studied all or the documents relative to Persi•n11 at these Archive• in Paria, but not all of those relative to the - OttO'DeD Empire and there~ be references to Bah& 1 ia thereia which have yet to be diacOYered. During one week he studied th• Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affair• in Brusaela, Be!siU11, and h! aupN>See that b• saw everything there which pertain• to the Sibia •ncf Babi'ia. Bveeything h• found of rele- vw• he photocopied or microfilmed and send copie• to Mr. 'Bal.Juzi and to the tfnivers•l Ho11se of Justice. Dr. Mesbah wrote a letter to th• archivist• of the Sviaa government asking if thq knew of ut'f documents pertaining to B&bl'a or Balii.•I. during Babi'u'llah'• lifeti1ne, and they replied that there - - we no Sviaa embau7 in. Irin until after the lifeti• of 'Abdu'l-Baha, hence DOU. at al] during the miniatrJ of Bábi'u'll•h. He did not indicate whether or not the Helvetian confederation maintained embauie•, constilates or other diplomatic ties with the Ottoman Empire, and whether Svi.aa travelers or meár.,._ chant• might have bad opport11nitiea to contact and to report on encounters -- - with Bitbia or Bah&'ia during this time period.. Dr. l~sbah thought of writ- ing to the Sviu national archive• because ot his discovel"J' of a letter writ- ten by Auguste Forel, the celebrated scientist of Sviaa national.it7, to the 1)-ench Poreip Ministry asking the cause of the persecution of Bahi'la in Irin ( thia letter ia in the Archives of the Foreign MinistrJ, and Dr. Meebah, the Univere•l House of Justice, the !fnan Library and I have copies thereof). Aa to other Archival eourcee tor Bibi and Babi•l studies, Dr. Meabah confided to me that there are certainly Dlan1' documents of relev•nce kept in the Ar- chivea of the Ottoman F.mpire in Istanbul, Turkey, that Shoghi Effendi did eome research there and .found a great deal himself. Dr. ?á~esbah spoke of a - portrait made at the behest ot the ~isaian consul in Tabriz, ot the mangled remains ot the bodies of the Bib and His disciple after their martyrdom, and of a portrait of theJ.iving Sib, that is prior to ~tyrdom made by an Iran- ian Jainter in Urrtimiyyah - during r .- Bis passage to Tabriz. .. He indicated that the portrait of the Bab and Mirza MWJ.ammad after their execution might be iil Leningrad (St. Petersburg tormerl1 and capital of th• Ruasi•n P.apire). When I mentioned this latter sketch or painting a second time, Dr. Meabah •llowed that he might be able to find a reproduction of it among his papers but that it vOJ].d take him some time to dig it out. I await a vord from III. FM?ICE
1 )Dr • .i\mine I1esbah
Interview: hiJ:l. In Sweden, whilst visiting Sven Mards, I could wind or the publica- tion of a pi1otographic reproduction or the sltetch o! the Bab's remains in some S\-1edish periodical. Please see rePort on Sven ?átlrds, Sweden, for more information. Dr. Amine l~eebah has copies of virtually all of the published Tablets of Bahi'u'llah aod 'Abdu'l-Bahi in the Persian and Arabic tongues, as well as photocopies ot Tablets hia father and grandtather received from Bahi'u'lla.11. and 'Abdu'l-Babi, and ot manuscripts ot the i,a:a§gu 'I-Asma, Tatsir S\iratu'l-'Aar, Baz:a8!>-... ~l~Aral?, and BaI,in-:_i-Fir.~I whicliil ia father and
grandfather had collected. 'rhe originals of these manuscripts are in sare- keeping in the International Bahi'i Archives in Haita, and at least one a- mong them i.a of inestimable value, the copy of the '?,a;ct§nu'l-.As~ , as it was copied in 1850 and ia in perfect condition and beautiful handwriting, and may indeed be the oldest copy of this work that has survived to this da.Y• Dr. lfeabah made a tour-year study of Biblical. prophetical passages and the interpretations thereof by Christian and Jewish theologians, and á.n wrote a book on the eu!!ject entitled eu;iiar,in, Qharb~ C,, 1 c!á .: á.~:,~) in Persian, published in Iria.. (I have a copy which I will"inak• avai.lable in photocopy.) The baaia ot hia research on thia nbject ia described in an article he wrote for La Pense'• Bahi 1 Ie, entitled ''L'Eeper~e et l'Attente••, one of his eeveral articles publiaged in that Swiaa Baha'i periodical. He told me that several Persian Baha'i acholare have written on theá Islamic prophetical literature tulfilled by th• Bao and Bahi'u'llah, and he .men- tioned I-trtzi Abu'l-Fa~l, Igllriq-~viri and Jeni.be Afibh in partic111ar, including Atahir'a book, which I am unable to transliterate but represent 1! !_ta Persi.U character!, ~á2~!1~\1;1 • He also mentioned that §houi g:p- dimi, the este~med Bah•' i vriter and scholar resident in Belgium and aleo ib p author ot a ma" er ot articles tor La erlBee Bah& i• bas w-1tten on the 61' ,,.... •
subject of Iali•ic prophecies related to the Baha•i Cawse. Dr. Mesbah ia a poet of eouae r!,PUt•, who b•a published man7 poema in the Persian period- ical, Ahapp;i ~di, •nd at the present time and tor some 7eara to come he will be working on a series of tour volumes of Persian poetr7, each vol11~ written :ia a different atyl• of verse, dedicated to the aanfolding of Bibi and Babi'i history. The tiret of these volumes ia now complete and it ia devoted to the memory ot the blessed Bib and Hie companion.a •nd adherents. ~ aecoRCl volume of thia projected epic history will be centered on Baha- u 1 llah, the third on •Ab du' 1-Bahi' and the four th on Shoghi Effendi. He baa taitten much .poetry which remains to be published. Dr. Meabah mentioned a_tew publications which woul.d "8rrant careful study for reterencee to Bi- b~s and Bahi'is, including Courier d'Orient, c[o~iiaJ d'Or_i,nt and Les De- ~.s:he:!,. ~iPl...or3a~ iTuea dl! ~.ornte ~á.Gob ine:iu ei;i. Per.a!.• {Please see notes on mlP tor details. He also mentioned certain individuals whose personal papers should be searched, along with their official correspondence: Roche- chouard, the French charge d'a.ffairee in fibrin during the 1860'a; the let- ter ot Dr. Tollozan, a report to the French ambassador in Tihrin regarding the arrival ot Bidi before rraar--Din Shah (Dr. Mesbah sent copies of this to r-tr. Balyuzi and the IBA in Haifa); and letter• ot Mirzi. igbJ. .Qll.n •nd -- 4talco1!, of )l_!dr Azam, aa ~entioned before. Dr. lwabah spoke of four book• ot B'ibi/B•hi'i hiatary to ~e found in the BNP (se• report for details): two copies of the Nuqta~u'l-Kaf, of which one ia complate •nd the other ia incomplete and is pre.f'aced b7 a philoaophical th••i! on the aignificao~e ot the letter ''kat''i two copies of the history of Mirza V:~ ffamadiini. Dr. Meabah inaiate that Mirzi J&nI KannanI, who ia identified b7 E.G.Browe as the author of the Nugtatu'l-Kaf waa martyred in the Bibi year 10 (1853), III. F:l:\l?CE
1 )Dr. A::iine :tesbah
lntervi.ew: an<i that 'hence he could not be t11e true author ot the !tUSLt.att1' 1-t{af as it stands in tt--.e BtfP, in the t"o nanuscripts _!o be found there. _lle attirme that the ?Tucrtatu'l-Kat is the history ot ?iirzi: Husayn Hama.dini with the _ _ _ _ _ _. . . . __ _ ~_ - I
alterations ot the A~li 3ibis. Ile does not think it likely that Browne \-15.S responsible !Or the revision, the changing ot the !luqt,!l,tu' 1-Kaf to accord wit?: .:\ zali • perveraions'. 1'he manuscript was clearly written prior to its discovered by Browne. Dr. ?átesbah makes n~te ot the following points: ?tanuchia §aheb was a protector ot the Bibfs J.n Iran, he_held a British pass: port and his secretary 1 ?ffrzi I.Jusa:yn Rar:tadini was a Babi. He asked Har.iadini to write a book about Bibi history and publish it under his name, Manuchis §a.l\eb. Ha~.adinI asked Abu' 1-Fa~ Gulpaygani hov he might write an histog of the Ilaoi Faith, : uid Abu'l-Fa~ recor:wended tl1at he read the book ot ?-tir- za J.inI Ku§bini. Mfrzi Janf had not mentioned any dates in bis hist»ry, but in refering to the dates cited by Muslim historians such as Siphir in !~.i~ at-Tavari'sh• ~dinf rewrote ~t1rzi Jani• a history, removing his se- vere criticism.~ ot the .IDJ,ih and or othe~ people, and Baha'u'llah did not want His followers to cal1mniate others. Hence, IIamadiinI• a history is a - á- revision ot Jani• a history, plain and sinple. Dr. ltesbah explained that the ma."luscript attribtued to Z..ffrza Jinl, called !f_?g,tatu '.1.-Kat' and contain- ed in the BNP could not have issued directly froJJJ the pen of that person as it is dated 17 Ba'dlá, and Mfrzi. .Jani was martyred in 10 Ba'di,_a~ be- -- . cause the philosopnical :introduction was written by-1-tu.'lama.d Qazvi ni, a .. prominent Az.ali intellectual., as attested by Qazvini himaelf. Furthermore, the historical data ot the Jlug.ta~u' 1-J(at i.a not incorrect--it is the inter- :pretation of the data which is erroneous. Aa for the sources ot his history, the first volume of wl1ich ia devoted to the Bib and Bible, . he cited the :Collowµig as major aourceai Tar- al-rfabil ( r • • ~á) ot NabU ~ind!, Hict;it Nuqteh f.val ( . .l I .. á á•1 á of A_!?u• ;.Qaaina F•izi, Ta- rikp ,al.-ja!liq ( á .)J . .;t c"-e ,) ot ?ffrza ti~ Hwd!ni and ~hree volumes of the monumental, .. nine-volume Dhuhlir. al-bagg ( , á• ,\\ ...;~ ) by Fa<µ 1-1!- zanderia!. Re does not have • copy ot Abu' 1-F~l 'a history ot the Bahi. • i Cause but ia hoping to locate a copy at aome time. In the course of our three meetings, ~. Meabah and I discussed """Q' mat- ters which c•n not be conveniently organized according to one catagory or an~ther and ao I will lump them together. He spoke ot professor RouYier, th• French anatomist and teacher of Dr. 1Jakim, recently maz:tyred in 'rihran, while the beloved IJakim waa studying med_!cine at the Universit• de Paris. Thia proteasor Rouvier knew ot the Baba' is. He a.lao mentioned the report ot General Ferrier on the battle of Sb•ykh TabarsI, as he obs!rv•d th• en• tire epiaode aa military attach• of tba French government in Irin, and the report of another militar.r attach• on the Ba.bl u.~iaing in Zinjin. Copies of theae reports are in the bands of the Atnin Library and th• mt in Hai- fa. Dr. >lesbah, at an evening gathering of Behi•Ia in Basel to meet Rand ot the Cause Zihkrullah .Kbadem, riaiting hi.a relations, brought out the COP.1 ot an article published in the periodical Dernierea ' Nouvelles d'Alsace, pibliahed in Str•sbourg, 'Fr•nce, vith a long article complete with excel- lentl.7 rendered origiMl illwstratione of th• martyrdom of th• Bib. Thia issue waa diecoverecl in the Archives of thia periodical in Strasbourg, it ia dated 19 janvier 1961-9 mars 1961. Dr. l.feebah retains a microfilm COP1 of the isaue and sent the origin•l or hia firat copy thereof to Jean-Hare Lepin of the Comit. Rationale de Pre•••, RSA of France, who ie ' assembling as CO!P!ete u poa,!ible a collection of artic~e• published iJJ. l'l•ance on ~he Babi and ~' i Fai the. We •lso apoke of I1mn•nuel Lacqn•a' a book La V~ida del láLessiaa !Jl Glor\fa x Majesty , a con of vhioh Dr. Kesb•h be- lieved to be at the BNP and p.ibliab.ed in Paria in 1825. Thia ~ook, writ- III. F:WlCE
1)Dr. Amine Mesbah
Interview: ten by a Jesuit priest after m~ 7eara ot careful study ot the Bible was banned b:t Papal decree ~ Dr. ?álesbah said t~t no copy ot it could be found in Italy or in Spain, that lie ~.ne'tf or only one copy and that in the I3l1P. (See r!f1J report on the BliP.) Dr. ~!esbah took a great interest in the little bit I could tell him about the Afnan Library to be established in England. He mentioned ~áfalJ~m ~in, his journal, ~iniirn, found at BNP under Sltr>plement Persan 1996 1 said tl1.at ?álalk8m ~an encountered Baha • u' llah in - - Bacildid, that he had a correspondence with the Babis in Conatantinople and . the Azalis ot Ker11lin, that Browne waa able to profit from ~is letters and _ that _this tias a good man. Dr. :feebah attiroed that Af'ghi!:!i and the Kerr.Wii Azalis we!"e responsible tor the assassination ot N~r-e-Din §b,ab and ?fajor Irnbrie. I hope you my readers will exc\ise me tor á this haphaz.vd manner ot representing Dr. Mesbah's commentB-it so happens that I am relating more or less exactly what he said and in the order in which he said it. At aome point in our conversations Dr. t-tesbah reoa.rked that he had read Qarn1rau'•- Aspi, his tather•a manuscript copy and had compared this with Ri4win 'Ali's copy of the work in the mw, and that he had tound the two manuscripts to be exactl1 alike. He did not make a thorough comparative study of the two, but what he read of them he recogn!zed to be exactly alike. Alt~ough a manuscript in the handa ot an Azali can not be regarded by Baha'is aa be- yond suspicion, Dr. ~lesbah noted that such manuscripts may be, in ma~ caaea, entirely or for the most part accurate. In a letter Dr. Mesbah repeated thia statement and_•lao dated the entirety of this work, Qa;aiin!u'l-,Asrni as issuing from the Bab's pen in 1260 A.H./1844 A.D. He noted that . theá Sahifat ~ -- ba:n al-qaramarn waa written during the Bab• a trip trom Mecca to Medina, in - the first moilth of 1261 A.11./181+5 A.D. When asked regardiq the Kitab al- Asmi' , Dr. lfesbah said that he could not say anything regarding the tour- vol\lllle work at the BHP, aa ~ubl)-i-Azal had also written a book with this title and he had not read the m•nuacript at BNP and so could not say- wheth- er the Bib or Azal is author ot this work. He affirmed that he read a com- plete and accurate copy of Kitib al-Asmi over a period of 9 months and took some interesting notes, sen.ding then this manu.ecript to IBA in Haifa, and that the Bib did w1áite a tour volume work entitled Kitib al-Asmi. Regarding the question ot whether or not to establish a European Bahi'i stud- - ies association, Dr. Mesbah admitted to having no time or funda or energy for taking part in conferences, but he encouraged tho1Je scholars who could - participate to do ao. When asked it he approved of the compilation of an - Ef\c.z.clol?;!.di!l !Jajii' i, Dr. lifesbah c~ented th~ Fa~ lfazanderini had al ready written his five volume Aar~aá~J.sḥ ( ,\J 'J~'r=' ), in Persian, and hia J\.V , . k}la!g. ( • ( ~!!: I ~1 5, a compilationof Bahl.• I writings from Persian and Arabic sources. Nelther of these tvo vorke have been translated into English or av other European language. Dr. ltesbah tám.s able to assist me and my fellow scholars in one r!gard which deserves particular and SJllCial attention: he was the last Bah3'i to be in contact vith A.L.M. Nicolas 1 French translator ot Bihl scriptures, biographer ot the Bi'b, lite-long student of Bi.bl theology and history. The folloving ia a full account of Dr. Mesbeh'e comments OD Nicolea, noted on Jan•uu-y 2 •nd M&7 30. 1981 in his home in Hegenhein, France. '?he text ot this accOUAt was read and approved by Dr. ?~esb•h himself prior to this publication, and such ia also th• caee with the above-cited notes OD various topics. To begin with, Dr. Heabah assured •• that he sent a letter to H.M.Balyuzi telling hi.JI this entire atorr, •ad hence he retered Dr. Momen, who wrote aeki!!g me to record Dr. Mesb•h's story to this letter. Dr. Keabah went to ••• M1colu on th• inatruction of Shoghi Etfendi. He went to this ti.rat meet- III. FRA!ICE
1 )Dr. ~\mine :átesba.~
Interview: ing ..,,ith a letter 'Written by his father ,\zizullah :á! esbah to ?~icolaa before tl1e latter's publication of his French translation ot t!te '3ayh ~.-'ḥab, in ...,hich he took. it upon hiMel.t to correct eert~in errors which ?Iicolas had made. It i.a not at all evident that Nicolas received this letter or that he followed Azizullah's advice regarding corrections. Dr. ltesbah still has the ori8ioal ot this !_etter in his possession. i\zizullah r~eabah and ?Jicolaa knew each other in Irb. Azizullah was fluent in French and Arabic a.a well as Perainn, and so when Nicolas had problems with his trana- lationa he would consult his f'riend Azizullah. Dr. lálesbah recalls seeing a copy of the &:rin_Jll.-'.:ḥ.!lll at Nicolas' apartl!lent in Parie with two cor- rectiona thenin made by Azizullah Mesbah. Azizullah also helped Nicolas obtain copies ot Bi.bl manuscripts. Ae his father Azizullah had known Ni- colas, and aa the Guardian bad asked him to seek out and befriend the aged FrancbJDant Dr. rtesbah viaited Nicola• several times in Paris. In this time the Bahi• a thought that Nicolas waa a Bib{ and that he waa againat the Bah&1 ia, so Balii1 Is did not read hia books or have ~hing to do vith hinl. - resident ot Paris at the time sent Hiss Sanderson, an American and Bahi.'i - a COPJ of Dawn-Breakers, ?labil's Narrative, in Engliab. translation and re• Yiaion complete vith quotations from Nicolas' tranalationa of the B&bI scrip- ture to Nicol•a. Nicolas wrote Mis• Sanderson a reply, thanking her tor her generous gitt, which vas subsequentl:r published in one ot the volumes of Bahi•i ~'1orld, probably in 1953 or earlier. Shoghi Eftendi wrote Nicolas a letter following the presentation ot Dawn-Breakers to the French sayant, and Dr. Meabu read this letter when be went to visit Nicolaa in 1937. Ot hi• t•lks with Rico'Jaa in 1937, Dr. ?-fesbah remarks that when they spoke of the Bi.b, Nicolae wept, that he vaa trul.y in love with the Bib, so much ao that Or. ~teabah asked hiám w}Q' he did not become a Dahi.' f. . Nicolas replied - that he waa not a Ba""bl, that he was Catholic. (Roman Catholic that is), and ''I became th• leader of the Bibis becauee Dreyfus had become leader ot the Bahi1 Is••. He and Dre1tua were antagonists, and not surprising :so (this is me speaking, not Dr. Mesbal1) for 1'icolaa• work on the Bab is unparalleled in any other European language while Dreytus' work on Bahi•u'llah was also of coJUSiderahle stature. Dr. Hesbah remarked that the best, the finest translations ot Bibi scriptures imaginable issued tr<>11 the pen ot Nicolas,. and that the moat beautiful and accurate French translations of Bahi.•1 acriP- turee to date were penned by Dreyfus. B'1t why rivals instead ot collabora- tors?_ Dr. Meebah explained that during the ministry of • Abdu' 1-Bahi the Baba' is did not recognize and know the Bao as a ?-!anif'e,gtation ot God, they did not speak ot !lira, Re was almost forgotten even in Ii--in, and it waa the Dawn-Breakers and the letters of the Guardian which revived His memory and - His station among the Bahi. • ia. So Dreytws did not know the Bib, not \fell enough to appreciate Nicolas' devotion to His commemoration. The corres- pondence ot Nicolas and Hippol,.te Dreytua is in the collection of ?áfme. Drey- tua-Barne1 and H. Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney which waa collected and organized by Dr. Mesbah and then sent to IBA in Haita under the supervision of the RSA ot Fr•nce. '!'here were only two or three letters among tho11sands, not much of a correspondence but vorth mentionning. Nicolas \l?'ote an article on ''Le B&b astronome,'' tor Journal Asiatiaue , and during one ot his meet- ings with Nicolas Dr. Mesbah told hi.JD that the Tablet upon which Nicolas h•d baaed the arguments made in this aboye article waa not written by the - Bah. Subsequently, Nioolaa wrote Shoghi Effendi to ask him several questions, including the me•ning of the Bib's expxáeaaion ''al-Muat~as'' and the authen- t~city of the Tablet which he •aal.yzed in his article. Dr. Mesbah read Shoghi Effendi's reply to Nicolas' questions, and the Guardian said that ''al.-.'luatagtJ,as'' :night perhaps refer to the next t1ani!estation of God, that is after R~ha' 11' llah , to make ;áIie a1'pe9.rance in 1000 :rears or '"!lore, and III. nurcE
1 )Dr. Amine ?~esbah
Interview: tl1at the authenticity of the Tablet centioned '.faB suspect as the' Guardian diá.i not _have confidence in the cororist, as the individual might have been an 4\zali who might have misrepresented the Bib's teachi?lGe for reasons ot l1is own ..J>Urposea. Dr. ltesbah thinks that the án-iting .,., aa perhaps that ot an Azali with his own ideas which he wished to attribute to the Bab. Dr. iáIesbah affirms without 11eaitation or equivocation that ?licolas were neither BabI nor Azal{ but born and buried a Roman Catholic 1 t?i.at he waa an histor- ian, and that he spent a year in ~y~rua i1ith !?ubl).-i-Azal. Dr. ?fesbah re- calls ?licolas saying that the Bah&' 1 Cause developed in Europe because of 'Abdu•l-Ba..lta, and that if ~ubti-i-Azal had had a son like Him, it is he who .,.,ould have wonl Nicolas told Dr. ?'lesbah that the sons of ~ubl].-i-Azal ~ere reason stupid, imbeciles, and one day he told him a . storz.. Ri9win 'Ali went to IIaifa to spy on 1 Abdu 1 1-Bahi, oaaquerading as a Baha' i, and he was shiP- ped hol'~• to Cnrus by • Abdu 1 1-Babl'.. Rif'in 'AlI explained to Nicol.aa w}\y he had to leave Haifa& ''One day after duuier I vomited a atone ot three ki- - loa in weight,'' said Risiwan 'Ali one ~. Nicolas, incredulous, asked him, ''How is it,10saible tor a atone of three kiloa to issue from your mouth?'' Rig.win 'Ali replied, ''You don't Ja>ov 'Abdu'l-Bah&-he does what he wantsl ' 1 Nicolas read a very important and impressive compilation of Bahi'u'llah'a \a-itings, the famous ~P.istle ~o tl}.•_ Son !'!..•t.h..e. ~:lol~ ( á:,a1'>, <..'.Y.' ~~ ). In a letter dated 30 mare 193? of which Dr. ?.fesbah bas a photocow and ot which h• sent a copy to TBA in Haifa, Nicolas asked Shoghi Effendi some more questions. Nicolas died in 1939, after Dr. Mesbah and hia wife Jeanne had left for Iran. Aa to the sale ot Nicolas' papers and booka, with which Dr. 1-Ieabah waa well acquainted, at least one letter trom 'Abdu'l-Bahi to Nicolas •nd at leaat two from Shoghi Effendi to him along with ~.oka writ- ten by Baha'u'llah (printed editions) and translations of Sabi•i writings by Shoghi Effendi were included but did not figure in. the list of books for sale upon hi.a decease. Dr. Meabah still haa a copy of th• list of booka sold at Hotel Drouot upon bi• d~ease , but waa taubl! !o locate it for lffT perusal. He remembers that Saleh Nunoo and ~}Jahab Ala'i went to the sale, aa Dr. !-teabah waa not in Fr•nc• at th• time, aa repreaentati vea ot the tJni- versal How of J!:!Stice, and that the7 bought everything that might have an interest to Bahi.'ia at that sale. Th• Research Department of the Univers•l House of Justice, to whom the entire collection waa refe&-ed b7 Nt1noo ud Ali 1 i, assured Dr. Meabah that the two letters of Shoghi Effendi and one letter of 'Abdu'l-Bahl which Nicolas showed him in 193? were not among these documents. The location of these articles and of other books and papers cited b7 Nicolas or seen by Heabah •nd not included in the sale list ia a r.rystery to Dr. Mesbah and to me a.a well. Dr. Meabeh ramembera that in Hia letter to Nicolas, •Abdu'l-Babi praiaed the French scholar for trans].ating the B:iyan-i~FysI into French, and urged him to write that the Bahi•is ~o not follow the laws of this Book (that these laws are abrogated for Bab•'ia by the lava ~t the Kit~b al-A9zd!l8),that Bah& 1 is do not follow the Bazig , that the Ba;ran we.a written to prepare the people !or the coming ot Baba'u'~ llah, this being its only purpose, and that Bali&'ia had enemies e_cauae are truly revolutionary and violent. Dr. ?á1eabah assure me that Nicolea told him that all of the documents and books of the comte de Gobineau are located in the fonds Gobinilnne at the mrns. So, asked Dr. Mesbah, vlq is the ~ugtatu'~-~f in the BNP? (See report on BNP tor details.) He said that the mant1script entitled Bavi.n-i-F&rsf in the BrlP and inscribed with . =ááá- 4• Oobineau's name and made tor him according to Blochet•a note in the Ca- - talogue des Manuscrits Persaos is act118.lly the B~an-i-Farsi in its tirst part and the t!uqtatu '.1-~(af thereafter, but only te pliiiosopriical portion. III. ~"::.CTCE ''
Interviev: I also !i:1d tliat the Gl.13.rdian's letter l1hich explained '':l.1-tátustaghas'' also retered to ''.\;;h:raa'', and 11ere he explains that tl1e Bab rncans that it you do not accept one ~t~ni!eetation ot God you have the opportunity to o~cept the next 1á! anitestation or the next ••• Dl". :iesbah recembers that Nicol~á.s '..1as mar- ried and had two or th:ee chilJren, that his son h3d a e"lr&ge in Paris in 1937, but tl1at he haa lost track ot him since and now knows the whereabouts ot nobody in that family. In 1937, tlicolas.. \-1aa 90 years old, almost deat, . read ctost of the major books re9ealed by átl'Mr - so much that one had to cry into hia ear to. be heard at all. Dr. lfesbah has . ~Bab and also lficolas' transla- tions of these books, and he haa found tho8e translations to be of very high quality, and remarks t~t Shoghi Effendi pretered to cite these translations rather than nake his own from the original Persian and Arabio texts into Eng- lish. Dr. Meabah recalled that the Guardian praised the translations of Ni- colas. ft.a'bli cati.on.as •" • , (~i;c:• (,' Jtr::4 :, , .,. - á Iran, n.d. ,-i)Jr•n, ,. .. ' ., , Article• in French tor La Pens'• Baha'ie. Poems in Persian tor Ah!Mi. ~fti.- III. FR\llCE
2)Dr. i-'1aurice Esmiol Languages: French, English, some Arabic Degrees: !-t. D.
Interview: It was my great good tort11ne to spend nearly one month in the c~ of Dr. lálaurice Esmiol in Paris, and during that time we spent many hours discussing various aspects ot psycholog:r and psychotherapy, the - situation ot the Ba..lii'i Faith in France 3t this time and tor the la.at ten - years during which Dr. Esmiol has been a Bahi'i, áand about the conceptions - of h11man being and ot b11man life in the Baha'i Writings as related to the conceptions of society and of psychologists ot the major schools known in Europe. Unfortunately though I was so ardentiy caught up in these conver- sations that I did. not take notes, nor did I think ot turning on a tape recorder, and so the insights and dis-illusionments of those exchanges are now buried iD. the ,mcoaacioue from which they immerged. Dr. EB1Diol is pqtting together hie theaia and a book to expand upon his theaia as a psy- chotherapist, and when thia comes out it will bear the imprint of some ot the exciting ideaa he and I leYeriehl.J' and often ecstatically shared dur- ing thoae long evening houre in Paris. Dr. Esmiol in particular told me a great deal abou~ the particular training he ia undergoing and may nov baye completed, vhioh ilm>lvea the synthesis, the reconciliation, the uni- ty of vari011•• diapuate approaches and schools vi thin paichotherapy • and relating tbie training to hie understanding ot the Babi'1 Writings and vice versa. For two or •ore ,.eara he baa been studying with Yves •nd Madeleine Dien•l, a achedule •nd 8'lftlllilrJ ot vhoee program will be exerpted U. this report • . Dr. F.miol hae made hie ow conceptual and methodological disc v- eriea alre~, after leu tban a fUll 1ear ot practice, and these diaco•- eriea are i.D.timatel.7 related to hia own peraon•l experience, to hie per- -- eonal_aooi•l •ad spiritual lite, •nd to hia ongoing relationship vith the - .. .... Bahi'i Writings and th• Baba,!i cow•unity and Baha'u'llah. Hence I think that h• ie involved in Bohi'i atudiea, and indeed that hie contribution thereto ia potentiell7 ot considerable significance, for he ia concerned vi.th how religious hiate>rJ •nd divine doctrine are refiected in real, ~ to dlq living of hUM!l beinp in relationship to each other. We spoke of DSJling, of being named by God, of naming one-self, and of being name4 by other selves, •nd ot beiDg named by an impersonal, amorphous heritage or rule of tradition; of the difference between the knowledge and perception of lite AS áIT rs, ill. PEAT.IT'!. and the knowledge of th• 81JDbola, th• names, the images which serve ue u explanations of lite without being life them- selves, and which haY• realit1 onl.7 because we endov them with realit7, for we are oreated in the image ot God, so that we too are creators, but as these 'realities• are not RF.Al.Ht, th91 are actually illusion.a, tabrica- tion.e, and eo when we lift wnget and through these a,mbol.s, our s1mbola, the n.amea which we choose tor ourselves, ve do not live in Re:ax.rrf, ve live in illusion, in the a;ymbol. The complication.a of language, jargon- ification makee ws feel comfortable, so that we can preoccupy oureelvee with what we can ee•il7 underat•nd 1 that ia to_,. what we _cen admit th• existence of, what we can accept without having to change, without chang- ing, without ad•itting fll\Ything, without divulging ourselves, without re- vealing ~bing about ouraelvea, •nd thie jargonitication marks a lack of true knovledge of lite. Dr. &smiol spoke of the neceaeity ot keeping - oneself open, •nd for belining Bahi'ia, to always be re~ to comprehend and to live th• J'aith ia a nev ••nner. It i.a aboft all important that be- -- lieYing Baha'i.a not became sectarians, symbolists, that they liY• tbrough III. ~-,CE
2)Dr. ?áfaurice Faniol Interviews jart;on, and it is essential that the jargonifi.!:a!ion and the sectarianism which ha• alreadr established itself among Baha'i• be transformed into ac- t1aal ~nowledge, true understanding, that the tor• of jargon be destroyed - •net that in its olace be built the REALrrY. We spoke ot the statement of Bahi'u'llah quot~d by Nibll in Daw-Brealters to the effect that the parents of Bahi 1 fa are considered to be believers themselves by God. It ie Dr. Esá miol'a viev that this may be aa reward to those parents who have brought us to the Faith, toward.a our knowledge of REALrrf, of God and of Ilia worlda. We also spoke of the projection ot one on another, the projection of one's hopea •nd e44ctationa, belief •nd aa.dnesa, wisdom and knovledge, joy •nd of one's ow feare and fascinationa. Brien,-, Dr. Esmiol'a training consists of the following, as translated from an introduction to ''psychologie psychanalytique•• of Tvea arui Madeleine Dien•l: ''Prom Psychopathology to the Technology ot the Health of the Spirit'' ''Kiera of clusical thought, Psychiatry and PsychoanaJ,ysis in their orthodox varieties have remained occupied with pathological processes (organic or JeYchological) taken aa realities in themselves. ~e:r have, at the same time, forgotten to knov what the spirit wu in gQod atate, and the lave which govern ita health;, functioning. Leaving this polarization over the pathological, we lean upon the aum of the work of the diverse Schools, per- haps w• have already entered into the following one. A trouble of the spi- rit ia nothiDg but the reaponae to the underdevelopnent of all or of part of the structures ot the personality. The expansion of the pereon in•void- . able involvH reduction and suppression of the problems. Fundamentally, the trouble of the spirit lifts, not frona a therapeutic art but from a dis- cipline seeing into th• general knowledge of the spirit, of its structures, of the conditions of its developnent and of its ex1'9neion. á To the tradition- al relation 'phyaician-patient' succeeds that of a vork iD common in Tiev of a psychological develop•nt.•• There is much more tbat could. be aaid but it does not translate well or eaail1' and I am not confident that ID81'J' of J"1 readers are real.17 intereeted iD these sort of detail.a. If •'11' of 1ou wish to know more about the program, please addreaa 7ournlna direct- ~ to1 Yvea and Madeleine Dieul, 10, Rue Edouard ~t•ill,, 92á8oulogu, Paris, France. Publicationa1 Hi.a upcoming book on the regeneration of th• unified per- 80Ml it71 using the insights of J'reud, Jt1ng, Adler, Diel, Rogers, Le Senne, Diena] and Esmiol and othera, and strong= 17 influenced by the writings ot Bab'i'u'llah •nd 1 Abdu'l- Babi translated into Preach, for the most part b7 Hippol.Tte Dre7fwl•
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• llI. FlWlCE
3)Andre Brugiroux I,anguagee: French, Englieh, Ger11wn, Italian, others surely. Degrees: unknown
Intervieva I didn't interview Andre Brugiroux••• I W&8 staying iD Paria with hia friend, Dr. !.fa.uric• E•iol, and Dr. F.amiol asked me it I'd like to talk with ltf. Brugiroux, •nd I said, ''Yea i.ndeedl '', and he called M. Brugiroux •nd it wa• arranged. So ve vent by train to Quinc7- aoua-Senart, outside of Peria, and walked down to Andre's apartment, eat and talked and sipped juices and then bad a 8WDPtUOWI dinner, mixture of Ee•tern and Weetern. cuisine, and then talked aome mare, and walked awhile •nd had to 11p1nd th• night becauee we missed our train, •nd then get up at dawn and take th• first train beck to Paria• . Delighttul.I Now, who ia Andre Brugiroux •nd vh;r • I including hill in thia report? M. Brugirouz ia an original., a wanderer, a talented pablio speaker, a popular writer, cinematographer and photographer, student of aatrology and comparative re- ligion and culturea, •11 cultures, any cultures, collector of artifacts ••• In short, M. Brugiroux iJI a •en vho spent 16 1!&r• hitch-hiking •nd hiking aro,1nd the planet, ? of thoe• 1•ar• •• a Bahi' i 1 vbo returned to hi.a na- tiT• Franc• •nd wot• a beetaeller about hie trip the oloaing chapter of which go•• into a little deaoription of the Bahi•traith, and the title ot tbia, bia first book ia La Terr• n•eet q~'qn seul P!18 (The Earth ia but o~ country). He follo~d this book vi.th La Baute et see chemina, •nd baa vritten one or two book11 einoe then, in bJbeen tripe to hare end _ there all over th• globe, lecturing about hia '. trip and about the B1hi'i - teaohinge and showing hi• fil• of ec•n••t!ir all over th• planet and sel- ling hie book directly to people rather .. '. . .r•l7iDg uoluaiYel7 oa retail •1 •• through bookator•• •ad other ooe•erci•l enterpái•••• . I f0t•nd K. Bru- giroux to be charming •nd eloquent, aiuoere, honest •nd aware--avare of the world •• a vhole and u a multitude of diYereificatiou, of utounding beauty and integrit71 aware be70Dd hie 7eare, beyond ht.a nationalit7 1 be- yond moet of hia co-religionist• nen, and they AN rather unusually vorld- mt n . .d, at leut in them-1. Be ill a world oitisu in re•litJ', in practice I recomend that you. reacl hi• books, and, if you o•nnot read th• in French J'iench, help M. Brugiroux to coarinoe a British or Amerioan or Cenadian pabliaher to traulate and pabliab hi.a book8 in Bnglieh• ... Mlication.1 La Terr• n'eet gu'UD ~ J!!:•• Edition•Robert t,effont, Paria t 1975. ,,, La Rot!t• et JM• chellin.t 1 F.ditiona Robert Latfont, Pari.8, 1978. Book on the sr-•t prophet• in the Mkiag, tor cowroial publication in France& l•et prophet mentioud will be Bahi'u'llah 1 of cov... 3? III. F!WlCE
~)Bibliot~~ue Nationale et Universitaire le Str3Sbourg Fonda Gobineau, Section 5ciences H~.i.-'les :-rme. Zehnaclter, Conservateur, Service de la Reserve
In the !irst week of January 1901 I waa able to spend two days in - - the Biros searcl1ing for books and then letters of the comt• de Gobineau men- tioning the Ba.bi and Bah&1 i Faiths, and to look for the letters attri- b'!lted to ~'u'llah and in the possession of as addressed to the comte de Gobineau, !entioned b7 Dr. Denis i-lacEoi.n (see report I.4)) and other British Bahi'i scho:ars. During this s~ort period of time I was able to locate only one letter clearly catalog.1ed a.a emanating from the pen ot Bahi'u'llah or from one of Hie secretaries, designated Me 3534, 6 and locsted in the Fonda Gobineau. Actually áaccompanying this 1!lanuscript was a French translation thereof denominated •~s 3534,?. árhe Conaervateur of t~e Fonds most generoual.1 allowed me to purchase a ~hotoco.PJ' of Ma 3534,6 which consisted ot a prefacatOl"')' note in French affixed to a single page letter in Pereian, and of Ms 353'+, 1 containing 5 pages ot long-hand French translation of the letter in Persian, and of OM letter of Mme. Reynaud, dated 16 juillet 1967 and one letter of Mlle. Lily Greiner on b\fhalf of the Service de la Reserve, aims in response, dated 24 juillet 1á~~?, both of thee• on th• subject of Ms 3534,6. Dr. Kent Beveridge kind• l.f supplied• vith a photocow ot hia letter from Mme. Reynaud, tiated 2 aout 1981 !:•gerding aource• tor the study ot de Gobineau•e relationship to the Baha'i Cauae. l..fme. Reynaud sent him copies of Dr. E£neat 'lickers- heimer•a Cat,!llogue !Jen•.~al _dee Manuscri.ta de.!' Biblj.ot!gu,s.?ublj.,S.'!,e• ie France, , Dipartementa-!o• , XLVII, Strasbourg; P~ia: tibrairie. Plon, 1923, PP• 010-019, which list• the abo•e-mentioned letter on page o1tl, as 11nder 3534 (Gobineau 59): 6-7, '~ttre de Houeaeyn Aly, en pers•n, avec traduct- ion francaiae de Gobineau•; nd Ludwig Sohemann•a 9_uel\en und Unterst1ch'!M- en.zum Leben ~bineaua, Erater Band; Strasbourg: 1914, pp. 417-35 1 of which PP• li'.29-35 are de"roted to ''Religioeea, insonderheit zur Anplegenheit der Bib{", written almost entirely in French, with some English and Ger1un, citing two letters signed by Houaseyn Aly and translated into French, pp. ~J<?-3~ and lt-35f and Ludvig Schemenn•e gu.-tl,l.en •••.• Zweiter Ban~; Berli~ ?d Leipzig: 1919, PP• 431-35, ba•ing no conteat specifically Bibi or Baha'i, but containing •n interesting ''Collection d 1 ouvragee reoueillis en Parse sur l'histoire, la poeaie, la philosophie, lea sciences occultes, etc.", firat printed by Henri Pl.on, Paris, in 1870. Now, I would not have made much headwq at the BNlJS without the constant and generous assistance of Mme. Z.hnaoker, Coprvat~r. I vae greatly aurprizecl to be able to locate 01111' one Bahi.' i-r•latea. letter in all of the Fonda Gobineau, eapeci•lly aa I bad been told that there were between 5 and 8 at leastl During my first meeting with Dr. 11~ebah, ahortl.7 atter leaving Strasbourg, I asked him how má~ separate letters attributed to Baba'u'llah were resident in the l'ond.e Gobineau--he replied that he knev of fin such letters, •nd offered to ahov them to • i t we vent to Str•á- bourg together end to mike me photocopies of hie photocopies ao that I might study them at m:r leUlure. Between January •nd June I traveled vi.de= 11' and wrote two letters to Mme. Zehnacker, asking her about the other let- ter• attributed to Baha'u'llah in the Fonda Gobineau which I vaa unable to locate. lálm•. Zelmacker iuisted that in the mtP and mms combined there - were only five Bibi oannecripte, including th• Me Arabe 4669 which vaa translated b7 Gobineau in Re).~glons et lJlil919pJij,11 dppf l'A•i• geutt1!1• . III. FRAHCB ,.)BHUS J'urthe1more ah• inaiated that there were no uncatalogued letter• in th• Fonda Gobineau at mrns. In her second i.tter,dated 13 t~vrier 1981, "•á Zehnaoker stated that ah• diet not know th• location of the various manuacripte and books of the oomte d• Gobineau vhioh vere not among the 31 purchased by th• Bibliot~ue Mationel• tram that collection. sold in 188lt- at Hotel Drouot in Paris. She enclosed photocopies of Marie-Louise Concasty •a article, ' vee de la Collection Gobineau a la Bibliot~ue Nationale, '' in ftudea GobiDi nnea, 19701 PP• 275-80, including citations for Noa 258-62 on pages Z79 80 on;, ' ''!h'°logie bibl" 1 •11 of which are manuscripts located at BHP, under Mas. Arab•• 4668, 4669, 466?, •nd Supplement peraan 10?0, 10?1 t and Ludwig Sche- mann•e Quet,leq.~d tJl\t.er.~)'lungeJ!. z~ Leben Gop!n!t~~á Berlin: 1920, PP• i.'2-4't3, with th• complete section on Manuscripts under ''Collection d'ou- vrage• rec\leillie en Perae sur ••• n, including 9n page 440, a collection of 6 man11acripta under the sub-title '"rheologie Baby'', vhich identity four =en1usoript• aa Mae. Arabea 4667 • 4668, 4669 and Suppl. pers. 1071 1 but SuiJPl• pera. 1070 i8 not listed here, and here are li:sted tvo booka (96• and 97•) not to•md in the later (1970) liltt. Hence, the total listed i:1 Scheunn •nd Concast1 are aeTen, of which five are listed aa in the Bibliot~ue Ra- . tionale, vbiJe tvo othera, listed o~ in ScheMnn, do not eeem to be in the Gobineau colleotion end hence llU8t be presumed to be h other h•nda. IV •econd riait to Dr. Meebah en•bled me to make photocopies of all of the lettere he toa1Pi ill the l'ond• Gobineau in BNUS, •nd the-. are identified aa followea ,,,,.,6-71 '516 (5 mtr•nelated 11aDUSCripta in Persian language vith - ••=] u 3534, 6). Hence I found that there were aiz lettere vith the á••ál in BRUS, end that ther•••Md to be in one and the aw bandwrit- . ins, •nd . . it onewe• acldreaeed to Gobineau and vu presumed by him to c011e from Báb•'•'ll.ab, I oould aet•~ IQ'potheeiH that the other fin letters wve •l•o ao directed end so authored. Aa inclicat~ in the report on ~. Keeb•b, the identiey of the• letters h•• 7et to be d9terminedt but vhat c•n be stated with wur•nc• i.e tbat they are •11 of the•• to be found at JlmS •nd ia the ~onct• Gobineau. He•aátheleee, it ia quite odd that fin of th••• áletter• do not•• to be oataJogued u letters tram Báhi'u'llab to... th• oamt• da Gobinea11, and that the Cowr'fateur continues áto aaaure • ot their non 1:xiatenoe. Vi•• la h•no•I It •DJ of J'OU have th• opportunit7
á.to do . a little reeearoh at BH1J8 •nd 1ou would like to read tbrough what I ban oolleoted eo far, pl•••• feel tree to drop •• a lin• •nd I c•n Hnd J'OQ the vhol• vorka it 1oa'd like •
• • III. FRANCE
5)Biblioteque Rationale de Paria Paris
BNP i.a the l•rgeat, best orguizetJ, meet exciting and moat p-ustratillg_li- brary I worked iD throughout Europe. Its collection of Bibi •nd Babi'i re- latecl material ia aecoDd in Europe only to C~bridge tJniversity--and that .. because of E.G.Br<:á.tD1'• unique and vol1Jminoua library ot §lµy!Wi, Baoi •nd Baha•I literature--end perhaps the British Kuaewa. Use ia not restricted to t:ninraity .tudenta •ad proteesora, as seeme to be the case with Cam- bridge, and t~ academic• or publi.:Jhed authors •• seema to be the rule at the British Mt1...,U11 I vu W1able to get in to either Cambridge ur the BML and I auppoee my enth\a•iam tor BNP ia coloured by tlw tact th.it I vu uanered ill quickly, cheaply, courteously and contim1all1 ••aiate~ bJ the staff of th• Library, •• well u accorcied libertie• euch u I have rarely known in •Q7 LibrarJ"• BRP ia alao !ruatrating becauae one is not •llowed to see •or• tun 10 Tolumea per da\Y; u I wa• doing bibliographical research tor the 11oatá part, thie vaa indeed difficult. However, if I had been able to app~ for a q:eci•l diepeau t ion well in advance, I might have ordered aa áá~ vol1.111ee u I pleased. I recormnend thia LibrarJ to •ey and all atud- enta of B*i'i and Bibl etudiea, with 3 arall but aigniticant recommenda- • tionesleara to apeak th• French l•ngnege, m~á donation to their collect- ion of Bah&'I related literatu:e (i.e., give a book), and be polite. ~ ~ibliograp11 will repre•nt u complete a list ot ~ll'Q'i!lf, B'ibl •nd Ba b&'i related literature reaident in the :?IP •• anyone but a bi~liophiliac voulcl care to ueellble--thi• list took me over one month to compile, and á it- ia 0 nennotated •nd for the most part its constituents are ansurve7ed aa I diet not ha~• ti- time or the freedom (10 volumes per da1.per J.epartment) to go through everything. The liat I compile!d will figu:-e promi."1.entl7 in 'ar:t bibliograpl:\y, •• I have endeavoured to notate the source of every arti- cle, book and .n1n1,1ecript in the biblior-ap~, that is to indicate where a COPJ' of thia work can be located. Although I wu able to spend aut a fev . á d•1• in Ml'IJ' of theá great &iropean libraries, I apent over on• month, tive &Q'a a week and •lmat 8 houra a ~ in the JNP • . Dr. HOtMn ukec:l me to determine the origin ot th• Npstatu' 1-Kaf in the BNP1 Dr. Meabah told me that there were two copies ot the Nug,ta~'l-i~ there, and that the philosophical treatiH pefaoing these tvo volumes was also to be found ill the latter pa.rt of a volu=e contai niag the Ba;!~ al-.• ArabI, Mes. Arahe• i.669. Hence, if ve consider onl:r the hi.atoric&i portion ot 1'71~ta:,tu~l-Kat, there are tvo copies, one complet•, the other i~cauplete; and it w caneider the philosophical portion of this vork, attributed bJ - Dr. Meabah to Qazyini, - there are also tvo cofies. It will take further reeee.:rch •nd by a achola.?- .::1.uent in the Persian and Arabie languages to de- term~ rwt th• origin ot these manuscripta. As indi .~!lted b)P Dr. Mesbah 1 Dr. Benridp baa a ear• cocapl•t• collection of letters belonging to the cor- respondence of th• baron TOil Prokeah von Oaten and the comte de Gobineau thando•• Dr. Meabah. Dr. Hesbah urged me to s~arch through other sources - beaidea the Fonda Gobineau tor references to Bi:Jla Uld Bah&'ia, and he men- tioned mpeoiticall.7 Lea De ~ches '01.~lomati uee ~u comte de Gobineau en Perse. I looatecl a COIJ1' of . . :..a wor a ill ut not ve llll• o re brot.tt;a it: before learlng Paria. '!he BNP code for this Tolume is& 4•R. 7438, and it ia apparentJ.7 iA more than one YOll.11118. I tound nothing useful in' azo of the tollowing volum••a Ccmte cl.a Gobin•a:a. et t.ftlre Benedict• de Gobineau, Cori:espollden.ce••18772-188~ 9 Comte de Gobineau, lfouv•lf•~ Aaiatici,uee 9 Paris, 1§76. //PariD, 19§1i, 2 á YOla. III. F!'~UJCE
5)Biblioteque Nationale de Paris Paris
Comte de Gobineau, !á1erno"lres aur diverses manifestations de la vie indivi- jan. d.'ueii"e; i'e'r'i't' Ath4lnes, 31 1~7, inidite e1i fráaán- cais; Pa.ria, 1935. Cornte de Gobineau, L_ettrea :per~ape~i Paris, 1957. ~ Comte de Gobineau et Albert Sorel, Correspo11,de,nc~.•rn.eá: li,te ,!,1_87~.-18:z2).; Paris, 1977. Comte de Gobineau et Alexia de Tocqueville, Co,rresJ?Qndence ••• 184~-1~52; Paris, 1909. á Comte de Gobineau, Troia Ans en Asie; Paris, 1859. _ Then, in t~.,o volw:ies I fo11nd a tev passages which re!ered to Bi:bia or to R~ligions et Pp.iloso:phies da.na. J-.' A;aie Ce~t.rale, including the folloving sources, all of which are exclusive of de Gobineau•.s correspondence with Prokesh~sten, described by Dr. Beveridge jg a recent paper (see Dr. Be- veridge, Austria)s ,,, Comte ~ G~eau, rtcrit de. Perse,1 13 Lettres a sa soeur; Paria1 1957. -Brn>s o~n 73'+14 PP• 1l.i, 25, 32 Comte de Gobineau, Adelbert TOA leller 1 Brie!wechsel Gobinea.ua mit Adel- bert Yon Keller, hr. Ye Ludwig Schemann; Straabourg, 1911. --BNP: a•z.18250(2) PP• 29-32,35,56 It anyone of you ia in a good poaition to have access to •11 of the comte de Gobineau•a papers and publiahed materials and to write up a report on his connection vith the Bibia, Bah&'ls •ad vith Belii'u'llah Bim 1lf, I 0
will gl.adJ.7 turn over th• frllita ot mf research, and comm•nd you into the banda ot God. Onl.J' a God-int•icated and meticulously preoiae •nd inez- hauatible scholar could poasibl.7 collect all the looae ende in this 11nraY• elled &te>r7 •nd vean th• back together into a believable •Dd teubl• pat- terD. - - Dr. 1-f!sbah described two copiee of an history written by Hf.rs& IJ~ Ha- madi'ni in the Oriental maa11ecript department of the BNP. What I found were two manuscripts, both repr-eeented aa being th• work of Abu'l-l'atjl (Gulpq- ginl), th• on• without title or author marked, deacribed in the unprinted, handwritten catalogue, f,onda f,!trsanea, Nouvelles Acsui~itictne u Suppl. Pera. 2128, and aa identical to Suppl. Pere. 2129 1 which h•s neither title nor author but a card inserted vith ''Rietoir• •t refieotion wr la aituation de l'lrin a la fin du XIX8 ai~l•," and it ia dated 1311 A.H. whereaa the other (2128) áa not dat•d). Both volume• are represented u b•ing the vork of Abu'l~adJ. ~ th• CatalofSU!, although the leather bindbg on one reade á á \ tJ\ ~ . \a' while the leather binding OD the other (2128) read.a ~ ~ ( 1\ .. • '!'he beginnings of 2128 •nd 2129 cor- respond but not • end • • Meabah f583'8 that these two vorka are OOP- ie.s ot a. work written by- Hirza Jlusa.yu HamaMnl, but wb1 there should 'be no mention of Hwdini, •nd prominent mention of Ab!!'l-l'a~ (vbea Dr. Meabah affirms that Abu'l-Facp. aimpl.1' served •a Jlamadini•a adV'i.aor •ncl not aa bis mentor or aaeiatant), vi th inscription in French on 2128, ''Hiatoire dit de l~oukehi'' ia a Jqstery to me. 2129 contains the personal et•111p of A.L.M. Nicolas 011 ita first and last pagee. I hope that 1111 fellow acholare will help me to correc:tl.7 ident_!ft theae_ tvo volume_!• . The complete list of the Bahi, AzaJ i and Baba• i maza1JSCripta contained. in the BllP ie cited in rrcr bibliography. In addition to thi&I collection, the BNP has a fairl1 oonrplete edition ot ~f literature in f•ecimile, al- .so listed in my bibliogra~. / á Dr. l-tesbah mentioned La '!enida del Mesias en Gloria Ma estad, b7 En•a•n- uel Lact1nza (paeudoiv111 uan osa a: ben a , and ound one copy in th• BNP, published in five volumes in Paris in 1825, with moat ot the pagea III. F1.i{!'lCE
5)Bibliot'&que Natior. .e <le Par:.S Paris uncut, B?fP code: D.39477 I also found a sucrnary of this monu.'!lental .1ork in 3icrofisch.a, Bt1P: m. 9041 ,
E.."'ttracto de la ohra i.ntitula!á.9. ''La Venida iiel !~esias en Glor i a v Ma áestad'• e.s cri ta_ 'P,.9r el Ao .~t.e L11.cun_!:a, e,.x-[e.s,l!..iJ:.;:fl .~s?a.101=_ 1 • 3FO •ie. 1 ..03, con una a d• vertenci a y nota.s por Emilio 'Jaisse, Santiago de Cl1ila, Iwprenta Universi- _ taria, Bandera 130, 191 ~ , 32 pp. For t hose ot you who are interested in t he interpretation of Biblical pro- pl1ecies , Lacunza was a Catholic who dared to invent a wholly new (to Catho- lics) -yerspective on "The Coming ot the 11essi~~ in Glory and Majesty''; his book waa first published in 1802, and first banned in 1324-, and aince then it has t::een on the Papal ''black list••, all copi es destroyed in Catholic countries by religious and civil author ities.
\ - 6)Biblioteque Nationale des Baha'i.a de Franc• - ,,. Centre Baba' i des Baha - • ia de France
Altogether I spent about fiv• hours a day for almost ten dais making a complet• list ot the books and pamphlet• on tne Bihl and Baha'i Faitha in th• mm. A.a there was no catalogue of th\!se booka •nd the7 were not or-- ganized in •DJ" way, I took them •11 off the ahelvea, carefully shuffied them •nd listed th~m according to a Title/Subject Index invented on the spur of the moment. I did not- catalogue .... .._these books whichá have ...ánothing whatsoever to do with th• Bibi and Bah&' i Faitba and the SbAYlg)i movement, and there were between fifty and one hundred titlee of this kind included in the mm. My list of the contents of thilS library ia 38 pa.~eg in length including a one page Index. The mm Ma a cop7 of thia Biblio ~-Y.~lQt.U.e, aa does Dr. Moojan Homen, and I haye the original and vill gladly c.::..... á~ copie• ot it tar •111one who eenda me a written request and a check or money order made out for 15.00, aa the size ot the pages of this lat and ita composi• tion requi.re that I photocopy it m;,ysel! •nd on paper larger than the stan- dard cswá x 15'' instead of aw• x 11''). Thia is on• of the most important oollectiona of Baha'i literature in Europe, a• it includes copies of vir- t11al ly every book and article about a Ba.of or Bah& •I topic and written in ti. French language, aa well aa a good atock ot literature in English, Arabic and Pereian, and acme in German and Ruaaian. The !!_as a largemm seleotion of earl7 printings ot English traaslations of áBab&' 1 Writings, á man;y of those published in Washington,D.C., in New York,N.Y., and in Chi- cago, Illinoi.4; hundreds of photographa of early European American and Fersi•n Baba' ia1 14 copies of The Brilliant Proof ( 6?!2'! .>, pub- .e:..k lished in Chicago in ~912, all copies ill excellent con&itiob; 5 copies of Thornton. C~' a The 3ahai Revelation, four of them the firat edition, dated March 1909, Chicago; and 8 copies ot the \GHHfA HrA.H. . (,:;'A:' ~) in Russian l.ang\1age. undated but with th• tolloving title-page phrasesi DgP~~Qa ' neec.;M8~~oTo. 'IUJTQT;ga~IJ.S. 4 :3rinMfHf!n•~~.,. ~•ga. •.• I have not yet even ecratched th• .aurfacel Thia is a tre•BU-r7 of Beha'I literature. The mra in conj1mction vith the E~ JDakee Paria, Frence one • ot th• choicest sites ror the pursuit ot Baba 1 i stud.i••á _ I must thank Mr. Behn•m Attar, eecretarr of the Centre Baha'i for hie •a• aiatance and hoapita.lit7, tor hi.a generoua and aolicitoua aid iJS mr re- search, and a]ao Mr. Pierre Spi•rckel, .Secretary of tti.t NS.A of France. In their company I have quaffed at lea.st 19 samovars cf chi'll III. FRANCE
7)Con!erence OD Bahi•i Political Economy: Theory and Practice Country villa, former~ of Mrs. Arthur Terry Jr.
Whilst in Italy in late Hay 1981 1 I vrote to all ot my fellov scholars in Europe and to Kears. Anthon_y Lee and Ju•n Ricardo Cole in California, inviting oue and all to a Conference on Bahi•i Political Economy: Theory and Pra.ctiee, June 22-299 1981, in my late grandmother's villa outside of Pa.ria, France. In Italy, Awstria, Svitserland and Fr•nce I collected lit- erature related to the subject, and ended up with a sizeable packet, of selections in Engl.iah, French, Germen and Perai•n. All but one ot the threescore scholars invited declined, and Mr. David Simmons joined rne in Gourvi1le tor a. round of philoaophiming and assorted country delighte. The list ot readinge collected by myeelt and Mr. Simona in the course ot our preparationaá tor thia conference are cited aa follows, and all of these read~s are a~ilable in ~~.~OPf - ~~me and ~t ooata .. \I 'Abdu'l-BabA, and Baha'u'llah, .&!:->~~ ~~ U->J r;á-,,->:rtrc:dt. ~ A..f'.-..) _, Arabic a~cl Persian language eKerpta, !rom Payame, ~~t, PP• 1á24::51. •Abdu'l-Bahi:, ''Industrial Juatic•, '' Bah~' i Reprint No. 3, Wilmettes Baba' i Publishing Coonnitte•, third printing,- 1946. á á 'Abc:tu'l-Báb"i, ''EcoM11io Happiness for the H12men Race,'' ,Th~ Ba]lai Maga.zip!&; . Star á o:C ~.he W~, 'f'ol. XIII, December 1922 1 No. 91 reprint July 1978, George Ronald, pp. 227-31. á _ 'Abdu'l-B•bi, ''Tll• Baeia ot'" Economioa,u World; Order 1 Th!... E!a,ha'i, M!g!•ip..•á1 voi. án;, March 19lf.61 No. 12, Wilaettes B•bi•! Publishing Committee, 1946, PP• 35}-5it-• . . : á . á . . . Hippolj"te Dreytwl ''Bahaiam andá Society-the Baitu' 1- 'Adl, '' PP• 126-51 1 'Work9" áa . 164-1s1 The UJdtersaI Re1igfonz::~ Bahai•••• I1l• Riseáá and !oei:Al Iml'<'rt~ á 'London: Coi- and ..Fenviok," 19()9. á • ' "" á • á- - Jq_h n ~nesar F -
E~lemont, B-.h1"~'1~1á}-,lah,•nd th•ááá Ne,v i!;a;• oftená Qit~ 'Abdu'lá • . .-á
. Baba and Baba'u'llah9 Vil.mette1 Babi' f Publiuiq Trust', 1974 1 PP• 13)~ 39 . 216 .. 252. . . . . . .á. . .. . I I .. - - ~~~F~tt.~h1náá, á :!'J'i' ~ ~~ae}!i ys • Eeon,-t~á~á .LoJldO':' 1 ~-b~ ri .Pu.bliah{Jlg ..L~-ua•t • á4 • Jobn F~--~~ á "Soci~ aad Eoonom~o T~achinga.-" . ~lf..1.'lt.i!8! !fa,~~- !"• Lond~a Baba' i PUblisbing !rust; 1975, PP• 100-10ff. á ~id Hofman, ''.$ocial Economy~'' ft.• R•uwaláá ef, Girilintiont o~t()rdt a.tors- ... Ronalc;l, 1972, PP-. .110-:1264' . á á á á áá ... Horace ~o~lq~ ''Th~ á~ahai Mes-. to Politics á~d Economic!!~ Babat.á 'l'h• S2!r.1~ of_Ft~• Ag!, ?_few Yorka Brentuo' a, 1921 j pp• . 125á»á á Horace Holfey. á rtif!iie-~or1cl Economy of Babi'u'llah, 11 Be~id'5!1 tor.Jtank\P4 1 Londans Geor§! áRonald:, 1956; PP• 13~?1--. á,,,, ,,. á á á á H~A. Kamr•n, . ' 1Diti aa. Chaos Eoon~iqu•t • La Peneee Baba' ie, Juin 1915, Mo. 52, pp. 2-19. / / / Amia s. Kb•••i ''Lee b•aea du nouvel ordre economique, '' La Pens•• B•ba'ie, Decembre 1980, No. ?It, pp. 11-18. P•ter Mlihlacblege1, Dar W.ltHntralb!!}knui~•nt,, Darm.etadts Druck-Service, Ju}3 1973. - - Shogbi Effendi, DireotiYea frca th• Guardian, India1 Baha'i PublishiJJg Trust, 1973, PP• 19-21. _ G•rhard "I. Schveter, 'Di• Loaung der Wirtach•ftlicheu Probl•me aua Babi'i- . Sie.!lt,' Wien, 1975. _ Gerhard P. Schveter, 'Di• Wirtachattel•br• der B•ha'i Religion,' Wia, 1974. Gerhard 'f. S<shv•ter, 'Babi 'i-WUtacha!t und Marxismua, t Wien 1 m G•rhard J'. Schv•t•r, 'Var ,ma da• Zeitalter der Einheit. Aapekt• su einu Neuorclnung: von Wl.rtscha.tt und Geaellachaft nach dea Lehren Bahi.'u'll•ha,' PerchtolMdorf, Juli 1C1SO. III. l'RANCB
7>conterence on Baba' i Political Ecoaomy: Theory and Praotice
Mr. Sianou and lllJ'Hlt read all of the prim•ry source• in. translation and diecuaaed these throughout our time together, restricting oureelvea to the vord.B ot 'Abdu'l-Rahi and of Bahi 1 u 1 llab in•emuoh ae there were plent7 ot these •nd theee are atter all the baeia upon vhich the edifice of Ba- - hi 1 i political eco~ must be built, both theoretioall7 and iD practice. We did our beet to discern the spiritu•l •net social principle• involved, and I took copious notes, ae usual. At the end of our con.terence I penned thia cr;rptio note: 'SOLUTION IS UNITYI • Upoa my return to Paris from Gour- vill• and after Mr. Simmons returned to J'inland (aee report 'enhi•-wader. that country) I made up a liat of fourty-nine principles gleaned trom our etud;J of the primarJ aourcea available to WI in English translation. I sent Mr. Si•mnona a copy of these taurty-niJ!e theaea, rq 'Manifesto' ao to speak, and he advised me of their u.setu.lness, ao I offered them alao to Hr. William Pyle, professor ot buainese administration at the Univereit,. ot Mae88ohueetta at Amherst, and he read thea. notes with interest and shared them with other Babi•ia in the field subaequentl.1• Aa my notes are twelve pagea in length and band-written, I vi11 not burden 7ou with their citation here. .dome dlq, if there is a demand, I will tJ1)9 them up, but tor now I will cite the principle• aa abbreviated in 'tttl' Index to the Note.a, a atre•á- limcl liat of salient points, and here it ia, tor what it'a worths á I. No more poverv II. All ab•r• ia comfort and vell-bei:ag according to rank •nd atati• III. None overburdened with riches IV. No abeolute equalitJ' of meana ~. Where there is starvation there is tyrann;y VI. Ro del~ in altering .situation VII. Rioh must give voluntari]Jr VIII. Rich soften hearts, cultivate compaeaionat• intelligence IX. X..wa to limit extremes of veal.th and poverty--equal juetioe I. Not t•ntil eqlutl juetioe vill Law of Goel be observed XI. Graduated tax on protita XII. Public aid when lacking neceaaitiea XIII. Sources of Ta Revenue XIV. Public Expenditures XV. All mu.at engage in art, trade or occupation XVI. Occupation ia worship XVII. Waste not time in. idleness and indolence XVIII. Beggar ia moat despicable of men XIX. Ocaup,y selves with what will profit aelv•• and other• XX. Interest allowed on loans XXI. Slavery forbidden XXII. Claaa coafiict á vill not solve probl•M XXIII. Vol11ntarJ' good-will: between capitalists and worker• XXIV. No fortunes amassed through nploitation XXV. Znployeea partners in •Vflr'J work XXVI. World government enact lave XXVII. World government resiat strikes after ju.et lava enacted XXVIII. Causes of strikes XXIX. Pension mu.st be prorlded b;r employer XXX. Wapa muat be satiafaoto:ry for the varkera .XXXI. Pia.ea if tranagreaaion of right• after fixed by world govern•ea.t XXXII. IDtertereace ot gOYerment •nd oourta ia labor diaputea iJI legal III. FRANCE
?)Ciaference on Bebi• i Political Econcel\) 1 Th•or1 and Practice XXXIII. Co•wuerce, induatrJ', agriculture, general affairs linked XXXIV. Yearg giving of rich is th• foundation of religion xxxv.-Bahi•I Faith cover• all economic and social queatioD.8 XXXVI. Must know B•hi't principles iJa order to imprOY• the econOlllJ XXXVII. Rank and station, etc. based on spiritual qlaalitiea not money XXXVIll. Wealth ia praiseworthy if... á xxxrx:. Greatest undertaking ia to enrich the maues XL. Cauae 2t God i• not an economic system XLI. Baha'i economiata will establish eoonomio institution• XLII. Not enough mOMJ yet to establiab imstitutiou for Baha'i econom,y XLIII. Excellence XLIV. Spiritual attitude to work XLV. Prerequiaitea of wealth XLVI. Harvest for •11 - - XLVll. Baha'i ecoacnic teachinp mu.st be systematized by Bahi'i economiats XLVIII. Happinesa ia impoeaibl• if eome are poor and miserable XLIX. "Yet to be poor ia all eave God ie a wondrous gift ••• •• Th• aouroee tor these prinoiplee are th• Tablets of Babi'u'll•b, ~:the telk• of 'Abclu'l-Baha and th• letters oa b•h•lt of Sho1hi Effendi, cited ill the bibliosraphJ' precHding these principl••á Thia list ia by ao me••• compr•- he:uive, ia fact it 1.9 nothing more tba• fragm•n!&rJ'• And 1•1: it will ef• fectiv•l.7 silence thoee who claim that th• Baba'i J'aith h•• no th••l"J of political eoo11.0llJ't or that thi• th•ory ia euentiall1' capitaliatio or ao- oialistio or ide•11-tio ai- whatever. Let'• take a look at what ie beiDg taught u and.let pot our preoonceptione, of ourátim•-honor•4 traditioaa, - our preoiou ~•judioes ••• I hope to hear from aom• of you reprding the . stu~ of Bahi•i political eooncw(f. I hope to collaborate with Beb•'ie ure - ia áNwBqland to orpni•• a conference on thie topio at••• uraiv•r•it)', and if tbie project everá pt• off th• ground or rather off the•• air ••d ellto the grouncl, I'll be eur• to take copious not•• and ebN'• thea vith vb~ver"':ef 10u 8how . an interest. How c•n ve aet tak• ••á. iatereatááa. th••• atr•r •tateaea:ta of 'Beba'áu'llah, 'Abdu'láB•ha ud Shoghi Effendi? , ~ ~ r:v. i IO'J. ':J.~ Y
1 )~'f!"s. Gerd Strand L angua.")e.s: Nc:-á~eg -. á1n, Gá.~edish , ~ . . , . . .. , G i..-8.nis.n, .: ..n.g ..... isn, .r _ e ncn. erman, E ~ perant~ Degr ees: License from Universite de Paris
Interview: Mrs. Strand does not regard herself as a scholar but s he is quick-witted, knowledgeable and al'.v~-~:ra eager to assist, anj as such. s he l1as helped this scholar considerably, :~at just :is a source for Baha'i á stud- -- ies, but in her loving concern for all t~e beli~vers and particularly for me, as my support and inspiration, re~a:dless of the distance which separ- a ~ es us. Her judgement is excellent, á::.er memory clear and lucid, !1er speech f:;_.ie:J.t and descriptiye, a...11d she c an re á~o11nt countless tales of the first á;ene1,ations of 3a~: i' is in Europe, most l!Spac i ally in S can~iP..av ia. :-irs. ~trand is aiso ab].e t .o put pre sent - da y ::i:-,:.t.. pre v i ous oaha' i events and per- sonalities into an historical perspect~v~ engendered through almost 70 yeara of continuous residency in Nor\o/ay, mar.~1 years of service on the .J~gional !lativnal Spiritual ..\asembly of Scandir.a.v!_a as Secretary ( 1957-62), on the lli:itio:r.al Spiritual ~\5sembly of t~e Ba:r•.i'ia of rl.: ::-way as Secretary (1 ;,:)2-63), and as a ~ember of the Auxiliary aoard for Norway (1968-prese~t), first in Propagation and since 1977 in Protection. As 9.ll active Baha'i since 1951, láJrs. Strand knew virtually all orá the .:'irst generation of Norwegian Baha •is and was aole to tell me a n~oer of stories about them during oar few d~s together. She told me much about Jot:1nna Schubarth, who became a Banali in 11innesota in 1919 and then heeded the call of 'Abdu • 1-Bahi to pioneer to her native_landt to Nor~ay, where she spent the rest of her life, teach- ing the Bahi.' i F:ii th to all and aund.ry, and t:-anslating ~rarious ho:Jks and pamphlets from English into NorT11egian, such as Bahi'u'lla h and t he :rew Era. She also told me th.at Harald Thiis, cá.irrent member of the NSA of Nor\<1ay and co-founder, co-director of the Mandal ~ Institute (see report IV.4)) receiv- ed his university degree (the equival~nt of an A~erican Bachelor of Arts) in Religious History, and that he included the ás tudy of Bahi'i history; that Enger Dybwad, lecturer at the grmnasium in Bodo, Norway, and former li- brarian was familiar with most Baha'i literature available in Norwegian; that Tom Arboe Hbeg, a librarian at the Universitetabibliotek in Oslo (al- so the National Library of Norway and repository of every book and article published in Norway) and Esperantist, edi t 3 a periodical in Esperanto and recently published an article_therein written by Mrs. ~trand, and appended to it a partial list of Baha'i-related literature available at UB0f that •• Dr. Adelbert l-tuhlschlegel, Hand of the Cause of God, t~;rne á:i from the prac- tice of conventional medicine to naturopathic medicine; that Benedicta Thiis, wife of Harald Thiia, is a naturopathic physician; that Loyce LaWEenoe was an Ameri can pioneer to Norway, an1 that she left her extenai"Ve Bahi:'i - library to the Baha'i comrnimity of Svolvaer on Lofoten Island (Mr. Jonsson made a list of the books and pamphlets in this library and s ent me a copy
rec!ntly--anyone on their way to Lofoten and vant t he list~), and t he Ba- hi'is ot Trondheim established a library in that city in honor of her; - that Johanna Schubarth's Baha'i librarr is kept in the Haziratu'l~ud.8 o! Norway, in Oslo; th.at Martha Root's visit in 1935 with King Hc>:on II of Norway is reported in one ~f the volwnes of 3aha•I World; that she present- ed a COF.f ot Ba.ti.a' I ~lorld to the UBO; that many pamphlets and selectioP..a from the writings and talks of 'Abdu'l-Baha and Shoghi Effendi have been translated into Norwegian and eirculat~d privately; tl~.:it there are a nuc.ber of sources for information on the Grea :.est Name of God, including the fol- ~o~ing: ~tatem!_.n~ attributed to 'Abdu'l-Bahi,1 article by Abu'l-Qasim Faizi printed in Ba.ha' 1 t.Je•1s, no. 451 , October 196b ; Thornton Chase, ''Tne Teach- ing on the Greatest tiame''; Isabella Brittingham, compiler, ''The Rosary,'' 1 )I1rs. Gerd Strand . Interview: attributed to 'Abdu'l-Bahi; articles on the Gr eatest Name in La Pensee Ba- !1£' i e; Epi stle to tq,e Son of t !1e 1~olf, pp. 79-80; Gleanings,, p. 100; Daily I. esso~ g i ven in '.AY~1-{a. She also mentioned l-iatth ew Arnold as the author of ,,A l)eraian Pass ion Play,'' in Essavs in Cr itic ism, 1st series, London: ~fac millan and Co., Ltd., 1902; Sverre Holmsen, Swed ish writer and Baha'i, auth- or of a book on the Bahi' i Faith. ~áIra. Strand also told me of the Catholic prophecy regarding the Papal succession, according to which the present Pon- • tiff, Pope John Paul II is the next to last Pope, part of a chain of prophe- cies regarding the Popes attributed to a monk named Bartholomew living in the 12th or 13th century A.D., and also believed to be represented in the painted medallions depicting the heads of a number of Pontiffs and which adorn the vaulted ceilings of an Italian sanctuary. Mrs. Strand suggested that the famed Sybilline oracles might be preserved in t he Vatican library, and t hat with the unsealing of Vatican documents in 196? for the year 1867 it became possible for- the first time to try to trace and ultimately r ecover the -original Tablet written by BaM'u'llah and sent to the Pope, Pius IX, in that year-to her knowledge no such Tablet had been diaoover.ed si.nce 1967 (I was unable to look into this while in Italy but will write Italian friends in search of information). She remarked that Pope John XXIII prior to his passing proclaimed a Papal encyclical entitled ''Pacem in Terr as'', the program of which is almost identical to that of the BahI'I teachings-- ~nd ot the Cause or God Dr. Ugo Giacheey has written on this subject. Mrs. Strand also spoke of the Jante Law which operates in Norway, invented -by an author an4 descriptive of the Norwegian attitude, that they are superior and non-Norvegá are inferior, and we discussed the way in which this re- latee to the Bib ácal depiction ot the ''devil'', the personification of evil as ''the. accuser'', ~d the injunction of Christ to ''judge not lest ye be judged'', to the effe t that the condemnation and criticism of others does not assist them to t scend their limitations or overcome their imperfect- ions, and that it ma. even drag them down into yet more debilitating and destructive iniquities. We also discussed the relationship of judgemental- ism to ''levelling'', in which we are expected to follow a mediocre norm, to conform to the ''level'' mean, hov we want everyone to be on the same ''level'' and this ia not at a11 constructive but rather it inhibits and suppresses divine attributes such aa dignity and humility, refinement and simplicity, culture and liberality. Humankind can not be liberated by all assuming the lowest level, by descending to the lowest common denominator, but rather through all aspiring towards and working cooperatively towards the highest principles, without the ''levelling'' ot class warfare or the ''levelling'' ot class stratification. Mrs. Strand also mentioned an Australian opera sing- er who lives in Britain and is a Bah&•f; a compilation from the Baha'i Writ- ings on ''Art'' published by the Universal House of Justice; and the role of Esperanto in the earq Bab•'i community of Europe. She pointed out the ac- tivities of the Baha~i International Esperanto League, and the opportunities for :Baha•Is fluent in Esperanto to cocmunicate with intellectuals in many countries and to inform them o! the Bahi•I teachings, in other vorda, Esper- anto is alive and well and worth learning and using. Mrs. Strand pointed - out that during the first and second warld wars, trom 1919 to 1939, more Baha'i literature waa written in, translated into .e nd published in Esperan- to than in any other European language. In Iran and in Germany many be- lievers studied Esperanto, and many of the earliest believers in all ot th• European nationa were F.sperantists. In fact, some of these early adher- ents dropped out of the Bahi""l community when they perceived that the forth- right and often headstrong American pioneers were merely using Esperanto in order to attract people into th• Bahi'l Faith and ignoring its role in the '+7
1)Mrs. Gerd Strand Interview: establishment of an international, a world civilization. She also pointed out that m3.ny of the first believers in Scandin/iv ia were Theosophists and tl1at they láem.a.ined members of the Theosophical Society as well a.ti becoming Bal1i' is until tne Guardian insisted t lut they choose one or the ot:her, and, along with the Guardian, t~1e governmel!: s of tiorway and Finland (and perhaps also S\veden and Den,,ark) required th ál~ ráeligious affiliation be singular and not multi:tile, this applying to rner:~".Jership in t~i.e state church aa well as in ot11er re:..igious societies. Man~r ot the ea:liest believers did not - choose to rerna~n Bahi'is when faced with t~e choice of membership in the - Theosop::iical Society, the Luti1eran c :1urch OR the Baba' i Fai ~h. In our con- tinuing discussion of the Bible, with a young Norwegian Methodist friend o! mine, látrs. Stra.r.d mentioned a book written by herr Keller, in German, the English translation of which is enti.tled But .the !Jibl~ was Right, and reoornmended it for its masterful and scientific explanations of phenomena reported in the Dible, recommended it to any student ot the Bible and par- ticularly to the Ba.ha.' i who seeks to rec0t1oile science and religion, scrip- ture and empirically verifiable tact. Gn ti"te subject of the ''Calamity''- very popular topic of concerned conversat ~..;:t among Ba..11i' is and many others in Europe-I-Ir~. Strand á affirmed her vi~w that it is f'~itleas and even harm- ful. for Bahi'ie to dwell on this theme, and that Baha•is must concentrate on t~e positive work of the Cause, on ouilding a new world order, confident that the way will be cleared for the aatablishment ot this new system, and . . that ''Calamity'' vill strike when it strikes according to the plan and will of God and not according to our imagicatione, our fears, hopes and expecta- tions. Her answer of ''what to do1t ia not to stockpile essential.a and head for the vooda or to announce the end of the world and exciát• ''the masses'' suppoaedly in preparation fer the terrible time to come--nB.3' rather, her solution is that we continue to do what one does normally, which is to build the beat and make the beet o! what is already built. On the subject of lead- ership, Mrse. §.trand said that ''There vere 'Abdu • 1-Bahi Bahi' is, then .Shoghi Effendi Baba' is1 nov what are we?'' She calls herself an European Teaching Committee Babi'TI She admitted that it is difficult for people to be with- out a personal leader, a h11man ''head'', to be loyal, loving and obediant to . '. . au institution, but that this is our task. On the subject of women and mem- bership on the Universal House of Juetice, Mrs. Strand commented, ''Would women WAI-ff to be elected to the Universal House of Justice? MEN mostly -- ask why there are no women on the Universal House of Justice, NOT \«>MENl '' Mrs. Strand recommended th.at Batm'is organize conferences and workshops, meetings vith other groups with similar interests, such as ''New Age'' and ''social reform'' groups, and that Bahi•l pensioneera of Norwegian ancestry resident in Minnesota and elsewhere in the USA be encouraged to pioneer to Norway to spend their last years there, and that these would conotitute probably the most effective pioneers to Norway. _ . I did not di.acuee either the prospect of forming an European Bahi' i Studies .. Association or of compiling an En~ycloped; .=-~ Bah!i'.1 with Mrs. Strand, and BO I can not represent her views on these _ ; '..lbjects. She ia most supportive of cooperative ~!forte, and has been en.:;aged in so many throughout her ser- vice aa a Babi•i in Scandinavia, but she is also realistic and well aware ot the foibles ot b11mankind. She would caution patience and dedication, •~en a• she ha• alva;ya empbasized the virtu.ea ot loving kindneaa and stead- faatri.esa •
.Papers and publie~tiona1 Mra. Strand ha5 written a short sketch of Norwe- gian Baha'i histuryt in Norwegian •nd translated into English, and baa translated Babi'f literature from Engliah into Norwegian, but her modesty prevents us from knowing the details of her services. 2)Miss Gudrun ~fstegaard Languages: I{or'.-regian, Swedisht Danisl1, English, some Finnish, bits of other European languages Degree: u.nlcnown
Interview: 1-lias Gudrun .0fategaard is_a dedicated servant to the Bah'i. 1 i - Ca~se who has served on a nUI?lber of Bana'i administrative bodies in Scandi- . navia_including, until thia year, the National Spiritual Assembly of the Ba.hi.' is of l'.-Torway. She has pioneered to Sweden and to Finland and in well acquainted with both countries and with the history of the Cause in all of Scandinavia. She told me a few stories of Elsa Matilda Vento, Inger Hjelme and other early believers during our short hour together a.t lálrs. Strand• s apartment shortly after my arrival in Oslo, at the end of January 1981. Iáiiss .dfstegaard informed me that ahe had written an history of the Ba.ha' i Faith in Scan1iinavia and that she would translate this from Norwegian into English for ce. I am eagerly awaiting receipt of that document. Regarding Elsa Matilda Vento. Mrs. Strand and Miss 0fstegaard recounted a number of personal. anecdotes including Miss Vento' s experience of almost drowning, or rather of drowning and being brought back to life, and of her description of her state in the spiritual world; and of sitting with her during meetings of the Regional National Assembly of the Balii'ia of Soandiá navia, when she would occasionally pipe up and in a single concise phrase or sentence sum up what the members had been discussing for an hour or long- e::.'. r!iss flfategaard, like ?-Irs. Strand, has vivid cemories of the early be- lievers and I urged her to either write down or tape-record everything that she can remember. She recommended that i,n order to find out about Danish Ba...1'.i.' i history I should contact Inger Rjelme, living in Ka.strup near Koben- havn. (I \'1as not in Kobenhavn long enough to follow her advice but hope to do so upon some later occasion.) Miss 0fstegaard spokeá of the gypsies of Helsin.~i, Finland with gre1t tenderness: there a.Te about 3000 in the city of Helsinki and also many iD Abo; they are a dark•haired, short peoplef the women are generally large and wear long satin dresses; they have some de- lightful customs such as the sharing of sweets--children when offered sweets always pass them out equitably, returning the surplus; the Helsinki gypsies are ma~ of them wealthy, they live in • section of the city apart frorl_ the .Finns, moat ot them are settled but some áare itinerant peddlers. Miss <lt- stegaard joined Mrs. Strand in urging m• to contact Baba' fs of Norwegian ancestry who are living off of pensions and to ask them to pioneer to Nor- way.
Papers and publications: I do not know of anything written and/or published by Mies '6fstegaard, but am hoping to see her account of lcandinavian Bahi'i history published, in the various Scandinavian languages and iD English in the near future. r:v. NORWAY
.. - 3)Bi~~rr Hubendick Ba.Yia' i Senter Languages: S\vedi~:1, English, some Pe~sian Norwegian,
Deg:.:-ees: unkno•,1n
Inter,,,iew: t1r. Hubená: iick •,;as particularly helpful to me in my research in Norway, giving me the addresses of Holger Hagan, Paul Stolpe, !!ans Ode- myr, Harald Thiss, Hoosh~r.~ Ra'fat, passing on valuable info=mation abou• Baha'i literature and history, and peroitting me to make photocopies of various rare documents ir_ the Natio~l Baha' I Archives of llor 11a:.r and in
his private librar~r . I 3<'..'.tl him repeatedly in the r.-.onth of February 1901, - as I spent oany tours in the Baha'i Senter. He stated that to his know- ledge there had been no st ~.tdy of old Nor~tJegian ne'trspapers in search of articles about Babfs and Baha'ie. (See report on Holger Hagan for more de- tails.) He knew that some research of this kind has been done in Sweden and mentl oned that . Ezzat Djazayeri, lecturer in Iranian philolo.~r at the University of Goteborg and noted Baha'i historian would know pa:ticularly of the great ''find'' in Aftenoladet. (See report on Djazayeri. ) ~1:r. Huben- - dick himself is an avid collector of old Norwegian books which mention the - Faith, and showed me a couple of tomes•, both in Swedish, which Baha'i • he collected whilst in Sweden, his native country: Sven Hedint Geflo~.?~rsi;en oesow~~mien och ~a 1ḥasie~ ~e_;;eminnea, Forord af professor Hermann Varnbery; Stockholo: Albert Bonniera Forlag, 1887.• á This book describes Hedin's encounter with Babfs in Iran, on pages 174-75, and he spea.l.ts of M. Fargues, a French physician, 50 years of age in the year 1885 or 1886 when Hedin met him in Shiraz, the doct~r fluent in Per- sian, Arabic and Turkish, and a serious st~dent of the BabI religion, who attested to Hedin that the Babis have a sign language, that he, Fargues was permitte~ ta learn this sign langi..1 age, and that he also plans to pub- lish the Bibi Writings he has collected upon ~ ia return to France. Hedin said that Fargues studied ~edicine in Paris, and perhaps between the re- corc:!s of the Universi t$ de Paris and t'::<'se of the BabIs of .fil>.iraz and the French Foreign Ministry, \./& may b! able to trace Farguea and find out what happened to his collection of Balli ~an'J.Scripts and it he left any letters - or f or~al records of his Ba.bi studies. Emilia Fogelklou, F-r:.an LS;,ngtansvat;,anna, J.r!annisl;col". pch Rorel,aer; Uppsala: Sveriges f:Z.istliga Studentrorelsea Forlag, 191'1. • _ Mr. Hubendick noted that the primary spiritual. centres of the Baha'i Faith in Scandinavia are also the cites of the major cathedrals erected by Christ- ians to the Glory of God several centuries ago. Uppsala in Sweden and T~ondheim in Norway were two of the three most important spiritual cegtres of Christian Scandinavia; almost all of t~e new converts to the Ba..'ta'i Faith in recent years have issued from these two oitiea. He reca1led that 'Abdu'l-Baha or Shoghi Effendi attributed special spiritual capacity to cat::l.edra.1 cities, but could not recall 4:he source of these statements. Mr. II~-~bendick showed me a book and a r:.:.. ."luscript, both of which were sent to the NSA of Norway by ~iyyih Gabrielle, the author of both, the former bei~ the self-published (in California} !i~e Ca~e _1982..:. The Crimsoq. Ark,•and the latter a manuscript dated Jal'il, 137 B.E., and descriptive of Miss Gabrielleá' e plan for 'saving t:ie vorld' before the ''cal amity'' strikes. These volumes interested me for more than one reason: Miss Ga- - brielle is a poet, a Bahi'i and an apocalyptic herald• completely con- vinced that the ''Calamity'' will come in 1982-33, and that action must be taken now if we are to mitigate the consequences at all. Aa for Miss Gaá brielle, Hr. Hubendick told me that she ha.a a.lseady migrated to New Zeal- IV. !.fOP.'1/.t~Y
3)Bj¢rn Hubendick
Interview: and,believing herself to be out of danger there. Mr. Hubendick, very aware of and sympathetic to the apocalyptic rumblings ot ''Ne-.,1 ..\.gers'', astrologers, certain scientists and military experts, psychics, Pentecostal Christiana, - selected Catholic intellectuals and an increasing nur.iber of Bana'is through- out Europe, recor.tmended that I pe~use the following titles a~ong others: .. - Shoghi Effendi, láfessa es to t he Baha'i '.1 orld . 19'10- =)7, pp. 103-1o4, and Shoghi Effendi, Tl1e Citaciel of Faith, pp. 125-2 • He also told me that according to pilgrL~'s notes he has read but could not show me, there will be a great 1t1ar, much more destructive than the la.st world 1r1ar, and that the ice and snow of Greenland will melt, the oceans will rise, and t~ese ter- restial ''calamities'' will require survivors to cooperate, to work together, to build a ne ..r ,..,orld order. He pointed out a book •11ritten by a Dutch in-
tellectual entitled The Comin' Ne"" Man (J. ,,an Rijckenborgh; Netherlands, Haarlem: Rozekruis-Pers, 195? • ~. raen I showed interest in following up - leads \á1hich ciight fill out our view of Baha'i histor;, he note t hat Shoghi Effendi, in T!1e ~ omi_s!!d Da.I _1:.._s Come, p. 52, mentions the French translator and conveyor of Baha 1 u'llah's Tablet to Napoleon III, who lived in 'Akka and who became a Baha'i after the fulfilment of Baha'u'llah'e prophecy ot the do\mfall of Napoleon III. Then Mr. Hubendick mentioned that one of the Norwegian believers, Bettz Kohl, living in Lillehammer, has a copy of the diary of one of the Baha'is who accompanied 'Abdu'l-Bahi to the United States in 1912-13. - Mr. Hubendick and I talked for several hours regarding the need for spirit- ualization both in the world at large and in the Balla' i community. á He ad- dressed the topic o! spiritual education, of mystical life, of the practice of the presence of God, of the spiritual exercises, disciplines, techniques - of Baha'u'llah, supplication, recitation, meditation and instruction among them. He affirmed his view that Bahi•Ia, like all others seeking to spi- ri tualize their lives, are in need of personal guidance, exemplification, -- support and encouragement, and that we need Baha'i teacher s whose role would be that of a spiritual guide, one who dedicates his life to the as- - sistance, the service of others in their spiritual growth. Mr. Hubendick mentioned one Baha'i whom he could imagine as his personal apiritua.1 -teach- er, and this is the Hand of the Cause of God Dr. Adelbert Muhlschlegel. f.fr. Hubendick told me that Dr. ?-fiihlachlegel was a profound mystic, an ac- complished student of astrology, naturopathy, Antr..roposophy, Theosophy and world history, literature and religion. Mr. Hubendick has him.self studied the lives and words of mystics !ram a number at religious backgrounds in- cluding Catholic Christianity and !slim, and he is particularly i.'llpressed - with the ~ufia. Mr. Hubendick would liek to be informed regarding any and all effort~ being made in the direction of developing the mystical life a- mong Baha'is, so I aek my readers to help me apprize him of the situation. Speaking of aatrology, Mr. Hubendick mentioned that there áis a world ta- mous astrgloger, resident in Los Angeles, of Swedish name, who mentions the Bahi'i Faith in nearly every one ot his books. (Upon rrry return to the United States I soon discovered that he was refering to Dane Rudhyar, one of whose beautiful books is Gifts of the Spirit; ?lew Age Publishing Com- pany, 1542 Glen~ale Boulevard, Los Angeiles 2~, California, 1946, 1956, 1!.!, which the Baha'i Faith is mentioned on pages 128 and 130 9 although Baha'i teachings seem to pervade the entire text.) _ • I did not mention the establishment of an European Baha'i Studies Asaocia- - tion, compilation of an Encyclo;E!dia Baha',i, my two pet projects, to Mr. Hubendick. Also, to my knowledge, he is not a_writer and so I can credit him with no publications in the field of Baha'i studies. ••1980.
4)I1a!'ald T~iis Lai1~~1agea: tlor~á1egian, Danish, Mandala Institute :::nglish Degrees: colle~iate (B.A.) in Relig:ous 1liscoey
Intervie\-1: }fr. Thiis and. I did not talk r.i~1ch. I met him a!ter a NSA :?ieeting in ( ..!!.a at the end of ?ebru~y 1981, .~'1.d he invited me up to vis~ it h~~ni and 'his associates a..t tht~ir new healing centre in the hilly dis- trict 23 ki!{,:;ieters from Gausdal ar:ái l four or five !á.)~tr drive from Oslo, to l'lelp clean and paint and otter\~ise :>-:-epare t"1.e facility (an old resort hotel) for worl-:shops to be held over t:á:e Easter \á1eekend and durins the sub- seqt1ent surncer. I spent a !e,., days wit:1 the ~áfandala group, mostly ~á1orking, ar.d. th.e -participating Bar.a' :~.::--tr~e:-e ,~1ere a hal.f <l.ozen of á!S, L"'tcluá~ing wost of the l1andala staff--\"ere obse:!.ḥá1ing the Fast. I met Hr. Thiis' son in London in July 1981 and he told ?:e that the ~Iandala staff including his fn. ther had r.ioved permanently to Gausdal from Trondl1eim and that the centre i...raB now f'u.'lctioning. !}...iri.:lg -::iy Fast visit wit:-i :tr. Thiis 1':~ had onl~r a few moments to t~lk while en route fro~ the centre to the 17.unbe~yard, to t.1e pain t::hop, the furniture factory, t:-ie grooer~r store. He described hie work, in th.e pa.at present :J.."lái future 8.1.l.~ related it ta the á.1ork of ~he Cause. His story is not pe~~aps of releva;:ce to the scholar of Babi stud- ies, but as he is rather .~ .!nique indi,1idua2. ens~.ged in providir..g very u- nique se~vices to the peo~le of !!orway and to the Ba.ha' I2 of that countr~- it is of compelling interest to the stur:1!nt of t~e Ba11i' i Fait11. . •há. Thiis has been a :nemcá~r of the Baha'i eo1"'1llnity of NOX"\'lay for about 17 ~.áears no\t, since 1965. In 1967 he started te3.ching in an experimental Gymna.siwn (highschool) nea:- Oslo, where he re~ained for seven years. At some point during those years he discovered ru1 interest in nat1i:-~~.1 r.iedi- cine, and so he took a correspondence course f~om the European Co11ege of Natural l1edicine, and in the first part of 1974 he met \tith a group of healers in Os1.o w!lo 'J1anted to explore alte~~nativea, but this group did not LW..:nount to anything. '!:'.aster 1974, I-tr. :'11iis atte!:ded a course in re- nexology, also called zone therapy U:. )er~:~.::.rc, and b;; su.mt!ler 1974 he '~as workin:~ a.a a zone therapist and teaching only part-ti~e, as a substitute. In su.".'lraer 1975 ::e aslred an acuFmcturist, a M.D. and a. homeopath to offer courses in a school in Kopan, ~stedal in natural medicine--this marked the beginning of his work in arrangin6 cournes, workshops and conferences in nat1tral medicine. This first eou=se •.ilaS arranged for 25 students but 60 attended, and it was the start ()f a school of natural medicine tá!~:ich con- tin~es to f'u.nction in Oslo to this day. i'i:. Thiis said tl"..at this group is trying to '>:in recognitio!l from the med:.cal establisnment and that he is not interested in l1elpi.ng ti1em - ;.y lon:!e=- because thdy have drop::1ed their original psyc'b..o-spiritual or:.entu~ion and. noá:r a:e entire1y concerned with ~hysical heal::..::~~ and l1e!lth. In spri.ri..;; 19?') he move ::i to Trcndl1e:.m, to ,.,ork ~vith another BallK' i li,rin.G there a.l'l.d o}'.)e:::-ating The~is Publishing and ,.,.:th ancthar zone t~era?ist, Bj~rn I1~-:;e Johnson. He liá1ed above the healt:á. :.:ood st.:>re. rte and :Sened.icta m~ried, 5:1.e a naturopath a.::id rnasse1.:se. 3:7ern Inge Jo:1n.son cio~ted to the cot:ntr:-side, so .:4=-. Thiis had to work on his own. Re ~~red an app!áentice, took t ~=ne oft to study acupuncture aná-! táá.!?n hired anotrte1' apprentice, then ...,o!":~ed E".S a. natu:-opatá:-i for one or t\fO ~á3a.rs. ~rith 211y people coming a..."l.d going all the \á111ile. In early 1" ..,3 he aild nis fam.:.ly noáred into a fi~.re-room :....part:::en~, and soon afterá.:r. ~ fo~ ot~ers who practiced natural ~ed~cine joined them, some working pa~t-time and ~aisting hi~ w~en they were not earning wages. He became the founder an1 di~ector of the Norwe~ian Naturopathic Association, and this apartoent 11eca áa his off~.~~. Ria Association '"a.> called t:ie 1'1ar..d.a1a I:istitáiite from Dece~ner 15, 1q73, complete with a new set c: rules. ;:'Jld ~oth have stood I "(r"' • ááácá ")' rá'Y ... • •.......11.
4 ):Iaralá:i Ti:.i is
Int e ::-,1ie\á/: the teats of time. T:;.e i.~a.'"11.ala Institute offered cou::ses and the"!."'apeutic sessior:.S in 1:f!olistic t::e:=-apy, reflexoloGJ, herbal the:.,apy, natural diet, !'Syc:1osynt:1esis, intuitive ~assage, raeditation. For some time one of t:ieir co-worl:ersá, who contributed equally as a spii.,itual psychologist - ar.:i n.s a carpenter, á:1as an A::ierican 3aha' i named Sta.ry.islav Ojack. This fi~"'st centre in Trond.hei:J •,1as 110 square ~eters in size. In r:ovember 1979 tl1e iá!andala Institute r.lO"'.red to its larger facility in T:::-oacll-ieim, oc- cupying some 300 sq1.tare :-ieters, á.'lhich is now to 'be converted i.nto a cul- tural centre for trle alterruative and fol.!{ culture of TroncLli.eim. On I~o •:e::iber 17, 1980, the Iáiandala Foundation ,.,as registered as a non-profit or5anizaticn, and as of January 1981 the ~resent site of the Institute is in Gausdal, a fo~r.rer reso::-t l~otel, ;á1ith capaait~r for 125 over-night s.iests. The centre is co!nposed of two tJ-iree-sto:::-y buildings and an inn á.!iáth con!'le:::-cial J.:itchen, t~ee li~1ing rooms, a large dining room and base- :JC?nt 3..!'e.1, and an upstairs ~part~ent for tl1e T!Liis fa.:~1il~r. For t~1e 9res- ent, iá!andala :árill contir. .ue to conduct cou::.~ses in T~"ondl1eim, I3er.;en and Oslo, as •,rell as in t1:e ne1.á1 facility in Ga11s.ial. ?á!r. Tl1iis spo~:e of i:.ia Plans a..11d drea.'!ls fo:- t!le ne1á1 centre in G.'lusdal--to create an atrnosnhere -conduci,1e to á..1:'lole l~ealing, of t:-ie bod~r and soul, to li~1e in :ia.:r::'lon:r - ~1ith tl:e ideals of the iá!e'" ll3e, t11e spiritual and social teac~1in;;s of :Sat.ii• u' 113.h, to be free fro:'!l !'e:ntal fees, to have a :place á~1'b~ere '-''or!~shop p~ticipants can f~eely and easil~r gathe!", in '11hicn the environoent itself is 1-1ealing, cur '.ltive, to be able to accomodate patients ,,,ho are in need of a. •...reek or
more of total relaxation and therapy, of more th~"'l a quic1'= office visit, to l1a"1e a comunity from \á1hich arts and crafts can naturally evolve, and a.~iculture also, as they have 5 r..ectarea and. r..ave already leased another 6 l1ectares from a neighbor, ~ḥJ.d a book.store and library of ~le\1 Age and health and healing related literature. !áIr. Thi is said that there is as rnuch a need for pioneering within as out- side of the Baha'i corn.'11uni ty, t~at Ba...\.i' Is are in as rnuch need of learning fundamental as ''non-Baha'is''• and that ideological distinctions bet•..1een people do not define their spiritual and physical requirements and capa- cities. He ha.a á\árorked alot \árit!.1 1'tte'" Age'' :9eople, those ~rl10 are convinced, for one ~ea.son or another, that 1.-.re ha'tre ente:-ed upon a l~e,., Age of spirit- uali ty and uni~... ersality, of cooperatJ;on an:i unity. He finds tl1tlt such in- divid1ials are very open to the Baha'i teac~1i!l(~s an1 generally synpathetic - to them. l-ran~r lle,:1 !1.E;ers live acco!"£ing to Ba."1a' i principles and la'1TS l.Jith- out i•ien.tifying tl1emsel,1ea as Bal1i' is or even !:no\árint; anything specifically about :3aha' ,.l 'll:..:1 • s teac~1i:1~s. -, ~áJ'hen asked if the !á!a11dala Foundation has a...~y provision fo~ !>Brticipation by individuals who are neither healers nor :!,')atients, or ~á1!10 ma~.r be too far aá.:ay f:ro!!l the present site of the Institute to be able to :>a=-tici:9ate, bt1t •..:ho á,.;a~t to support \áthat t!1e7r regard as a ,,,.. ,_~00 .-~~ th" . ing'' 1 1.,.,.. •• • ~i::LlS rep iá Ti.... le d th••a t ~i. v•-ey d 0 ..., á ...a:1e áti .•ey C a11- ''frien 'N •• a. t th . ds of !áfaná::iala' 1 1-ih.o ~;_ tre thin3s (from furniture to food to boo~:s to money) and ~-1~0 spread the ,.,ord. "!e has done sor.ie net~á1orking (that is forging cor.t'!IU- nication lirJ:s ...,it:i r:i~r.ibers of' like-minded gro•..rps) and is interested to ~:~oḥr ,.,!lat otl1e:r "3a~a' is !'lave been able to ac~ieve in brinGing the peoples
- of t:.1e á110""."11 closer to eac~ ot11er. ::e exnlaine~ t~1at the !á!anrlala Institute - :.s a ááror!:i:i.g coope::-at i ..,e :"'.a.de uy of Geveral Ba~a' is a~d. one or t\vO healers ~1!10 identif•r t 1á.enselves as ~Te"' Aá~ ,J 1'ers but not as Ba11a' is. ~á!r. Thiss aaked i ! t:-te:-e á.'lere an~r ~-10;:-kir.g cooperati~1ea o! 13aha' is in the United States, whether ~~at1!:::"er.;ra.ph Press or Kali!'!lit P!-ess •:rere cooperatives. He also asl-:ed for infor~ation recB!"ding the iUlLSA !fodel and the A!álISA schools in the United States. 4 ) ~!arald Thiia
Inte!'á1ie'.-1: As p.3.!'t of his net~á1orkir-G efforts, and i !'l sea:ch of kno\..r~. }~e about natural and spi!'"i tá~tl :i..eali~, :-tr. Thi is spent tá.10 á11ee'ks at :Find!.!orn, the -;.á10.::-ld- frunous f{e,.,, .'..ge spi:-itual centre in no".'J.:'1ern 3cotlan-!, Sf-Jlá:e \'1ith man:r peo- ?le the~ e a nd made a fil:i and sli!'.:~ £ :á11 of 11ia t "':"' ~- P • I :eg!'et not seeing l;ne or the ;Jt:ier :iurir~ ~r visit t ~ Ga.usdal L"'l á};inter 1981. !á!r. T:1i is said t t:at he didn • t see an'r ooint in staá,.. in,- for morr-- t. 'á. 1n t•110 -,.,eeks because he " - OJ
didn't naed t!'!.e instruction of a_n:ro!'le ~ á ere, he ~1. read,y 1'.'.~ev everything they knew.
time. body, spirit, and balance bet eta healt In bal IV. llO~/AY
5)Holger Hagan Languages: ~rorwegian, English, German De t7eea: ~f.A. in English langi1age and literE!ture
Intervie\i: ?-fr. Holt;er Hagan and I had a very brief meeting in Oslo, after a tiSA meeting and before his return to Krokelvdalen, in the far north of Norway. lioat of the information contained in this report has been glean- ed from his letters to me. Regarding my research into the histOr"J of the year 1844, Mr. Hagan informed me of Lara Levi Laestadiua (1 800-1861), a S\•1edish minister, who began his adult life as a botanist and became a re- vivalist preacher among the Lappa. He opposed the sale of alcoholic bev- erages b y Lutheran ministers, especially to the Lappa, for alcoholism was as destr11ctive to the natives of Lanpland .- as it \'las to the nat i ve d•4ellers of Arizona or ?v!aine in the United States. ''Alcoholic beverag es \-Jere not only sold by Lutheran ministers, but t~ose cases where a man affiliated with t~e Church was involved were particularly objectionable to Laestadiua be- cause he felt such a practice and its results to be contrary to the Christ- ian message \.,hich those very same clerg:,nnen ~-1ere preaching .'' Laestadius 1 religious career, according to his own statements and to t he c onsidered judgements of hi..e biographers, received its spirit and for~ through h is meet- ing with a Lapp maiden nained Maria on January 10, 1844, t he date on which he claie to have discovered true Christianity. Mr. Hagan easily recalls this date as hie birthday is January 9, 1944. Laestadius was a popular preacher and his particular brand ot Chrietian belief and life quic!~ly became a wide- spread Pieti.st movement among the Lappe, in northern Sweden, Finland and Norway. In 1852 :there waa an uprizing in Kautokeino by á some of the Laestad- ian Lapps, all membera of the Lutheran {th á state) church,á perhaps against the dominant influence of the Swedea over the Lapps: ''Exactly what the UP- rising was 8.t)<linst ia a moot point. Important factors may well have been -the reaction of an ethnic and cultural. minorit:r against discrimination; -,a feeling among the Laestadis.na that the Church represented a spiritless, hypocritical and superficial degeneration of true Christianity; --a reaction against a religious authority that condoned and someti~es it- self practised the sale of liquor, the abuse of which had disastrous hu- man and social consequences.'' The Laestadian Lapps often gathered in the summers to practice their particular ''ecstatic possession by the Holy Spi- rit'' whereby they tofould come to regard themselves as ''touc!!ed souls''• Mr. Hagan remar!(ed tl"tat a.rnong t he Lappe, '~Ae older generation remains Laestad- ian, at least to outtárard see~ing. T!le influx of new oembera from ainong the youth ie steadily dáwindling. '' Gur~ Lile ia, according to Mr. Hagan, - the only rlori. regian BaJ1i 1 i (and of Lapp extraction) '<1ho has ca.reftllly studied Laestadianism. His address is: Saks 11, N-9530 Kviby i Alta, Norway, for t hose of y ou ,.,ho might i.-rant ta study up on this mover.lent, curiously parallel to the Bibi movement in Iran, the Ja.ns5onite mo•1ement in Sweden, the Miller- ite movement in A.eerie~ and the Marxist movement in France and Germany. Mr. Lile is a farmer and !eacher, fluent reader of English, and married to a Persian Kuwaiti Baha'i, Nura Khosravi. á ?-Ir. Ha.gan pointed out, aa we discussed the history of imagined paradises, that ''Utopia is a w-ord from modern Latin, ultimately baaed on words from Greek'' meaning ''no place'', and tr~at Erewhon, when its spelling ia reversed, signifies ''nowhere'' and hence also ''no plaoe''. Mr. Hagan is ''making a bibliography of all literature relative to t he Faith written in No_'!'"'Wegian'', &."ld he affirms that ''I 1m,gt it tq be aa complete as possible. I cannot claim that it is or ,rill be complete. 11 He has sent me a list of periodical literaturelie has found over the years, áwhich I will I ~. !IO ~:/AY
5)Holger Hagan I~terview: of co:~se include in r:rJ ''comprehensive'' bibliography. He writes that ''?-Iy project still der.iands so r.mch of my ti.~e--in ad:iition to the consultant ~~ork--that continued registration and sorting of material for a No!'Wegian - Baha'i bibliography must =e~ain a future undertaking.: He mentioned that several students had \á~itten term papers on ~he Bahi' i Faith in Norway in the past and tha~ at present (winter of 1981) two were studying the Ba- - hi' i Faith in laere~skole in rrotodden, .:md that the previous papers '"ere written for foLlteh,dgskole, gyr.ma.sium a:-:.;. laerersltole. He inforoed oe that z,tr. G\LTL."'lB.r Jonsson of Fredrikstad has :-.~de a decailed liat ot the booka and parnphlets in the Loyce La,a-ence Bahi' I library in Svolvaer or4 Lo!oten Island., and t1'..at it is !-tr. Jonssá')n •.-1ho tolri Mr. ITa£;an a.bout the two students '>1ritinc paners on the Baha'i Fait~ in Notodden. . - Mr. Hagan's e~ployment is related to Ba...'ia'i studies and in quite a unique fashion. He is working independently and on his own project, using two com- puters, the lJORD 100 and á the CYSEJ 171 for research into the use!ulness ot cornp~te~a in linguistic a.~alyais. He is e;nployed by the Data Section ot the !;or~á:egia.'"l Computir:ig Centre for the H::::anities, located in Bergen, Nor- way, t~e ~air.. office &f which is in Oslo, and he is working at the Universi- ty of Tr-oms,. In his project he uses th!:á ~e p!"ograr-..s as his main tools, one purchased fro:n outside of Nonray (?-iOVA •ST.:'.TUS on the NORD 100 computer) and two ~eveloped in Bergen (~'i, and KV!K!{IS on CYBER 171 computer). ''IIINDAR is the programme !or sorting according ':o any variable. Its main use is for coding data ae a preparation tor statistical analysis under SPSS or si- milar statistical progra":'!.":ies. KVIKKIS can produce a variety ot word lists and concordances. riOVA*5'TATUS is a text retrieá~pa1 system where you input the worda or parts of words that you want to locate and get a list of all occurences in the text. It is particularly usefu1 for those who need to sift through á1ast amount.a of texts (like la\"Jers, for instance, or hiatoriana). These three programs ~e in FORTRAN and COBOL. ''In addition I have devel- oped simpler programmes for specific tas!r.s.'' ~''The University of TromsJf baa an optica~ ~eade~, which accepts text written in OCR-B font. The output from the reader is t~en stored in the ~emory of one of the computers. The optical reader ie no computer in itself. The brand name is CONTh~..<:T ••• 0 Hr. Hagan notes th.at ''There á is a cornmercial ~~irm in Stockholm \át hich has at its disposal an optical reader "rhich ,.,ill accept not only OCR-B font characters, but a wide variety of character types. 'I'~1e output from the reader can then be passed on to a computer. Optical rea~ers do only one thine: REA~. The coaputers receiving the data read can then in t~n use the data as input for a suitab:e prograr.Ir.le. It is therefo":'e the programme that deci:ieeá what you can do ,.,ith the data that the optica.:.. reader has given you. Using KVIK- KIS, for exa..":ple, you can r..ake word lists and concordances. Please note: major universities in all parts of the wo~ld can be expected to have their own prog!'ama for preparing °l'Tord lists and concord8.L-ices. !he,!"e.. is n_.?t!lir!Q spec}s\ aRout ~h~ ~~nco~~~nce-~e~erati~; !J.E..O"'!'a"'l.~~s }evelo;ee_d fJ!:..d ~sed in llo!"á.-: ááá... Ot!lers have ~ade sueh prograor.tes be:'o!"e, an:l r.iay have made them bett~r.'' So then, what is unusual about !1r. Haga.~' s project? F~st ot all, he is working on a three-~ear project of co~9uterizing and computer-analyzing the connective descriptive prepositional p~ases ao ácommon in Shoghi Effendi's beautif,ll tran.alatione of Ba..li.~'u'lla.'1-i's Tablets, phrases such as ::1llow: ''pearl3 of t'fiadom'', ''horizon of certitude'', ''storme of teats'', ''va.1 ley of search'', ''f'ounta..in of divine inspiration' 1 • ?1r. Hagan ia impressed by the contribution computer-analysis mav be able to make to the scientific study - of the Bah.a' i Wri tine-a. Secondly, he sees that the programs with which
5 ) F!ol ger :~agan
Inter'trie•..,: - he is u..'1.dertaking this study of the Baha'i '•lritings, and similar progra'llS bei~1 develoned at other uni~1ersities will be able to sai1e scholars and r ~ál!"i ters on ~na' doctrine and history a great deal of time and effort' in sorting material, in L.'1.dexing, ar.d eventually in providing source nat- erial from any nu~ber of textual sou:-cea a~ost instantaneously. 5? rJ. If0R .1AY
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certainlár' ot !-. e~s
Interview: In the 3a~' f Senter 3i1Jlio-:ek and in t!'le Cslo >!eni.~hets !aJ.:u~ tet 3ibliotek I riisco\rered conies of D~ • .~rild. ~omarl1eim' a :ro--ter!'.le . ~
reli;;io-.sitet; Oslo: Forla,c;t av H•.!\schehoug & Co. t 1977, ~~hich. sur're:rs á1ar- ious ''r.eá,i-religious r:io-.,ements'' afoot in !{or".-1a:r, includinr.; a fe\t/ pages ( 167- ?1) á'ievoted to 1"9ahai''. After trying r:r1 best to decipher the lar:.gua,:;e-- Dr. :=::o:"'!arhei.m t.'II"ites -...áer:1 nicely in tá! or.á1e.: ;ian: w~at a !)ity that I don't read áá ()~<1egia.'1! But I tried, and I á.\•as e!l.oug~ i::terested in \vhat I read to ca:l upon the ~rofessor during his o~fice hou~s at the Meni g~etsfakul tet. Tie ::?ost genero:.1.::;ly aceorded :ie at least an hour of his time and 'tTe spoke casually and affably of new religious movements in general, of spe- cific oover:iants including t!1e Children of God, the International Societ:r for Kriahna Conseio'..l.Sneas, t !le -~~dir,;aJ-:, the rival associations of Tr~...s cendenta.l !á!ed.itato~s, t~e TJnification C!'iurch, and, of course, th~ Baha'i laith. Dr. ~c~ar~eim admitted t~at he had not studied t he Ba~a'i move~ent since the publication o! his boolá: in 1977, a!ld t~at he had focused his at- tention on the most popu:!.a.!'" ~e,á1 religious nove!'!'ent in l'Tor\.,ay since that tme, on the rival T.M. O!'ga.nizaticns. I-!e nointed out that •:1hile t here - - are sone 200-2;-0 Ba.lia' is in Nor..ray, while the TI'nification Church is banned alor..g 1!1ith the Children of God (alt!lourrh .a former ~ember of this group told ~e that a fet'l active members still e~~ist in No~áray) a:::d. devotees of • Sri ~~.rishna, and trthile only the Pakista:::'.. iraznigrants are Ahmaidists, in I'Tor•.:ay there are over 50,000 initiated T~anscendental ~1editat o!"s, and that in coo~iaon with o!lly about 6000 Met~odists, the only Christian • cbtl!"ch 'llhich is at all •.-tell established besides the state church, \'1hich is Lutheran. Dr. Rornarheim stated that there is a hi:;her :percentage of Ti:3.!1Scendental Z.ieditatore in Nort.-ray than in any other country in the world, and tr.at it is the only serious ''rival'' of tr~e state church for reliE;ious affiliation. Although he haa turned his attention to this much nore influencial ~ovement, he indicated to me that he •,ra~ld appreciate being ~ept informed ~egarding the onward press of the Bal-A 1 i religion and in narticular the developnent of Baha'i scholarship, and accepted when I off~~ed to send him an invita- tion to participate i.!l any conference on Baha'i studies. I mus~ qualify this staternent--he seemed pleased to be invited but did not ind icate that he would participate. ~':r-a. Strand clearly :iescribed Dr. 'Ror.-.3.!"'-: ei!'!l' a attit ~tde to\árards the ~aha' i - religion as antagonistic and conden.'l.B.tory. 1:/ith all due respect be :;h to . 1áfrs. Strand and to n:-. 2or.iarheim, I a.":l sure that this is an acci.~ate (les- criptian, but also that it is entirely le:i t i r:i.ate for I'ir~. Stran'"i. to feel that sunh an attitude is ina:pprop~iate a."1.d uná...r~:-anted, anC. t~at it is al- so legitimate fo!" Dr. :?or.iar'1eir:t to :-erio:ard his attiturte as cor:ipletelj,. ap- prO!l!"iate and ':iarranted, and in0.eecl. ".":~cessa!'"y a..'11.~. u...~avoi:iable. !';.:"ter :-=lll, ?'lrs. Strand is an i~sioned, ar1eá:1t e~ner.t a.'1.d rief~n:!er o! t1-:.e l?-J.ha' i - Faith .-rho stro~_;l:r disapproves of t á"\.e att-:.tu~e of the C~ ::.á.; sti.a..'1 intelligent-
sia ,_.,hich :-ejects tte Foun;.1.e:- of ~e:- :-e: ~. gion a.a a false !'!"Ophet or rnu:id.le- ~ea-ied O!'portunist or at best a.."?. i:!.eali!:!t ohsessed á,-1i tl--~ :1 is c•.-rn i:-:1portance; a...~d Dr. Ro~ar~ein is a dedicated, e:l.!'nest expo~ent an1 ~efender of h is re- lig ion (I am not sure of w'-:et°::e!" '.1.e is :1 ~~etho~iist or a Lut~eran) á :'.'lo stronG- ly rlina:pproves of the attitu.:ie of t 1:1ose •:rho cto :::ot n.ccept the Fou.'1der o~ hie religion to be the onl~r Son of God, : á:e o!'lly Sa,1iour, and ctr.er concep- tions 1.á1'.1ich r.:i.itigate again.st the acce!'ltance and. :-eve!'ence of the Founders of other religions aa on the same suirit11al and cosmic le~rel as Jesus Christ. ~ IV. NORWAY
?)Tom Lubbock Languagea: English, Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, German, Spanish, French, some FinPiah, some Chinese Degrees.: • M.A. in German litera- ture and language, Univerait7 of California, Berkeley; topica 1'?hom- aa Mau and Naturaliem''
Interview: Hr. Lubbock and I t•lked almost continuously tor two da1• over the course of a weekend in March 1981. Mrs.. Gerd Strand introduced me to his •nd helped me to arrange thia •isit with him and hia fami~ in Mose. Mr. Lubbock is u. English teacher at Viarli• Videregaende Skole, in Moss, a school tor the handicapped; he ia certified aa a teacher ot Eng- lish and Spanish at th• gyumaeium level in Norway, but 11ntil now he baa taught only English. He read.II wide]Jr and voraciowsly in Spanish and Lat- in American history and literature. He brought to my attention a verit- able mo1mtaiu of sources for 1111 atud;y of th• year 1844, •nd I have not yet been able to go through all ot my notes and organize them. We addressed ouraelvea to a multitude of subject• and so this report ia going to be mul- tifaceted, perhaps even contuaing if you c•n not keep up with the frequent changes in subject matter. Mr. Lubbock recon1mended that Bahi•I scholars write papers OD 1".rangent Religioua Philosophies" or some other aimil•r sub- ject so they 1JllJ:1' touch people who are sesrching for meani:n.g. ia life and who are no1 satisfied with th• atatua quo. He is eager to.receive viaita from Bahi•i echolara, especially psyohologiata and educators and writere, - and to correspond with Bah&1 ia vho ehare ~ of hia intellaotu•l appetites. He resides in Norw&J' during the winter, spring and ta1.1 áá aaaaou and ia , Spain duri.Dg th• a••mer months. He would also be interested to~ticipat• in some manner in a conference OD Bahi•i paycholoa or of Baha'i psycholo- gists. He shoved Ill.! a world history which reaches conoluaiona similar to those which a Rabi'i might arriv• at& Richard Carrington, A'Mtllion Yea.re of !4an 1 ~á .at,ory of Rupan. Dttvelol!!!!At u. ~ ~a:r:,t o{ N~~~t Nev American Library, Mentor Booka, 1%3. Mr. Lubbock ia desiroua o~ obtaining a 00111 ot Baha'u'llah and th• New Era in Chinese, •nd for Bahi"'i literature in Spanish and Ge!:man. He ia •l•o wanting to read the German and Spanish ver: aioDIJ of Bahi'i News and voul.d appreciate 8111 aaail!ltance that other Btbi 1 is can render. He is eager to do research but b•mpered now by the abaenoe of literature iD his immediate area and hia present indispoaitioa to travel. He also c•~ not afford to buy many books aa he bas tvo children and a á spouse to support and all four of them live oft of his teacher'• meager aalllrJ'• Far u isolated Bahi•1 he ia r•markably knowledgeable. Among other things h• vaa able to supplJ' me with the.address ot a Bahi'i P91'- chologiat in Norway and another in GerM.ny: Dr. áHal Sexton in Kriatan- sand and Erik Blumenthal iD Immenataad/Bodensee, German;r; and with th• ad- . dreae of a distinguished. 'Rabi•1 achol ar reeident in SpaiD.1 Mr. Kehrabkhan- eh, Ramire de Maeetu, 33/21A, Valenoia, Eapana C.3234-274). Hr. Lubbock ia interested to knov mare about North and South and Central h'ariou Ia- diane who have become Beb.A•Ia. He would like to correspond with Ir. lJd.o Schaefer •nd with Dr. Kent Beveridge and read their diaaertatioae and oth- er diseertationa in the Germen ]..engt1age vhich deal with •apeota of the Ba- hi•I Faith. Re ia a tireleu reader of psychological literature •nd nn- tioned reacting b-oe th• tollovi.Dg renovnad peyohologiata, in Bnglielt, Gerz un áor Spani aha Hear,. Al der Murrq, Karen l!oruy, Har1'J Stack Sulli• van~ Gordon Villum Allport, Raymond. B. Cattell, Williaa Herbert Sheldon, Ge.orge Alexander K•ll7, Albert B•ndura, Kurt Goldstein, Med•rd Boaa, Vik• tor Frankl, Karl J••pera, Eugen Bleuler, SchuJ.te-Tolle, Thomas A. Harri.a. IV. NORWAY
7 )Tom Lubbock Interview: He mentioned Svami Akhilanenda's HiJ!.du Psych,olqgyL ,Ita Mea,ning _f~ _tp• West, toreward by Gordon Allport and Erl~ .:>. Brightman1 Schulte-Tolle, Ps;rchiatrie, Springer Verlag, 1973 (covering auto-~oaia, meditation, ;yoga, applied to paychotherapy)1 Eugen Eleuler, Le~bueh der Psyehiat,rie, ed. and r••á by Manfred Bleuler et. al., Siringer Verlag, 19791 Viktor . E. Frankl, Der Mille ZWll Si.nn, Verlag Hams Huber, 19?2, with i.ntroductiaa. by Gordon Allport. Karl Jaapera is Mr. Lubbock's favorite au~horit:y on psychology, and here he will explain vhyt Jaapera recognizea ''faith11 ae an essential constituent ot mental health; hia concept ot the aubconaciOWI mtq be likened to that of intuition in Bah'i •l vritinga1 he regard.a intel- lectual habits aa influencing and delimiting or expanding our abilit7 to make decisions, to interpret, to give meaJ>ing, aa guiding factors& he . affirms that the greatest 30ula are those vho have expanded the outer limit of consciouaness farther than othera; he eees that the soul grove á throughout life, not the body1 what we do and what ve create are exprea- aiona of the soul, they are the actions of th• aoul, so we perceive th• soul through vorka (or ae Christ aays, ''bJ their truite ah•ll ;rou know them••). In Allgemeine P9cho:pat1'0'.!-ogi!t, Springer Verlag, 1973, Jaspers makes a strict separation between philosophy and science, valuing both but illsisting that they are not to be mixedf he inaiata on clarity, that we not hide behind muddled concepts •nd language. Psychotherapy require• medical training but it ia an art not just a science. Hr. Lubbock asked me to put him into contact with other Ba.hi'la •tu~ing peychologr or in practice .. psychotherapists. He .suggested that the interested pa.rtiea correlate the discoveries of th• phyaio•l, social •nd spiritual sciencea relative to h,rman nature and behaviou.:-. lI• conjectured that Behi'l ps;r- chology might be denomin•ted the ''aciance of the soul''• He mentioned two monumental worka ot ''modern psychology'' written during the ministry of Bahi'u'llah, the first being William Strange•• Th• Seven Sources of Health, 1864; •nd the second Wilhelm Wnndt's • based upon the opening of his tirst laboratory for pqchological research á independent of philoso~ in 1879. Mr. Lubbock askedá for material on P81- choayntheais, on Adlerian pBJ'Chology and on Erik Bl1amentb•l '• work to be sent him, and •eked it there were opportunities torá training in Pf11Cho- . synthesis in No~. He said that he_wauld also be in.tereated in vritinc an article on psychology ftom a Beli&'i perspective tor World Order or á á some other scholarly Ba.bi• i publication. áá á. á. á - Related to 1981 aa Year of the Handicapped deol•red by tM United Nation.a - 1 i lite generally Mr. Lubbock stated that he felt the moat ef- and to Bal:a fective w~ to impreej upon people the significance of the ~ahi 1 l á teach- á ings of love and unity and service is to think about 'o ther :People, their needs, and to help them, and not think all the ti=• of the Baba•Ia only, -- to forego selfishness •nd •IQ' kind ot selt-centeredneea. Baha'i.a 8hou1d act, g_et things done, not just átalk, philosophize and proaletyse. The Bahi' i con1m1nity ia very small, •t>d it it had practic•l projects ot ser- vice to people it would have a more exalted reputation and attract more interest. Service ia understood and appreciated by many people. He apw proved of the Mandala Institute because it• members are ''doers'', they are doing something practical and tangible to asai.st their fellow b11man being•. He •eked to be put into contact vith Harald Thiia and other members of Man- dala, in hope that they might be able to lend a hand to the handicapp•d youngsters at Varl.i. á á á While I vaa visiting hia in Kosa, Mr. Lubbock bad a Jli.dnight riaion o~ ex- traordinar)' clarity and powers it was ot vriting tba atoI"J' of a Baha'i "ril.á 6o IV. NORWAY
? )Tom Lubbock
Interviews lag• (pueblo) somewhere in Latin America, deacribing_ita pre-Col11mbian, Catholic, Republican, Socialist and subeequent-Bahi"i influences and charting its social and spirit11al and cultural developnent. He told me about this vision the next morning and indicated that he wiahed to be- gin research on this immediately and he asked that I !ind people in Latin America to collaborate with l:i.im, supplying him with the writings of Latin American (especially native) authors, of etbnographere, of .Spanish explor- ers and merchants and adventurers, of archaeologists, and so forth. He thought that perhaps an American pioneer could aaaist him, by collecting material and mailing it to him. This book could be written as a dooument- ary or aa a novel or aa a mix of th• two, and b• published in English, Spanish and the native l&J'>guage of the people depicted. The aim of the book would be to demonstrate that neither capitaliam nor comnnmim works to solve the problema ot villagers, and as moat h11man beings are villagers this applies to the bulk ot mankind, and to show that Babi•f áteachings and institutiooa (not just LSAa but alao educational• social, economic and political institutions subsidiary to the LSAs)are operable and even ideal .J!tOblem-eolvers. Mr. Lubbock would visit this village •nd do on the apo~ áresearoh such as interviews, sketches and paintings sometime when he waa on bis way to California to see hia family, or on his WtJ:3 baok and heading for Norw81'• He would ne•d photograpba, documents and interviews aa well aa bookll and artiolea and memoirs--aa much material as possible. We briefly diaouased the need to find a publisher e~er and able to devel- - ope a oommeroial market for booke written on Bahi.'i-related topics. Sti- •• mulated by this conversation, Mr. Lubbock suggested that he might be in= tereated in writing •n historical novel or compelling biography of the Agl>Mn, or the Afnin, about the P.n•w temple ar the journey of the Bab•s corpse in concealment, from Tabri& to Haifa, perhaps trom th• point of viev of one of Sam Kh•n's soldiers. Mr. Lubbock would prefer to write instead' of teaching but-~annot even dream of writing t,or a living as hi.a - - interests are ao Baha'i-related and at- present there ia no collWOrcial mar- -- ket •nd gen•ral readership for Baha'i-related literature. It be could be guarranteed acme eort of income tram translating literature into English from Spe1'~.ab or Getman or some other langiiage, be could realistically con- sider embarking on a literary career. Prior to teaching he worked IUI a 001nmeroial artist, á in Berkeley and San Fr•nci8co, Californi• 1 in Germaiv, Denmark and Sweden, and he continues to pain !_nd would be willing to do il.luatrationa for Baha'i News and other Baha'i publications. He is also willing to esaiat . in the developnent of Bahi.'l schools, 'given hie exper- ience in teaching, in art, advertising and in langtiagea. á It is very dif- ficult for a writer to concentrate entirely on his craft, hie ar.ti Mr. Lub- bock cited the example ot Thomas Mann, ca1ling Magic .!loutl:tain áa eymphoey, and stating that all ot Mann's books fit together beautitully, ~á al~a had time to walk and write and think, and suggested that i:t' h• bad not al- ways bad such a self-effacing, supportive vi:t'e, who took care ot all dia- tracting details and encouraged him always, cheering him out ot hi.a depres- sions he vould not have become such a maaterful writer. Then again, he mused, there are :t'ew women in this age who a.re "illing to spend their livea ministering to the needs of one man- end this ia a good sign, for increas- ingly women are realizing that they potentially have a.a much talent aa their spo11sea, u azuch or more, and that they deserve su.pport and freedom from distraction and tot•l acceptance aa much aa their spoll!les, and that they are not willing to wait on anyone hand and toot in any case. Marriage i8 difficult in this age, but Kr. Lubbock believes it to be better than IV. ?«>RWAY
?)Tom Lubbock Interview: singleness, for the single person becomes either an ascetic or a profli- gate, and neither is satisfying or natural. We shared the dream of a 'Baha•I Bus'' which would accomodate a group of Bahi 1 Is as the1 traveled about, sbariDg expenses and experiences, :.iving like gypsies and providá ing entertainment t musical, poetical, theatrical, finding ingeneous au<l .á creative VIQ'& to convey the Bahi'l teachi~~s. We spoke of the neeJ to rec~rd oral histor.r among Bahi 1 Ia and to revive story-telling in the Ba- ha'i communi~, to write down •nd tape record the • oriea which older be- lievers tell, not juat historical anecdotes but also didactic tales, tab• lea, legenda, jokes. If these were written in English and Spanish they could be 'lMd in teaching these lang1iages ~o hia students. (HP. ia always thinking both of imaginative, creative wars to convey Babi•I teac.:iings and of practical applicatiolll!I tor all of these efforts, eo they actuall.7 :iJaprove the lot of specific people.) With great affection and respect he spoke of Shoghi Effendi, the General, the Commander in Chief of the Arf/13 of L.ight 1 hia strong leadership and organization,, ot his tactical insight and vi.edom--insisting that there be no more than 15 Bahi•Ia iD one town, enough ao that a LS.A can be formed and maintained, es-cabliehed and incorpm:-ated, so that the Balui•I Faith has a permanent presence in that plac•1.. but without there being a concentration of torcea, eo that each Baba' i comnatmity cou.ld grow naturall7, from the graseroote, from in- f•noy, from small beginninga, and so that the spiritual conquest of the globe may proceed step by atep, city by city, more along the liuea of guer- rila tactica,. infiltration tban those of formal battle strategy or ,á,litz- krieg, vi.th vork being done by small groups of peop1! and by individuals, not b7 áa maseiv• •nd iacporsonal organization. BabA1 ill are meant to be strong, quiet, oonetructive people, alva.ya rea~ to help, and of.~'\t.:á l:ng their coun-•l only wh•n aaked to do ao. J
I.fr. Lubbock would like to read Enu•nuel Laottn,a 1 e La Venida del M•ei.a.e t ep ,!}lor.i~ Majestad, so, if •ey of you come b7 a copy, pleas• co;sider notifying Iii if you havenIt th• heart to go ahead and :photocopy ti:' send- ing him this emall gift out of the tullneaa ot your =rotherl7 love. He . atti.rmed bia view that myatici• i.e the.universal meeting-ground cf all religions, that ia, 1111atic•l e.zperience. He said tbat Bebi 1 Is ai'~...a.J.d not hide their knowledge frm one •nother, that when one learns how to medi- tate or hov to pray he should teach others and not keep it to himself. In. doing research, the proper attitude of the B•bi 1l ia áneither át:~ love nor to bate the subject of enquiry, to be dispassionate, to aee 'tningli •• they are._ !W noted that philoaop}Q' can be used to proove th• Teracit7 of the B•hi' i teaohinge, to proove that Baba• u 1 llab ia Who He says r:ie is, to proove the existence ot God, to demonstrate that w either take a ne- gative or a positive stance on everything--it ia always a question of at firmation or negation. Either God ia or He ia not, either I - or : •• not--w• can reject existence by calling everything a mistake or by re• fusing to think about thinge or b7 regar0~:ig existence •• living torture. But vha we affirm life ve are happy, va can b• happy about evei-J~hiagi. and th•nktul far everything exactly •• it is. It you have gratitude thená you know ave, like a child. Exporienoe is positive or negative. ti..r. Lub• 'bock b•e studied Kant and the exiatenti•liat philosopnera •"d thrcá.zgh thea he learned that choio• ia our £,eat•:~t h11man attribute end ;ift. He urged me to write something oa Baha'i philos~, no matter if it !...! based on ~ limited knowledge, end to opeaq cballenge apaoialiate •nd pro~•a aional • to explain philosophical. and eoientifio •nd artiatia conceptions more clear~ •ud iD. a nm-...11niversal •net generally compreheuibl• t•ebion. "IV. NORWAY
7)Tom Lubbock Interview: Relative to fIX'3' philosophical essays, he recommended that among the topics addressed bes ''freedom and law••, ''God's law and freedom of ohoice--the right of refusal, of denial''• He .suggested a prefac• to the selection explaining that these essays are provisional, that the7 represent the testing of ideas, a form of play, a game, not a hard and !rust invest- ment, not an ideological commitment. We discussed the adversary system operating in the United States--ita principles firmly and rigidly upheld in the economy, in legal structure and enactments, in politic• and govern ment, in religious life, in academic enterprise, even in the arts and of- ten i~ the sciences. And we did not eide-step another issue, that of how Bahi 1 is will respond appropriately to trends in general society such as gay liberation, athletic sex, the vulgarization of language, music, film and literature, children and adolescents demanding more freedom and more responsibility, the threat of nuclear holocaust and so forth: Can Bahi•[.s compromise? Can they broaden their appeal? Can they tolerate real diver- sity? Can they be content with imperfection? Ia exclusivity s•tistying to the present generation? Wil1 it be tenable for the next generatinn, for the youngsters now being schooled in the principles and teaching& ot the Baha'i Faith? Can the Baha'i Faith change with the times? I 'Will indeed try to explore some ot these themas in my essays, although I fee1 that Mr. Lubbock could do a much better job of it, with his vast store ot knowledge, hia clear judgement and his innate sense of balance and harmoJl1• - I did not mention either the European Bah"'i Studies Association or the En- cycl,QJl!?ia, Bf'th~•I to Mr. Lubbock and ao I can not speak tor on these topic.a. I suapect that he would acclaim the former and disclai.m the latter, regard- ing the first ae timely and needed and the second u untimely and 11nneeded.
Papers: 'tfhomas Mann and Naturalism', M.A. theaia for German Department, University of California, Berke1e7, spring 1965. IV. NORWAY
8)0alo Universitetsbibliotek Oslo Aa I spent most of the month of Febr11ary 1981 aa well as the first week of March and the last wee!< of January in Oslo, I was able to spend the better part of several days in the Otra, and althou&,h I spent moat of my time making a mere liat ot the books contained in that library which could be included on my bibliography, that and a bibliography for my history of 1844 and the beginnings of an account of Norwegian activi- ties in that year, I did spend a couple ot ~s studying the OrJB'a rare copy of 'Abd al-Rahman Tag's Le Babisme et l'IslSll, a Ph.D. dissertation accepted by the Universite de Paris and published vith an appendicei r$• production ot the manuscript of the Bayi~al-'Arab in the Biblioteque Na- tionale de Paris, in 1~2. Thia book do&s no~ make for pleasant reading, tor the believing Bani' i, but it is c~efully researched and therefore deserving of study by scholars of Bibi hiatory and doctrine--Mr. Tag is - a self-proclaimed Muslim and, from the very start ot hia book, he re(;ard the Bib! religion with nothing less than utter contempt, and ia eager to compound calumny- vith distortion. Never~l1eleaa, in the thirty sot'l!\e. pa~es I read, out of some 500, I found that Hr. Tag did hia homework. Thd com- plete list ot books I found at OUB relating to Bibi and Bahi' i topics is included in f113 bibliography and could be published separately it there ia - a demand for it. I recommend the OUB to all Bahi'i scholars--it was a pleasure working there--they have open stacks, use is open to any and all, the staff are moet helpful and they have the most extensive collection of Bahi•i-related literature in Norwegian outside of perhaps the Bab.i.•I Sen- ter Bibliotek. One o! the librarians currently employed at OUB is an Ee- perantiat vho edits an Esperanto-language journa.1, and recently he pub- lished a list of Ball4 1 I literature available in the OUB, áaiong vith an ar- ticle by a Bahi.•I ,,., Esperantist about á- the Baha'i Faith: the librarian's name ia Tom Arboe Hoeg and the Balli' i author is Mrs. Gerd Strand. This list will be incorporated into my bibliography.
9)0slo Menighetsfakul.tetsbibliotek Oslo For a few hour! I roamed through the card catalogue ot the OMB, making note of the Baha'i-related books they did and did not have copies of, and, lo !nd behold! thie library had copies of five booir..a which mention the Ba- hi' i Faith I had not heard of previously,all of them written oy Protestant Christian American. Swedish and Norwegian authora these are included in my bibliography. Unfortunately tor the Christiana who are receiving ad- vanced religious instruction at the Menighetsfakultet, the library bas a poor sele~tion ot basic Bahi' [texts, and most of ite books relative to the BahA'i Faith are written by Protestant apologists who generally mi.a- represent whatever they do not ascribe to or approve of. I tow:.d this li- brary, like OUB, to be open to visiting scholars and without 'red tape•, and in tact, the ataft I spoke with were most helpful, attending to me personally and in a cheerful and frienaly spirit. IV. tlORWAY
10)Teologiekfakultetbibliotek Oslo Universitet Oslo
Thia library ia tiny and has very tew volumes relative to the field ot Bibi and Bah&'l studies. In fact, it has so few selections that I will list all of them here: Baha'u'llah, The Glad-Tidings 9t••• , introduction and notea by George Townshend; London, 1§2i'.9 (F10 Ba; L To'; Hermann Zim- á - mer, A fraudulent testament devalues the Baha'i reli ion; Waiblingen, 1973 (S Zim : these two books were on the third floor. On the sixth fioor I could find only one book, Hermann Zirmuer'a A fraudul&nt testament ••• (Mag. E Zim), but then I did not spend more than half an hour looking--thia li- brary is even amaller than the third floor collectionl In ~ case, they don't have a big selection. I might point out at this jucture that there are copies of Zimmer'a book in the BNUS, OUB; WLS, UBH (in GerJD8ll1) and in án~ among other libraries in Europe. Zimmer's ideas will have their influence on Cbriatians and on all non-Baba•I students of the Bah&•I Faith - until they are vigorousl.3' countered by a competent Baha'i scholar, until a thorough •nd scholar~ refutation of hia viewa is published and widely disseminated throughout Europe; I am trying to restrain my'&elt from edit- orializing but this ia one occasion when I feel it is appropriate and in good taste.
11)Babi•l Senter Bibliotek Dramaenaveien 110A. Oslo 2 Mr. Bjl!rn Bubendick, Secretary of tht NSA of No~ •nd resident and caretaker of the Haziratu'l-Quda (Bah&•i Senter) most graciously allowed me to spend NJQ hours making long lists of the literature in their pos- session, both that in print and tor sale •nd those selections vhioh form part of their Archives and Library. As Mrs. Gerd Strand noted, among th• books in the Baba•I Senter Bibliotek .$r• those of Miss Anna Schubarth, - ~ first Norvegi•n Bahi'i. I mwst regretfUlly admit that I did not make a complete liat of the holdings of thia rare collection, although I can at- test that it is the largest in all of Norway, with the poaaible exceptiOll of the Loyce Lawrence Library o:n Svalvaer, Lototen Islands. In 8Dif case, tbe BSB certainly has a wider selection of literature in Norwegian, in- cluding ao11e translations of Babi•f literature in. English vhioh are avail- able oDly' in typewritten form, having never been published. In addition to perhaps a halt-dozen shelves jammed with books and pamphlets there are two or three file drawers full of papers comprising the Norwegian Bahi•I Archives. Mr. Hubendick a]so kindly showed me some of the contents of these files but I realized that it would take me months and a tluent know- ledge of the Norwegian langu.age to 'l!"k• even a preliminary list ot their contents. The. cataloguing of Bah&' i Archives, that ia of the papers a- part from the books and pamphlets, ia a work o{ the future, and it is properly the work ot experts in national Bahi'i_history, trained biblio- graphers, with at least some knovledge of Bab&' i and civil law and admi- nistration. Need1esa to say, I am an expert in nothing at all, I am - not a trained bibliographer and my knowledge of Baba' i and civil lav •ad administration is ridiculouely inadequate to such a task. The few book.e I have made note of vill be included in my bibliography. BSD ia not a great collection of B&bf and BahA'l related msterial--it does not compare to those ot the Austrian, Italian, French or British Baha'I coantmitie.!t but it is sufficient, and it has more literature in Norwegian on Baha'i than R.n-c1 ot'1~r l:!f>""~r•r ir1 t~~ •,,,r~- 1 .-1 •áv-~,...t '~:ráh.~"':'~ fn;. t-,..~~ !?..•\s V. FINLAND
1 )Sirkka SaJm1, SecretarJ National Spiritt1•l AsaembJ.7 ot the Bah: I's of Fjn j and
Corresponden.:e: I vrote Mias S•lmi a letter, dated 3 Februar1 1981 stat- tiDg rq intention ot undertaking biblio~aphica.l research in Helsinki over a period c~ five ~a in late Februar1, •nd aalcing for permission to atud1' •nd catalogue the contents ot the Finnish Bahi' I Archives •nd Librar'J' (FBA) aa well aa stating tf11 hope of meeting ~1: . ifartmut Groeauaann, Mr. Harri Pel- tola and áMr. Kami Namdar. Miss Salmi re~ 'JOnded ,. in a letter dated 15 Febru- ary 1981, welcoming m• varm.ly to Finla~.:! and sending me the addressee of Messrs. Groasmaon, Peltola, and Namdar, •nd enclosing a liat of •Bab.i•I Lit- erature Printed in the Finnish Language, Published by the Nation•l Spirit- ual Asaembly of the Bahi'ia of Finland'. I did not receive this letter in Calo, but upon 1111 arrival in Finland, Messrs. Namdar and Peltola both gave me their copies thereof. I am deeply gTate!ul to the NSA ot Finland for this courteous and informative reply to my letter, and particularly to its Secretary who discharged her God-given :esponaibilit7 with such alacrity and amity. And I am forever tbanktul to the NSA tor its loving hospitality, tor sheltering me in the Hasiratu' 1-Qude during JJJ7 short vi.sit. A. photocopy of the liat encloaed by Mias Salmi is available troa me at coat, and •11 titles cited therein will b• included in my bibliography.
2)Kamran N•mdar L•nguagees Persian, l'innieb, Engli.1Jh 1 Swedish Degreea: M.A. in English litera- ture in progreaa Interview: A tev hour• after ft1Y arrival in Helsinki, Kr. Kamran Namdar greeted me warml.7 in the Mtropolit•n bus station •nd took •• to the reei- dellO• of hia parents •nd biznMlf in nearby F.spoo, to dine and talk and at- tend a fireside. He !mediatel y began to urge me to pioneer to Finland, 91q- ing that there a.re many positions available for .A.meric•JJs to teach English, á that salaries are good, qualifications are no problem--a?Q' college degree ia sufficient- and that university programs are free •nd top quality. There are excellen-c programa in Arabic and Islamic Studies at t:ie University of Helsinki, all the way through to the Ph.D. level. He pointed out that in' - Helsinki proper there ia on• Finnish Babi'i studying Arabio (Mr. Mat"t:. ~reea- maa, currently member ot th• NSA), an '!raqf Baha'i pioneer ~eaching Araoio, and a Persian Bahi•f pione9r who taught Persia.~ at the University of Helsinki for a number of yeare •nd ia still a member of the Orientalist Society in Finl•nd (Dr. Habib'u'llab Zabihien, see report). Fiul•nd .ia the home of a number of world-famous Orientaliete because the Finne have no prejudicea a- gainet Middle 2Atstern cu1tmee and people. According to hia father, M:-. Mo- zat~ Namdar, Kami (aa he PE"!..f•r• to be called} .mowa a great deal abou~ Ba- hi.' i literature, Qur•in, lJadith and other Iali"mio subjects. Unfort11n•tely tor me, Kami left shortly after I arrived, so I waa unable to quiz a im on these matters. Kami ia int e:eeeted in Rabi' I scholarship •nd baa a number of scholarly t.riene1.11, but r.e is not hi•••lf engaged in researoh related to Bil>I or Rabi'{ etudiea. We did not speak of •n European A.seociation for Ba- b&•! Studie• or of an En,~Y~lopedia Bah~•.f, but I d•re~ that Kami would be _ in support of both if ha thought they could reach more people vi.th the Bahi'i meaeage. V. FilnAND
3)Mozafar Namdar Languages: Persian, Russian, English, Finnish, Swedish Degrees: B.A. in Engineering, University of Moscow
Interview: Mr. Mozafar Namdar and I met on tvo separate occasiona, the first soon after rrry arrival in Helsinki, and the second a couple of days .. later. My notes follow no particular pattern--! will cite them as they stand. Mr. Mozatu gave me a copy of Jan Jaaion's December 19?7 li.at of - 'Articles on the Bahi'i Faith Originating from Ruesia and Eastern Europe found in the libraries of Hel.ainki Univerity,• another copy ot which waa given me by Mr. Harri Peltola. Mr. Namdar showed me some books and arti- cles not listed in this summary, and which may not be in the above-men- tioned libraries, as they have been recently published in the u.s.s.R., and he obtained them during his frequent business trips to Leningrad. Mr. Namdar, who reads Russian nuently, having spent hia childhood first in Ishqabad and later in Moacow, said that the Russian scholars who have - studied the Bahi'i - Faith often quote quite inaccurate information, based upon_the diplomatic reports of Russian consuls and ambassadors in Tjhran, Tabriz and other Ir•nian cities, and that these documents are, most of them, kept in Moscow and not in Leningrad as he haa previously suspected, this being th• Imperial Seat of the Czar fro• Peter the Great until the assassination of Nicholas Romanov and his family in 1917. Mr. Namdar clearly stated that he does not regard himself, nor c•n he be regarded aa a Babi't scholar, but that he collects literature on Bab4 1 Ie and by Ba- .. bi.1fa in Russian and that he would be willing to me.ke a fev translations from Russian into English from time to time. In Hoacow, he and his broth- er Faia 1 u 1 1J.•h Namdar (who lives in Switzerland, see report) were trienda of the Kazemzadeh family and particularly of Firuz Kazemzadeh, now a mem- ber of the NSA of the United States and professor of history at Yale Uni- vers ty. Mr. Namdar recalls that as a boy Dr. Kazemzadeh waa a tine poet in the Russian tongue, that h• composed long and beautiful poems, and that he al110 played th• violin. Faiz'u'llah Namdar also played an imstrument, but Mou.far listened, just listened. He muses that both of these talented boys could have become musiciana, and that Firuz could have made a mark as a poet, but each has chosen his respective career and Dr. Kazemzade.h ha• become an historian, an academic and a leader, while Faiz'u'llah is an en- gineer and a leader (and the same could be said for hia brother Mozatar, who is a member of the NSA of Finland). Mr. áMozatar Namdar studied the Bahi•I Faith in the ~ihran municipal library, the first time with no in- terference but the seco~d time one month before the Isliimic revolution in 19'79 •nd at that time the librarians were suspicious of him and would not give him free rein. In any case, he did not find many books on the Behi 1 i - Faith there. He va.a for years a real film buff, while he lived in Abadan working for the oil industry he sav a new film every tvo ~a. Since mov- ing to Finland some twenty years ago he has seen only three filma, but he does watch alot of television and ia aurprized that he doesn't have equarea around hia eyeal I can not convey thia man's wonderful, warm humor ••• sut- fice it to say that I have not yet met a Bah&•i brought up in Ru.asia who lacked a hearty sense of -the ridiculoua. Mozafar, Faiz 'u 1 llah and Firus all share this attribute--ia it a Russian Bahi'i coruspiracy, to keep ua laughing? He paraphrased Shoghi Ef!endi in ~ing that th• Guardian sent Persians p!oneering tor their ovn sake, not !or the sake of the Bah.i 1 i Faiths in Irin one learns of the depth of thia Faith, but onl.y in pioneer- ing can the Persian learn of its universality, understand ita breadth, ita expanee, its reach. Mr. Namdar mentioned Erik Bltunentb•l ' (see report under V. FINLAND
3 )t.fcza.far Namda;-
Interview: Germany), said t r:.at he is a gra:p::ologi st, and the le.a .!ing Eure ?ean Ad1er- ia:i psychologist, á- ith offices in b c>th .Svi tzer Land a .:... :. Germar.--. Ii~ , /áf,u i- d~ _.. has great admiration for the Ger man capacity for work. Ci ':::1;: Mr. B:...m:enthal as an example of thia capacity, Mr. Namdar remarked t i-ta+á }~.e h is been a member of the Continental Board of Counsellors since its e~~abliah~ ment, .: i practicing ..\:ilerian psychologist, an author, and President of the Association o1 Indivijual Psych~logiats in Europe for many years. What follows ia a full list of the bov ,.: 3 and articles Mr. Namdar recommend- ed to ar1 attention, u a bibliographer and a.s a scholar ot Baoi and Bahi' I bistor.. and doctrine: Isabell.a Grinevskaya, Bab, St. Petersbur.; , n.d. w. rPuHt::e~ Ka~ , ~; 1'J: 1 , ~\)( J 'J ~. , a Garman-language translation ot which was made y Dr. A. Ah.me ";adeh as 'Babi und Bah.i'l in der rusaischen Literat~•, an unpublished manuscript 19 pages in length. which Mr. Kan:.t iz Pooatchi copied for me (sae ~ep,~ :át un- der Austria). William McElwee I.filler, ''What is the Baha•I World .Faith?'' Incite . vol . 2, no. 3, December 1975. Atrapet, Babism and Ea.:á.aism 9 Titli.8. 1910. Berisofski, §abism, Tifiis, 1909. ( ;..,-.~). á.kKiMi... ~' PA-4 a!t Ter:ir'b: ) Marshall Leon, ,': 'he StQ,rY pt ~unan fy cr;::::::a. A.Q.Nia.g Sufi, The, Ba"t?,~e and .~~~AflE?..~ Re~ l. . ;. gipn, Ahmacli17ih Muslim ?oreign Mission, w. Pakistan, 1 á?66.
w. i<olarz, ''Der Babi.smu.a 11nd der Komm11ni&au,'' ~ie, ~el,igion in der Sovjt~- union, Verlag Herder, 1963. . Kl...]lDSki j, ;s.t,,ori ja_ !Bl~~á ( Geechichte des Islams) , Bd. III , Moskau 1912, s. 17 ft. L.Klimo~i~, a.a.o., s. 1lto. Kleine_.~ c>vjanzykl!lJ>!.die, 1. Aun., Bd. !, Moskau 193"l. s. 95. B. Kandidov, Cerkov i a;piona~ (~irche ~md spion!gf!_)t .. oakau 1935, s. ~. 9r.os~e S owje~&k,lopa4i~, 2. Aun., Moskau 19501 Bd. V, s. 89. Abu 1 l-Fa41 Gu1pa.ygani, Kiti.'b al.-Fara' i -i. R. Mehrabkhaneh, biograpey of Abu' 1-Fa9J_ Gulpayganf. Mr. Nandar recommended that Baha'i scholars study th.e developnent of thia Faith, to see who assisted the 3aha 1 Ia end who ignored or attacked them; that a group of Bahi.1 1 schol.ara try to locate and atu~ the diploma.tic correspondence of the Russian I=:perial governmen~ related to the Bibia and Bahi•{a, most of which i.8 kept in Moscow according to hia careful peru- sal ot recently-published Russian texts thiok with. tootnotee. ae mentioned R• .Mer.rabkbaneh in Spain and Shosthi Gru,dimi in Belgium, and that the lat- ter gentleman is from Ishqabid and hae translated Nibil's Narrative ( Dawn- Breakere) from English into Russian. He recommended that I ' interview Dr. i{abib'u'llah Zabihian (see report) and also Measra. Alizat, Izadi B!ld Mehra' in, the first and third residents of Tu.rku and the second of Oo- 1.i, in 'S'in.land. All three. of these gentlemen are I.shqabadi Ba hi• fa and have rich memori es of their residence i~ Russia, memories which have not yet been recorded. Mr. Namdar a.eked me to go to Turiru and Oolu to inter- view these three and I had to decline at that ti.me dUJt to commitments in Osle, but promised to do my best to return \fl.thin a year or two. &. Nam- dar mentioned that Dr. Kazemza.d~h he.a a copy of a compilation of Bah2.'u'- 11ah'a writings translated into Russian by Aleksandr , including .t he Kitib al-Aqda,a and the Ishraqat. V. FINLAND
3)Mozafar Namdar árnterviev: Mr. Namdar has •n interesting collect.: ::11 ot books aM artiolea l.D Russian, Eilglisht Persian •nd Arabic, and h• g~ve me a three page list áof what h.• h•• in Rusei.e.:i, a one page list of English, German and French, aa well u citing in con~rersation ( pre~1~oual1 rec~rded) aome of thl) booka he baa cop.. iea of (not all of those listed). One of th• most interesting documeate á . ia the PQrcion of a r:eoent publication entitled O:Jer,K~. . , ttoBqM .~'Da~ HPAllA. (>C~g--:.:!Ma.aa..ia.,.aa) u3~ATaA1>treo c-WA'lr<A• / t1oc.«:bA l:YrB. ápp. ?1-100 aad notes pp. 110-21, altogether 23 pages in photocopy (812'' z 15'1) , a very detailed :108l':''1ie ot '' AHT.tttto.AJ,JbJiot r á~A1CttelJfO,:-l!O,!k1DJ .'fCG~JC.1i8tf),YHf 61'11'1.~ áá '"r"le lieta and the article are all available in !-á .atocopy.. llr• NA?ndar and I did not di~cusa an European Bic1i. 1 I Studies Association ,or._ an ~g.cyol~-oedia Bahi 1 f. I am sure he vould !iaten to both proposals witsJi,!,good,_ . hur:iour and lighten '1113 heart vith encc1.iragement ••• enoouragement not tc.> take r~.T dreams too tezTibl.y seriously. V. FINLAND
i.)Harri Peltola Langtzagee1 Finnian, Swedish, - Engliah Degreeei licentiate in socioloa and comparative religion, Universi- ty ot Helsinki; topic: 'HiBtory of the Babi'i Faith in Finland' Interviews . Mr. Peltola and I spent several hours together talking, al- though, u with so man1 other of the Bahi•Is I interviewed, it teals as á á á if we have knrndl each other and intimately for years. Mr. Peltola majors .iJl Sociolog •nd Comparative Religion at the University of Helainki but ia .tocwsing mainly on Sociology because he bas little opportunity to teach at th• university 1evel in Comparative Religion i.J1 Finland while there are more opportunities in Sociology. In Finland, Comparative Religion ia a genera1 program compriaing courses in psychology, phenomenology, sociology, anthropology• history •"d sometimes philosop~ ot religion. Related to thia field are Oriental studies, the theological study of comparative reli- gion, .. and .folk1oreááoral tradition-ethnology. He has now completed a thes- á.~ áon 1:be-: Baba~ i Faith, the first general introduction á written in the Fin- ni sh language, with some sociological. analysis therein, for hie diploma. J'or hia licentiate de~•• he will writ• an hiatGl") of the Finniah Baha'i comunit7 9 also a tirat. He gave me copies of Markku Tuomi and Peggy Trot- to•s ~KanaaJliaen Kirjaston Sis8llya (sharaf 13?) •, 6 pages long, list 9f Sabi' !~related literature in the FBA; and ot his 'Bibliography of Bah&' i Lit- erature. Published in Finland. as ot 15th March 1977', 6 pages long, both of vhiqh I will iDolude in my bibliography and wh1oh I will make available to anyone who requ•ata. I have also prepared a supplement to the first list, tvo pages .ill leJlgth. and this ia also ~vailable. Mr. Peltola urged IM to oontact Dr.. Habib' u 1 llah Zabibian and David Bergen, serving •• m:a1nbere áot th• I • •• • • • • • • •- • • • • • • •
BSA of Finl•nclregarding research, indicating that th97 would be interest- -- tdá in hearing of the -work of Baha'i schol•ra outaida of Finland.. In e11a.mer qt á1980 Mr. Peltola compiled a bibliography for the comparative etu~ ot religion. librery of the University of Helsinki •• a funded research pro- ject Oil ''new Nligiona 11 • He showed me ~he oarda tor tbi • bibliography and I ••de a li.at of •11 th• á ~ái-related . entries. I have thie bibliograp!Q" alao. He mentioned- th&t na,.1d Sim1nons (see report) baa done some reeearch ia_áthe.:Slav.onio. Collection of the University of Helainki Library (eee re- ápo%'°t1áon: thia Colleo-tion). Aa a matter of interest, h• noted that hie pro- _teaaor in .eooiologr at the Univer1111t,. of Helsinki, Dr. Arne Koakin•n ia studying the philology ot the Tuvalu Island lang11age and that this Island .á. (perhaps one of the Gilbert_and Ellia Ialand.e he conjectured) ha• the á bighen percent~ of Bah81 i residents in th• world. about 10%. He men- tioned that Rlfi Oja, daughter of a member of th• NSA of Finland is col- leoting article• in Finnieh language on the B•hi'l ?aith and that ahe might be able to be of acme aasiatanoe to me. Mr. Peltola.' told • that th• firat translation into Finnish of Baha'u'llah and the Nev Era ll&8 made 'b7 an 11nidentitied á1!heoaophiat and published in Helsinki by Myatica, a !heoeophica1 px eaa, in. 19"0. When we di.ecu.saed 1113 historical interest in th• 1tar 1844, he atated that the tirat Finnish langt1~ n~paper was pibli•bed in 1844 bJ Snellmann and thAt it was probably c•lled Pi.ivamiea. 11• aPoke of a novel. entitled Sqm Tu.sen Lil:lor, in Svediab, vritten by Valdemar H;y1'•n (paeudoeym?) and published in 19"- vith reprints in 1944 end 1945,. whereof 18,000 oopiea were sold, mostly in SvedeJl, written by á a Lutheran mini•t•r liYing OJl an ial•nd situated between Finland. and Rua- •ia1 ona of tn. ob.aractera in this novel ia a Bibi named Mustafa • Ramagbin, á em exile trca Aserbqjan to Finland in 1854 at the decree of the Ruaaian - Im:perial gover1J11ent 1 vho iii represented ae a Mualim 'alim, •nd his reli- V. FINLAND 70
4)Harri Peltola
Interviewt gion, Bihism, as a major sect of Islim with revolutionary teachings, and its leader, the Bib, a Manifestation of God. A number of Fi'Onisb Baha•la have wondered whether or not this book is based upon specific hiatorical incidences... All editions of the Finnish encyclopedias mentioned the .ea- bia and Bahi1 is, from the 19th century to 1940 and the beginning of World. War II; this is also true of all universal histories and geographies iD Finnish. For some reaaon after 1940 such citations have been few and far between. Mr. Peltola haa cardaáwith Babi•i-relat$d entriea for the Reli- _gi,on !ndU:, #1 of the American Association of Theological Libraries, and he recormnended the Sci.a.nee C?,.f... ~eligi~n A..1?str~g,~.£!,-~nd Index ot Recen;t••Ar- ticles, published by the Institute tor the Study of Religion, Free Univer- sity, A.msterdam, Netherland.a and the Theological Faculty 9 University of Kent, United_Kingdom, aa the beet bibliography of recent academic articles on the Bahi' i Faith. Mr. Peltola baa written an article on the Baba' f Faitjl in Finland which will soon be published in a book on ••nev religion.a'' by Ibo Akademi, an ac!_demic publisher. Over the years he baa translated a great deal of Baha'i literature from English into Finnish, and hence there ia a large body of translated literature available to the Finnish populace. Unfortunately, there do not seem to be ma.tcy" readers yet. He knows of a friend of Mark Tobey (recently deceased Babi.•i and world-renown- ed painter) who lives in Finland and has some paintings by Tobey--he otter- ed to introduce me to this individual but I did not st~ long enough in Fin- land to meet him. He says that freelance joilrnali.sts have written articles on the Faith in Finland several times in recent years and that they are ge- nerally sympathetic although not to the point of endorsement. After all, it, .is foreign.~-not so? áá .
- Stud- Mr. Peltola and I did not diecuaa the formation ot an European Baha'i - iea Assooiat!on, nor did we discuaa the Canadian As~ociat;on for the Stu~ ot the Baha'i Faith, nov called the Association tor B~'i Studiea , nor did we discuae the compila.tion of au Ency1clOP.z&~ia ~ái. Mr. Peltola ia moat interested ia taking part in Babi.•t=studiea seminars and he baa at- tended one of theee at the University of T.ancaater and hopes to continue to participate in the future.
Papers: - 'The Babi'i Faith-An Introduction', in Finnish, theaia, 1981. 'The Babi 1 l Faith iu Finl•nd--an HiatoX"J"', in Firmiah, licentiate thesis. 1982 (?). 'Bibliography on Nev Religions•, Comparative Religion Library, University of Helsinki, summer 1980 ('l). - 'A Bibliography of Baha'i Literature Published in Finland aa of 15th March 1977' 1 March 197?. Publicationai Article on Bahi•I Faith in Finland for Ibo Akademi book on ''nev :religiona''• (see publisher or Mr. Peltola) Editor and translator or writer of all articles in Maailmankan- salainen (World Citizen). a Finnish Bah&•I mega.sine, fall 1975, s11111aer 1976, vfuter 19771 dates of subsequent issues 11nk»own to me. Translator at a great deal of the Bahi•i literature now available in Firmieh--none of it identified aa iesuing from bis capable ~n, print•d or mimeographed. V. Fil'ILAND
5)Dr. Habib 1 u•11.m Zabihian Languages: Persian, ~.rabic, English. Finnish, EGperan~o, Gr du Degrees: M. D.
Interview: I •.t1as privileged to meet Dr. Zabihian and to recei~;e t~-10 lettera from him clarifying his in~olvement in .Bahi'f studies and impro7- ing upon the snort rep\.~t I made ot our conversation. Dr. Zabihian is a student á of the BahA'i Faith in its Arabic and Per~ian sources, has lect- ured in Europe on a number of topie8 selected directly !rom the original texts, and baa taught Persian language end literature at the Un1.-1ersity of - Helsinki tor fourteen years; he is eager to see the vork of Bahl:'i schol- ars receive more attenti.on in Euro-pa and in Finland in particular. A.s a member of the ?~SA of Finland ha pointed out that in Finland all Baha'i - activities :nu.st be approved by the NSA--this is the law ot the land, not just of the 3ahi 1 [ community. Hence, an association for Ba.h.i 1 I stadias in Finland wo;tl.d have to be á organized by or with. the explicit approval ot the NSA of t~t country, and all of its activi~iea would be supervised by the NSA, aa only the N~A could be legally responsible for its actions. When asked reg-u-ding the com?ilation of a Bah&'{ Encyclopedia, Dr. Zabihian replied in a letter dated 5/4/81 that ''It will be a great encouragement it the work ot the Baha' 1 Encyclope- dia could etart, and I shall be glad to assist with its development when- ever possible. After careful estimations and preparations the Universal House of Juatioe may give permission to start the work ••• Then the research department o! the House ot Justice among others can provide :~any docu- ments and requi-::-_e d materials, besides that the Baha'i A.v. Centre may provide with ScJle of the required pictures as well.''
Papers: 'Analysis of the lite after death', n.d. 'Spiritual worlds', n.d. 'The destiny at man', n.d. 'Significance ot Qur'in', n.~. 'Significance of the Kitab-i-I~an 1 9 n.d. 'Significance of tt~ Kitab-i-Aqdas•, n.d. 'Significance of the Mill and T~stament of 'Abdu'l-Bahi', n.d. 'Significance of the Hidden ~oras', n.d. 'Significance of the 19 Day ~~ae~•. n.d. 'Oneness of the Holy Famili~s ~uJ. 'B1ind educators•, n.d. 'The Writings of Bah&'u'llah'~ n.d. Talka: About medical ca.re, on radio Ln U ~umiyyih, 1958-59. Publication.a: ''Physiology and metabolism of the Brucella.e bacilli,•• Faculty of ?1edicine~ Shiraz University, 1957. Work in progress: Ma.jmu'.ah-i-Asar., 136 B.E., 300+pp., looking for pub. Calligraphy of the Pers~an Hidden Words (just received from the book-binders) v. FINLAND
6)David Simona lianguageai English; French, Fin- nish, some Swedish, some Rwssian Degrees: B.A. in Ethnomwsioology; Teacher's Certitioation in Social Studies Education Interview: Mr. SimmoW!J and I have exchanged several letters and we spent the better part of a week delignttully together in Paris and Gou.r- ville and Cbartrea and in-between, the laat week of June 1981. I in- vited hia •long vith some thirty 0th.er Bah&•I ac~olara to Gourville, a village outside of Paris, for a week-long conference on "the political econom:f of the Balii.•I Faithl' and Mr .. Simmons ia the only scholar who showed up. So ve sat around and read a number ot article• and talked, and then vent for va1ka to nearby castles and hitches to nearby cathedrals, and altogether I have hardly ever spent such a stretch in earthJ.1 paradise. Kr., Simon.a ia a teacher ot Engliah in the Language Center ot Lappeeara.nta Uni.Yerait7 ot Techno1ogy, •nd one of hi.A numeroua academio/intellect1ml in- ter•ata ia:- in the . ''growth of the Behi'i Faith'' and everything to do vith his religion. He h•a repeat•dly ineiat•d to m• that he ia ''not doing any reaea.roh of my own. I aa presently only helping Jan Jaaion and I haye ci.ff•red sr aervioea to th• Canadian Association tor Studies on the Behi' i Faith. •• I am more interested in actively' teaching the Faith and helping other researchera th•n doing •nythi.ng .rqaelt. I do read alot though,, eapecially intormtiv• anthropological-like works on varioua peo- plea.•• He ha• •l•o b••n aaa:iating •• in 1111 reeearoh sino• March ot 1981, auppl.p.ng m vith addreuee of people I wanted tC:"t contact. vith informa- tion . about eTenta which transpired in 1844 and with photooopiea ot a num- - ber of aourc•• on the Baha'i - vieva of political econo~, •nd I am gratetul. for everything. Mr. Simmone ia alao interested in Georgian history (not the atate, the nation), iJl Jevieh hiJ!ltory, in Northwest Coast Indi•n• (that'• the Horthw•at Co.at of th• United State•), •nd in ht•man behaviour. Far mor• intorm•tion on th• Gourrille Su•1it Sff report ill France1 á apd á for d•tail• oa Jan Jaaion'• vork, ••• report in the thdted Kingdom. Mr. Si«naone i• very good at vbat Kr. Harald Thii• would call ••networking''. In. bi• MCond álett•r to• he sent m• the title• of a á number of book• I waa seeking . . well aa th• nam•• and addressee ot several individ11ale . vb.om I contacted_upon my return to th• United Stat••• For information on Ruesi•o Bahi'i ~iatory he_>etered me ~o á article• by A.A. L•• and A.K. Gbadiriaa i:n !JapA;'i s~~diesJ'!tude• Baba'~. Yol. 5, Janu&J•y 19791 011 L:ydia Za•enhof and Bahi 1 fii in Pol.and he retered u to the RSA of G.rman.YI :for - . Raui•n litc-ature on the B•b'i'i Faith, aa well •e giving me a cow ot Jaa Jasion'a bibliogra~ of th• oontenta of the Sla-.onio Collectioná at th• UniYeraity ot Helainki Library (eee report) he mentioned that Dr. J'irua Kar.eradeh h•• also done aome research ill this librar.r áand that hi• bro!her K•aem K•zemzadeh, a r•eident ot Hamburg, Gerraa~, ha• vrittea a Bahi' 1 puphlet in RWi•n1 for information á on 18'1'4 in Buddhin he r•- fered me to Jem•hed lo•dar, 'l'h• God ot Buddha• end B~ddpa Maitr!'!,:-Aplit- abha .Ba!' Appu!t;•d1 for reference• to 1841t and áto Americ•n Indiana he re• cownded that I react ~~iou ,o,t .~h•. Rainbow, ~~ Goame}.. of. th•. Redma~, áá Four Re1!!9r,k•bl,!t .In.d..~~n Propl1eciea publiahed_by Naturegraph Preaa !ii Cali- torni •i -and interview Native áAaericn B•be' ia Phil Lucas ( Ie11aq11ah, Vaeb• ingtoaJ 1 Blu Kopd91' (Al•aka), Phil Tau (Alberta, C.nada) •nd Fruklia Kahn (-ber of the RSA of the U.S.A.), oontaot Christopher Buck (now of Jlaneau, Alaaka) regarding Zoro•etri•n •nd Altaio propheci••f oont.ot Burl Barer (Wall• W•lla, W••hiqton) oii pro~eoi••• other intorm•tion on Judaia. Mr. S i"'IOD• ia nppartive of both B•hi"' f atudi•• and encyclopedic scheme•, i f th97 go through tu right cbano•la and Hrve the int•r••t• ot Báhi'fa. V. FINLA:~D
7)I!elsingin Yli~pis-::Jn Kir jasto hel.singfors '(.:iiversi tetsb ib liotek Unioninkatu/linionsgacan 36 00170 Helsinki;1Ielaingfors 17
nere is one of the locations of the U:: ~ •1ersity \.~ Helsi:r:...~i Library, and at this locatic~ I found a lor...g list of titles i~1 German, English and Finnish and a couple i3 Swedish, ~ll of them translations of ~orks by Bahi'u'llah, 'Aodu'l-Bahi or Shogni Sffendi from Englis~. In addi- tion to this there á,o1ere also copies of a number of becks listed on my bibliography, such as of Hermann Vambery, ~-!e~pe .W~3.Ilderungen llD;,c;, ~l~!> nisse in Pers::en ••• , and Dr. Ignaz Goldziher, ;/or.led.uni.se1!_ uber cten _Is,:: lam ; a.r.d art~clas :.n Estonian, Hungarian, ~tL"!:.mian, Lith1.la11ian and German encyelopedi:...a and lexicons. T'.-:is list ~ill be incorporated in- to my bibliography and is also available in photocopy. The University of Ilelsinki Library has a '-tumber of locations, this being t~e central library. I was able to vi3it only two of the libraries in the system, the HYK and SC, and from the card catalogue ot the ~aculty ot Compara- tive Religion, Univeraitv of Helsinki, which I went through on 23/2/81, I know ttl&t there are a n..'"1!r.ber of other s1gnifica;:.t collection.a, both in the University system anc outside of it including what Finnish schol- ars speak ot (in their abbreviated forms) as HY-Paak; TT.{K; SKS; Steiner bibl.1 HY Utj.(varasto)--Ut-70 tesasem.-mappi.; Uskontot. laitoskirjas- to. Liihdeteokset.
8)Slavonic Collection University of Helsinki Library Neid.aydpolku 1-B 00140 Helsinki 14 - Several of the European Baha'i scholars have represented this collect- ion as the largest of its kind outside ot the u.s.s.R.: I've been told that it baa more literature in Russian langua~ pre-dating the 1917 re- volution than a:n.y- other library outside of Russia itself. Be that as it may, it bas an i~pressive selection of literature in Russian and Bulgar- iaD, Polish,t-:<ranian, Yugoslavian related to the Bibi and Baha'i religio~, much of which baa been listed by Jan Jaaion in his 'Articles on the Bah&'i Faith Originating from Russia and Eastern Europe found in the Libraries of Helsinki. University', dated December 1977, and, to my knowledge, not up-dated or revised since then. I spent a few hours in this ex~rao~di m.ry colleotion, and although I can just make out eno1-igh Russian to be able to compile a bibliography including literature in this la.:igu.age, I was not able to wcrk qaickly enough to determine th& apecifiQ locaticn of •ll of the articles mentioned by Jan Jasion in his list. Nevertheless, I vaa able to trace moat of these, and all will be included in my biblio- graphy, with or without call !l~..:.mbers and letters. I .:::an not ~.. eco:::rn~.-:d this collection too highly, !or the use of any student of _Russian ur 'Eae~ern European topics, and for the student ~f the Baha'i Faith who is fluent in the Russian or some other Slavonic language. As with the dYK, here 'red tape• is ot no conseque~~e--it is as i ! the librarians can read th'} facee ot lecto:-s, and Sál they have come to trust 1.ll sc.::io1ts stude1:ts who enter these balls of learning, ;""1ese depoe:..;:oriea of kr, .,_ ledge and wisdom. V. FINLAND
9)Kansallisen Kirjaston Sisillys - Finnish Baha'i Library
As mentioned in V.~), Markku Tuomi and Peggy Trotto made a list of the books and pamplets in FBL, organized according to whether they are translations of works by 1.Bahi'u'lla.h; 2.Bib; 3.Muut pyhat kirjat; 4-. •Abdu'l-Baha; 5.Kokooma.teokset; 6.Shoghi Effendi; ?.Pybiissa maaasa asu- vien Uskon kiaien kokoama; 8.Yleismaail.mallinen oikeu.aneuvosto; 9.Muut baha'i-kirjat. This list i8 dated sharaf 137 B.E., and is 6 pages in length. While staying at the Ha.ziratu'l...Quds in Helsinki I compiled a supplementary list, two pages long, which includes some of the books and periodicals not represented in the Tuomi/rrotto effort. What is remarkable and eminently useful in this collection of Bahi•i literature - is the large selection ot Finnish Bahi'i literattll"e, and ot Persian Ba- ha'i periodicals. There are al.so a few titles in English which I have not seen in any other library anywhere& they may not be unique copies, but they are certainly rare. Both bibliographies will be carefully _ compared and inserted into my bibliography of §hay!W-I, Babl and Bahcl' i related literature. According to Harri Peltola's 'Bibliography' dated March 15, 1'1n, the FBI, haa copies of a very large number of works in Finnish, some in Lapp, Estonian, Komi and Mordvin (Erza), all published in Finland u~der the auspices of the NSA. The NSA kindly gave me tree rein as regards use o~ the FBL, and this I appreciate most warmly. Un- fortunately I had only enough time to make an incomplete list ot ite cont enta. ?5
1)Sven Hards Languages: Swedish, English, German Degrees: ur_tmown
~nterview: Baha'i friende in De~ark and Norway recommendeJ me to vi- sit Mr. ~aria and stay in his home i~ e~teborg. Mr. Marda kindly welcomed for two visits of a few days each, ana on b~th occasions we were able to talk of many ~opica and without interrupt.~on for several hours, l~te i~to the night. Mr. Hards was Secretary of the NSA ot Sweden !or many years, and h.aa lived and worked in Goteborg f ~..,r his entire .,_ife. He spoke at length on SYerre H~lmsan, the Swedish explorer and .::-.op1lar author (he has written books on the South Pacific is_and.a l•::icb are r~garded by some au- _ thorities a.a th• beat in the field, regardless i ) f -la.r:.guage) who is a .Baha'i poet and author, De U vl sta Horisdnterna. Baha'i- en lobalen evana reli~ gi?l!• 1969, beir~ his beat known work of__thia ~~nre. Mr. ~ái ds showed me F~o~ographs of a number ot Swedish Bahi.'is, including tour professional mu- s~cinns. We talked about Louise Erickson, longtime resident of Gotebcrg ~"'11.i one ot the first Swedish Bahi•{s. Mr. Marcia re.fered me to Paul Stolpe !or details of her lite. (See report on Mr. Stolpe, Sveden.) Mrs. Erick- son's bookd and papers are kept in Stockholm at tne Haziratu'l-QuW!t in the home of Mr. Mards and in the home of oMr. Djazayeri in Goteborg. I look- ed through the papers and books in Mr. Mards' home and recommended that this rather rare collection be adequately cared tor by the LSA a! Goteborg or the NSA of Sweden. Mr. Mards told me that Louise Erickson told the King - of Sweden about the Babat i Faith in 19<Y?. One of the bookfJ in her colleo- t ion is Vie~s of Akk~, H~ifa, Mt. Carmel and Ot.t;..,er Pl~ces, á Behais Supply and Publications Board of Chicago, n.d. iU-. Miirds has collected rnany tiles of papers related to the Baha•i history o! S .,eden, all of which are ot historical value and requiring of careful preservation and protection. ?áIr. :-t&rd.s became a Baha'i in 1957, eix months betore the passing of Shos hi Effendi, and since then he hae been a resident of Geteoorg. He mectioned a r~cent conference held in Innsbruck, Austria on the subject of lite be- yond the grave, during which a number of authorities on the subject con- tributed their data and insights, including Dr• Andreas Resch, Dr. Carlos Osis (American Society for Psychical Research), Stefan Jankovitch (Swisa architect), and Dr. Hans Strotzka (Viennese ;:sychologist). Mr. M8rds showed me a number of ~ery interesting publications on the Baha'i Faith and on other topics of interest to me, and I made pno~ocopiea of some o! these, ir..cl:Jcling the following: p. 209, ''Full Circle~'' The False ~essiahs; PP• 44=45, ''Ba.haism, '' ~ncyclopediet:. Ame.r.ic~; pp. 330-39, 923, '"11Ba.bism', ,r ''Ba.hi' i Faith,'' by Horace ilolley, Enci~. .lope_~ia B~.itt,?;nica; 1 á3even rleasona why a Scientist Believes in God,'' December 1974', Re~á.:.er • s p_i~eet; 1:yped English translation by Mr. MArd.s á ot pp. 154-56, Nathan Sode"!:"blum, Fram- ma.nde Reli5ions~kundei:, 190?-o8, on the Ba.bis and Baha•ie. Also in hie library is ''Episodes in the Li!e of Moneereh Kbanum'' al d~ with a des- cription of the ''t4emorial Services of Abdu'l-Baha on Mt. r'!ll.ill~ l'', n.d., n.a •• n.p. He recalle~ that Mr. and Mrs. Holbach found cne signature of ~hornton Chase in t:ie guest book at the German Roman Catholic Hcspice, this Church having been founded in 1844. Regarding the papers ot Louise Erickson at Mr. Hards house, I have discerned five distinct catagorieai 1. letters ana q~otes from Shoghi Effendi; 2. letters and miacellane0ua notes and Baha'i notes; 3. translations of Babi'f literature into Swed- _ish; 4-. literature in English tran.ela.tion written by Bahi'u'llah anc. Ab- 1
dul-Bahi.; 5. literature published by Bar.&• is. I admit that thia ie not VI. SWEDEN
1)Sven Marcia
Interview: particularly uaetul intormation but it may give some idea ot the áwide selec- á- tion and value ot this collection's contents for Bahi'i scholars. particular- ly of Scandinavian Bahái' i history. We also talked some about natural healing and the science of nutrition, aa l"r. Hards has made this field one ot his subjects tor study, mostly in Swedish sources. He would appreciate making á contacts with other individuals anywhere in the world engaged in such study. He has also compiled a- complete - collection ot all articles related to the persecutions of Ba.h&'ia !n Iran in Swedish newspapers since the return of the Ayat'u'llah Khomeini to Iri'n in 1979, and he intend8 to organize his cutting.s at some time in the future in hopes that they may be usetul to future histor- ians ot these events. Regarding Shoghi Effendi 1 s tripe to Switzerland, he showed me photograph.a of the Jungfrau where the Guardian hiked, a.nd stated that Sfioghi Effendi walked 42 kilometers in one day, and that hi• favorite hiking spot was around Interlaken. He mentioned that Nathan Soderblum wrote a History of the World, and that there is an article therein on the martyr- dom of the Bab. And he recalled a talk given by Mr. Philip Hainsvorth, longtime member of the NSA of the United Kingdom, at a summer school in Eng- land, on the Lesser and Greater Peace, and he recalls that Mr. Hainsworth quoted Marion Hof'.l!l•n'a pilgrim's notea (from Shoghi Effendi) to the effect that the Lesser Peace would be established in 2125 A.O., and the Greater Peace around 2800 A.D. He ia not sure of these dates but passed on hia recol- lectione as I indicated interest in the prophetic datinga attributed to the -- Central Figures of the Baha•i Faith. We also talked of Frederika Bremer, a Swedish author and feminist, founder of the Fwrbundet women's movement in Sweden, and about an article she wrote from New York city in 185'•--he offer- ed to send me information about her and her oeuvre. Mr. Mlrds bas a copy of - a sketch ot the Bab and Hia disciple, Mtiti,ammad 'Ali after their execution in the marketplace of 1abriz on July 9, 1850, made by or at the order of the Russian consul who was an eye-witness to the event. He also pointed out that early editione of Bahi'u'llah and the New Era, in English and in German and Swedish translations, citing pp. 302-303 of the 1946 German edition, explain the 1335 days prophecy of Daniel as fulfilled in 195? with. the ushering in of the age of universal peace, universal language and oneness of mankind. Mr. Mards affirmed that the original text and subsequent translations there- from were approved tor publication by the Guardian and by the various nation- al administrative bodies of the Baha'i Faith. (For interpretation of this passage. quoted from the writings or sayings of '~bdu'l-Bahi.., eee report on Husayn Avaregan, Italy.) In a letter dated 4/12/81, ?.fr. M°arda wrote: 11! also found a couple of pages from a book ~.ntnipgs,.tid i O.ri~~tep, by a Swed- ish suffragette, Hanna Rydh, printed in 1952. The title in English might be The Transition Period of the Orient. This part describes the Persian femin- ist, fahirih, her life and tragic departure, in roughlf }400 words. A good part seems to have been recited from Journal !°' .siatiqu!,, 1860.'' He aleo men- tioned ''A book about prophecies that I was given by a Christian girl I also think is worth looking into: J2aniel' a -~-oRheci.es of t.h~ ?0th Weeki, Dr. Alva McMaclain, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapid8, Michigan, U.S.A. Among other things it mentioned the ''gap-theory'' which wa.a new_ to me.'' Mr. Mard.s and I did not diec~a either an European Bah.i'i Studies Associat- ion or an Encyclopedia Bahi'i. To my knowledge he is the author of no ar- ... - - - ticle8, papera or books related to Babi or Bah& i Studiee, nor doee he have
any intention of writing ~thing in the future. He :is, however, well inform- - ed regard~ Swedish Bahi'i history and he hae access to & wide selection of rare Baha•i books !nd manuscripts, of particular interest to the student of Scandinavian Bahi•i hiatory. VI. S'WEDEN
2) f{a.ne Odemyr Languages: Swedish, Eri<;lish
De gr eea: unknown
Int erview: ái 'nen I was in Stockhol m, for parts of two days in late Feb- ruary 1 ~81, given Mr. Odemyr's very bu sy schedule, we were not able to ar- á range a meeting in the flesh. As Mr . .) demyr is the Secretary of the N.SA of Sweden, I .~"'~te hi..:n asking if' I mig:1t search the Swedish Bana' f Arhicve while in Stoc ~.:-.olm, and he replied in :.i letter dated February 14, explain- ing that ''our archives are for th& time being in a state of disorder .. '' I !~und t his to be generally the rule rather than the exception in Europe. "For ~ver a yaar Bzzat D5azayeri has been working with a catalogue and the worK ia soon completed (wi thin six mon ~ ~s or so; he and the tlSA i1opel }. Af- - ter that it will be ea.8ier to find any ~na'i-d~ta. To try to find something now would be a s earch in vain.'' (See report on .Ezzat Djazayeri, Sweden.) £á1r. Odemyr ccnti.c.ued, s t ating that ''Ezzat D.jazayeri, whom you a.~: e going to meet in c~ othenburg, is for th9 time being t he best source of information abo11t Swediah Baha' f-h.istory • 11 (See reports on Djazayeri, Paul Stolpe and Sven iá1ard8 for information on Swedish Baha'i history.) t-'tr. Odemyr moat kindly invited my speci1 ic questions, and offered to assist me as he was able, and I sent him the following list, in hopes that some one among t l1.: J ..,edish baha'ie might be able to help in collecting information: -1-articles on Babi .s a.;.d BahA'is in old issues of periodicals such ~ 3 Aften- bladet in the Swedish language. - .... - -2-old books in Swedish which mention Bi.bis and Baha'is, books on Iran, on Islam, comparative religion, travels, etc. -3-information on Svorre H!ZI] msen, the .;wedi sh Bah_&' f author, and. his books. -4-data on the Swedish police force a~~ gpoc\fd in I:-an in 1 :á 90-1919. -5-data on Swedish travelers, explorers, diplocats, their memoirs, lettere and reports, ~ho frequented fran, 'Iriq and the Ottoman Empire i."lClud~ng Pa- lestine, who might have met Bibfs or Baha'fs and written of them. -6-liathan Soderblum's collection of Bah& 1 I literature at Uppsala University, and all references to the Eibi and Bah&' [religions in his writings and cor- respondence. -?-information regarding relations between Finnish and Swedish Baba•ia. -8-contact w-ith any Swedish Baba' is who are studying 19th century Swedisn or Finnish culture, history, religion. -9-name ot Uppaala professor, not Baha•ár, .1no has vrit"ten aympat.:1etically - - J about the Baha'i Faith. We did ~o~ discuses an European Bahi' i Stl1diea Association, nor a:i ~~czc...loP!- dia Baha'i. I fully realize that this report is unfinished, and ccnveya very little inform•tion. I am awaiting t~e good-plea.sure of l-tr. Ode.uyr. VI. SWEJQ
J)Ezzat Djazayeri Languages& Persian, English, á Swedish, French, some Arabic, some German, some Vietnam••• Degreeei áPh.D., Univ•raiu ofá Goteborg, Department of History; topic: 1The Persian Presa and Re- form Queationa in áfran, 1890-1907~
Interviews Prai11• be to Godl In thia acholar I bav• found a moat generou.e friend, ever eager to encourage me, in st work, •11 well aa to in- form me regarding hie ovn. Mr. Djazayeri, soon to be Dr. Djazayeri, in- ted me to hie office at the University of Gotegorg and subsequently to his home where we apoke for hours about hf.a work and mine in the field ot Baha'i- studies. We bega~ with a discussion of the history ot the Bahi'i - . Faith in Sweden, about which he plans to write a comprehensive stu~ based on documentary eourcee aa wenáae oral hi.story, and he reconnnended that I talk with Ed1iard •a.d Jean Bonn, doctors of chiropractic resident in Wiscon- sin and pioneers for man;y yeara to Sveden, who lived in Goteborff. •nd whose house is the looal Haziratu'l-4uda. Mr. Djazayeri went on pilgr1mage with them to Haifa. In an.ever to Dr. Hoojan Momenta assertion that the Swed- ish government aent ~ contingent of crack officers to train and officiate the Iranian polio• force from 1890 to 1919. Mr. Djaeayeri affirms that in fact, according to documents he found in the Swedish Nation•l Archiv•e ia Stockholm, Swedieh officers helped to train the -Iranian gendarmerie, the road police in 1910 •nd continued to do ao until 1913, and_h• b•e copi•e of reporta mad• b7 the offioera to tll•ir superiors regarding Irin. He baa found tbat the Royal Library iA Stockholm baa a l•rge collection of Persian menuaoripte dating .trom the 16th to th• 19th centuriee. He baa mad! ! liat of Swedish-language publicationa which have made reference to the Ba.bi and Rabi' r religions, . aa well •• a bibliogiáaJlb1' of literature in other lan- guage•. In one of his letters he wrote that he 'shall regard it •n honour to reviewáá 7our bibliogra~ of flhqkhI/BibI/Baha •I-related literature. Please let me know when you are ready.' I am honoured, sincerely honoured to have such a distinguished end knowledgeable scholar offer to review '113 bibliograplq. Mr. Dj!_Za7eri point• out that Dr. Fagergren, a Swedish Ph1'- aioian, reaided in jbiru during the lifetim• of th• Sib and that h• 111W1t have known. eomething of the Ba'Dis, and 118.7 have written something about hie_ enooUDtere ~th th••• . For a catalogue of th• contents of th• Swedish Baha'i Archives we will have to wait at least until 1983, •nd tJY,a ia alao true of a complementary list of literature on the :s&bI and Bah~i religions in the Swedish language, u both are being prepáred primarily b7 Mr. Djazq-eri end it ia taking him a long tillle to organize this •t•rial. At preaent he ia putting the finishing touches on hi.a Ph.D. dissertation, which ie on 'The Perai•n presa and reform queationa in Ir'l'n fr<>11 1890-1907', and he wrote me October 24, 1981 that h• hopea to have it publiahed sometiu next)year, iná . 1982. Thia theaia will be published in English and by the UniversitJ of Gotehorg. He ha• found, through hi.a thorough, hie exbauative atul'.17 of tu Peraian preae, that from 1896 to 1914 there were a great 1111mber of article• written. about the Beha•I Faith in Perai•n periodic•le, that B•bi 1 i litera- ture waa_ueecl in Beb'i 1l acboola aa stu~ text• and that attacka(a:nd defense•) of Báb•'ill api:eared in the pariodioala 'vhenevv the olerg w.nted to mobi- . li•• tu •••• of the people for a oertain purpose they •imPl.7 relatet the qu••tioa ia aln&l to th• Faith, and therefor• undeairable1 Tobacco R'gi•, t~ achool. i:!irm ml.•••1 ot M H 1 tu Preu aativiti••, th• Comrtitution•l ,&evol!!.ti~n 1 dis• Khan, th• Muahlr od-Davlih, dismiaa•l of Mirs& •nt '-!'gU.r Kliin, the" oasáSultin, were a fev e:xamplea. á hea th• moet recent '?9 VI. SWEDEN
3)Ezzat Djazayeri Interview: - revolution in Iran, which may well ba ::: ~ ~d.ed. as the severest attack on th.e Cause of God in ita 137 year history, á....d planned to upr oot it from the country of its birth, demonstrates the c lergy's hostility towards the Revel- ation of God.• This is orA ot 1:1an.,v exc.:::.:-pta from letters written to me by Mr. Djazayeri subsequent to our meeting in GotehJrg, ~d sources ot much of the detai~ in this report. ?-tr. l)jaza.~:~!"i noi: .;a that Mirza ij.usa.yu ~ an and t.fulla 1 A1.. i Asgb.8.r K:.;.in ii/ere 1 two c.bl$ .á~á ime r-t~nisters, the f'or1er di.sniissed by r-l~erid Dfn Shi:b., the latter asaasinated by a Constitutionalist.' At the Departmen~ of Inda-European Fhilolcisy, University ot Gpteborg, Mr. Dja- _zayeri is in the final stages of comple~ing, with the assistance of his col- lea.iu.es, a S~edish-Persian/Pereian-Swediah idiomatic vocabulary, to be com- puterized, consisting ot some 20,000 sentences declamatory ot the actual vernacular spe~h expression o:.c" Persians and Swedes. Some ot his scholarly interests include the follovin.c: 1. his'tory of prominent Babi - and E:.lh& 1-i wo- men: he has already written 15 articles, soCT& 30-40 pages in all, on the life of IC'l.adfjih Ba.gum, one of._the tllo .w ives of the Bib, and_ her influence upon the unfoldment ot the B&bi Faith, for the Swgdish ~l!A,a'i Newa, written in English and translated into Swedish t-y Mrs. Ann~argaret Kashef; 2.. hi.s- t~ry ot the Bah.i 1 ái Faith in Sweden, based on documentary sources; 3. biogra- P'.lY ot the !ather - of Hand of t :1e Cause of God H~M. Balyuzi; 4. early hi.story of the Baha'i Faith; 5. hiatory of Scandinavia and es-pecia..lly that o!' Sweden; 6~ history of i'ran tor the last 600 years; 7. h.iBtorY ot Bahi. 1 1 Faith in Scandinavia; 8. history of Western Baha•f wor.nen; 9. cooperative effort among Baba•r scholars to study the Heroic Age ot the Faith, from the birth of Ba.hi> in 1817 until the passing or 'Abdu'l-Baha in 1921, the study o! thie pe:: sonal - life and Writings of the Central Figures ot the Bibi and Baha'i Faiths, with - the establishment of a centre where information and literature cc1~ld be col- lected and the formation of a committee of persons to study this naterial un- der ithe guidance -of tn• Universal House or Justice. He has writ~en a.:"ticles for Swedish B::á~~á i i'rews, translated into áSwedish. by Paul Stol~, on the lives of Dr. Sama:1iari and Professor ~akim, mart,'.-" red in i..ran in 1980, and an ar- ticle entitled ''Dedicated to the memo.ry ot the Hand of the Cause of God E- - noch Olinga, '' aJ so published in Swedish Bah~' i NtJws. He has been studying Egyptology tor many years, and went on a. tr:.-p to Egypt _with Dr. -3odttrberg, one of the foremost Egyptologiste in the world, where he found himself even more i.mpres~ed by Egyptian .; á..tl.ture than he had been previously by the civil .. ization of ! ran. When asked for his attitude toward.a the :t."9lationship bet- - ween Ba.ha•{ community and Baha'i scholarship, Mr. Dja.zayeri stated his view that Ba.M•I society should be open, res-pectful nf learning, knoá~ledge and wisdom~ as this is specifically cal: ed !or in the Writinga of Baha•u•!lah; he empnaaized that Bahi1 Ia all called upon to be knowledgeable, and t :r:at \-:.g must learn from everything and everyone. When asked aoout Emmanuel Sw~den borg, the grea.t Swedish scientist, mystic and philosopher, Mr. Jjaza:. ~ri reported that ~ouis~ Erickson told Paul. Stolpe who told him (th.ere' a a nice chain of Baha'i ~adith!)that 'Abdu'l..Ba.hi regarded Swedenborg~ f~rerunner to the Bab and Bo...1a'ullah, but could not substanciat• this assert ~ á ~ wi th an authenticated written source. Eu alao quoted the following frá--á 1.orld Order, February 1936, vol. I, number 11 p. 413, in a letter ill tall 1981, •In a. Tablet addressed to an American ba.:.1~' i~ z.E. "'restli:..g-Br~-wster, ' .';."o- du' 1-.aani gave to Emmanuel Swedenborg the significance o~ minor prophet: ''As aoon as a bird is fledged,'' He aaid in that Tablet, ''it ca?Ulot t-~ !tep it- se1f on the ground ••• in reality Emmanuel waa the forerunner o! the second coming of Hia Holiness the Christ and the herald of the path to the King- VI. S'NEDW
3)Ezzat Djazayeri Interview: dom••• I hope that thou wilt arise to perform all that which His Highness F.m.- manuel hath predicted••• '''. Thia article, quoting 'Abdu'l-Bahi, was writ- ten by Olivia Kelsey, also author ot a poem entitled 1 'The Advent,'' and pub- lished in World Order, April 1936, vol. II, no. 1. Mr. Djazayeri quoted ~lehru, former Prime Minister of India, as saying that all Indian women should follow the example of Tihirih; he said that Indira Gandhi, Nehru's daughter and also a Prime Minister of India for many years (presently serving in that capacity) repeated this exhortation; that Sul&YTJU!.ll Nazim Bey, the Turkish. poet vrote that 'fclhirih was worth 1 ,ooo Naw-i-Din §_hi.ha; Sarah Bernhardt said that her career would not be complete without portraying ':t'clhirih and commissioned Catule Mendes to write a theatrical piece which she could per- form in this role; relative to iihirih, Mr. Djazayeri made a. marvelous and á :inspiring statement, that ehe 'had divine authority such as comes every 500, (X)() yeara. 1 What a magnificent tribute to this star among ataral In a later letter he explained as followa, for my first reaction to this statement was incredulous, •I am sure I meant divine insight and vision. However, when you read what the Bab, Bah8. 1 u•11ih, 'Abdu'l-Bahi and Shoghi Effendi have said about rihirih, you realize that she was far above her fellow-believers. She was in fact the very first person who recognized the station of Bani•u•- llan. P1ea.ae read God ~as.~s B_y, page 72-77, and Memorials of the Faithful, pages 190-205. The course of the history of her life, her poems and odes, her conduct and extraordinary manner of speech, her total. attachment to the Cause of God, her overwhelming force ' of argument, her towering strength of personality, certitude, con!idence ••• demonstrate so clearl7 that she .must have been invested with auch authority that saints, mystics and the ~oat en- lightened believers sought in vain. Concerning Nehru 1 a tribute to her, I - - - read it in a Persi!n Baha'i Youth Magazine call_!d Ahm,;g-i-B!!..c:ti~, and also heard from Hrs. Shirin Fozdar, our famous Bahi 1 i woman in South East Asia when I pioneered to Vietmam and Thailand in 1964-5.• Mr. Djazayeri baa di.8- covered interviews of a Persian journalist with 'Abdu'l-Bahi while He waa in Egypt, and according to the first article by thi!I journalist, he went to A- merica and Europe with 'Abdu'l-Bah~. 'Th• paper reported that it would try to report the talks of 'Abdu'l-Bahi in Europe ancl America. As I have not yet found the following ori,inal copies of that pa.per, I can not elaborat• on the subject any furt~er. á He asserted tha! many Persian authors have written about the Ba.hi'! Faith and that .Bahi'is are more or less unfamiliar with theee reaponsea to the Revelation. When asked which ot Baha'u'llah's Tablets ware revealed in pure Persian, without Arabic intermixture, Mr. Dja- zayeri asserted that i-rhey are so beautiful, astounding, and breathtaking beyond description.• He al'Jo mentioned that 'Abdu'l-Bahi wrote some Tablets - - Abu'l-Fap.l Gulpaygi'ni also penned letters in in pure Persian, and that Mirza a Persian utter1y wi!.hout Ar~ic word.a, in addressing the Zarduahtia (Paraia or Zoroastrians) of Irin. - á We di'! not discuss an European Bah'i'i Studies Association or an EncycloP!,dia - Baha'i, but he is in favour of all cooperative enterprises among Bah.i'l scholars, and is an enthusiastic member of the Association for Babi'i Stud- ies head<11iartered in Toronto, Canada, and favours the establishment of a cen- ter for study of the Heroic Age (1817-1921) ae mentioned before. It an En- cyclope,_dia Baha'i were launched, with the permi8sion and supervision ot the Universal. House of Justice, Mr. Dja~ayeri wou1d be a valued contributor there- to. When asked about Persian Bahi'i scholars, he wrote m• about a number ot these, and I cite his worda, prefering them to my ovn: •The Persian Bah.i•! community produced a large number of very learned hialor- ians and scholars such asz Fazel, Iahriq Kh&vari. Niiahibadf, Thabet..Sharqi, á::J .. Ul
VI. S \.JEDEN
3)Ezzat Ojazayeri Interview: ~ ~ _ ~ ~ ..... _ - _. Rez_yaE-1, .Faizi, Farid, •Ala.vi, Yazdani, Bakhta~rar, !:!olaku' i, F~utan, Varqa, Qadimi, A!nin, and ••• (only to have na:ned a few: Farid and 3akhtavar á.-1ere mar- tyre.-.: recently). Each of these luminaries was and is (some of them l1a 1e passed away)a unique expert on one aspect of the history and the Writings of the Faith. They held courses, conducted regular seminars, wrote bcoka and . articles for so many :áears (all the ye~s put together exceed two-three cen- turies) in order to acquaint the Baha'i with th9 \•/riti!'lgs ot the 13 i'.:I , 3ana'u • • llih, 'Abdu' 1-Baha and Shoghi Effendi. á. at has so far been achieved is on- :1
ly the beginning. Shog.."'li Effendi translated that amount which he considered suf!i~ient for humanity for a long period du..-ing the Formative Age of ~h! Bahi 1 i Era. He would have loved to translate more, but as stated by Ru.l:liyyih !\~"in.um, in The Priceless Pearl, the Guardian simply did not have the time to de so. There ie also the question ot priorities--What is essential to know, answers to the needs of humanity, guidance for the betterment o! the lite of mankind, and a deeper insight into the Writings of t he twin Manifeetationa of Gad and the Interpreters ot the Revealed Words. To know that t ~~ Bao had two wives i.e not a solution to any h11man problem. We need to ~:..::.: \l how the 'Wards can be avoided. I:lov prejudices could be eradicated. How unity and har!Dony could be .firmly established. And questions of this nature. But 1á .~ at assured that 8n:f baffling question and perplexing problem, be it histor i cal, social, spiritual, factual., political or others have their answers in the im- .:nense Writings of Bah"i'u'll'ih. We learn a bit from it. Next generatic~ a oit more, the generation after the next still a bit more 8lld so on tor another 500,000 years.• By the way, he al.so informed me that the second wife of the Bab was named Fa~imih, and that she is mentioned in Bah.a •u' llah' s Ep~stle .t2 ,the S_on of the, W~l~, PP• 176-71 ot Shoghi Etfendi' .s Englishá translation, and on page 2~9 of volume I of Adib Taherzadeh's The Revelation of Bali.3.'u'llah. Publications: ''?-fadiyen va F.akandar •it 'series ot fifteen articles, actually a á a~ort sto:y of love, --published in a newspaper called Qal~-: i-l.fa, !~tahan, in 1953-4. (In Persian)' ''Some historical. monuments ot It!ahin, '' 'ten article& wr ~.t ten for the nevapa.per Farhang, published in 1955. in I?fahin. (in Persian)• á ''Louis XIV and Europtt, '' •95 pages, written for the Department of History, University of ~ihran, 1958-9. Available at Teh- ran Uniá:ersity Library. ( I n Persian).' ''First tlroup ot Western Pilgrims to the Hol.7 Land, ' 1 by Ma7 El- lis B2llea, translation in!o Persian, 'Published in the Ah8J1S.- i-Badi', the Persian Bahi.'i Youth Magazine, 1963.' '~ i t~b.- ~ Agdae. A historical background,'' 'writ ten at the in- struct ion of the NSA and pub ~ ished in the Swedish News Letter on the anniver sary of its hu..~dreth year revelation.' ''rh! Purest Branct1, '' 'an article published by the Swedish Ba- na' i :lews on the occasion of the centenary of the m2rtyrdom of the Purest Branch••• June 2,, 1870 ••• published in June 1970 ••• I wrot! the article at the request ot the NSA.• tBaha• i History,'' •three artiolea published by the Swedish - Bah'i.' i ?iews, 19?4.' ''Swed ish-Iranian Relationship, 11 •an artiole written for tl".e Bc;>n;r~d C!l°l;~ur.al,l'\aga.zi:_ne, Tehrin, May 1977. • - ... - ''The Illumined Stars--the women who made history,'' 'artic l es - on the Babi-Baha'i women of the Heroic Age. So far 14 arti- - - cles on the wife of the Bab ••• Kh.adijih Bagum ••• pub!ished 1iur- ing 1977-80. • In Swedish translation, S \<1edish Ba .4 1 I f~ewa. VI. S\r/EDFll
3)Ezzat Dja~eri . In.terviewi
Pttblicationsa ''Historiography ill Europe: a briet stu~ ot the Swedish and English historiography,'' •An article written for the !"&Jalleh- ye Dineshk~deh, the quarterly publication at the Univerait1 ot Tehre. PublilJhed in the apring iaau• ot 1978. • ''Swedieh-Iranian Relationship,'' •an article written for Bonar va Mardom, a Cultural review ot th• Kinietry ot Cu1ture and Arta, á frin, tor their spring iesue of 1978.' ''Dedicated át o the memory of the Hand of the Cauae ot God E- noch Olinga;'' •a asonth after his tragio paaaing, • in Swedish Bah&•f Newa, 1980. á . ''Profe88or Hak!m, - '' in honor of hia mort)TdOlll in winter 1981 Swedish Baha'i Newa, 1981. :
''Dr. Samana&ri, '' in honor of hia martyrdOlll in winter 1981 1 Swedishá Balii'I Neva, 1981. á áThe Per.s ian Preas and Reform uestiona in Iran 18 , University of Goteb,irg Preee, late spring 1 2, projected. • - Paper• a.á.- 'Ial d •nd =Ir•n, • 'Seen by the Persian eyes. Essay, 12 pages. :o.- partment of Hiat017. University ot Gothenburg, October, á1966.• ''lb• Anglo-Russian ConYention of 190?, Part One• Persia, 1 'Bsaay 46 pqea. Writtea átor th• Department of History, University of Gothenburg, March, 1968.• '!rb.• Co.n11titution of Persia, Sources and Literature,• 'twoá~•• 16 P.P••.á Depu-tmeut of Hiat0%"7, Univerait7 of Gothenburg, Hil1't 1969. I .
á'Th• Persian Jom•li• 1 1850-1907,• •ea.say, 40 page• (3 obarts, ou mp). Depsrtment of Hiatory, University of Gothenburg, Novem- ber, 1969.' 'The Peraian Journal!•, 18.50-1907,• 'eesq, 22 page• (9 tablea). :0.i-rtment á of Hiator.y, University ot Gothenburg, April 19?0.'
~k ill. p:-ogr••••á. Cawse 1 BiograpQ' of Muvaqqarud-Dawlih, father of th• Hand ot ~. Bal.yuzi. (In Persian)' á 'A study á of th• range of the Writi.nga of the beloved Guardian-.- (In Persian •nd English) 1 •SvediaháP•raian bibliography. (In Perai•n and Svedi8h)' 1 Persian...Swediah idiomatic vooabularya joint project.
•swediah Babi'i - (~In Persian and Swedish)• hietory. (In .. Swedish and English)' '
Future projectal •rt rill take sometime to make an aeessment ot ácontec- plated. pl"ojects. '!'hey are ma?Q' and depend greatly on rq contemplated research which in turn depends on ever- preeent question ot finsnoeaa th.,- inoludet early history o~ the Faith, all aapecta of it1 a broader etuq of Swed- iah-Ir•Di•u relationahipi hiator,r ot th• Persian art, car- pet in particular1 history of th• Faith in Sc•ndin•via••• ( iA Peraian and English I r•aume ill Svediah) t
4)Paul .Stolne Langua~es: Swediah, English - Degre~s: um:nown
Interview: My three meetings with Mr. Stolpe in Goteborg, where he nor- mally resides, at Harald St&kegatan 38, tel. 84-38-69, yielded a great am- ount of infon:iation about Swedish Baba•I history, natural medicine aod oc- cult literature. This man ia a veritable national Ba.hi• i treas :rel I wish I had a month ~r a year to spend with him, just ~bsorbing what he r.~s care- fully assimilated 3.Jld classified into his marvelous memory, and ~oJ.iected in his extensive library. He began by telling me about Aqueli, a g,..,edish painter who lived during tqe lifetime of 'Abdu'l-Baha and died in Bará.:e- lona, around 1915. This 1'!1BD spoke mtich of world peace, learned sixteen languages in libraries, operated a newspaper in Egypt for awhile and lived while there with two Babi:•ia. A museum in Sweden has a collection of some - of his paintings. He was definitely infiuenced by Ba.hi:' i teachings, b á~t Hr. Stolpe does not know vb.ether or not he was the first Swedish Bahi'i. ft.ugust Rudd, who is reputed to be the first Swedish Ba.ha•[, wrote to '.'Lbdu'l- Edha in 1919 :rom Kenosha, Wi8conein, and asked to be accepted as a Baha'i: 'Abdu'l-Bahi sent him as a pioneer to Sweden in 1920. Rudd wae an inventor, like bis brother Edwin who also lived in WiscoMin and in llorvay, who i :!.vent- ed a typevriter and a boat motor (hence, the 'rudder•?). Mr. Stolpe aa~ed me to find sources for August Rudd' a early lite in !,lisconsin while in the_ United States, as ne wants to write on this e';)i.sode tor th' Swedi..eh. Ba.--. á:• i News. He recalled that at one time Olivia Kelsey was living in Monaco and - writing Baha,i historya he urged me to look her up if she were still there and living. He said he would like to have tape-recorded reminiscences of the first generation of American pioneers to Sweden who have, most of them returned to the United States. He told me that August Rudd's wife translat- ed the Kitib-i-fqan into Swedish from the English translation of Shoghi Ef- fendi. He reeoDDDended that I talk with Mr. Paul ~jermar~, former Secretary of the NSA of Sweden and now resident in Rome tor more in!ormation about T •• Swedish Bahi'1 history. (See report on Mr. Ojer!nark, in Italy.) At my re- quest Mr. Stolpe told me briefly the story of his life, and I cite it here - aa an aid to whomever might be the next Baba 1 i ac.~olar to interview or cor- respond w::..:h him:He began to pray at the suggestion of a nurse while in . the hospital for treatment of his left hand which had been burned black and severely disfigured. He worked at various kinds of manual labour 1 ?ursuing in his leisure time research into natural healir--6• He has an excellent me- mory and remember:e in detail what has trans?i=ed over the years, including all of his Baha'i contac-cs, and he ha.a a guest book which haa been in use since 19'+9. He is a pa.inter, a realist and expres.-Jionist, who ~ins sometimes used a purple spiritual haze to bathe ais images in. He had flashes of re- alization, of recognizing tru~ha whicn were Baha'i- principles, ~ut he also believed that there must be one man wiser tr.an all the rest, ac~ so when he - tirst heard of the Balli' i Faith he responded posit ::rely. Since t he develop- ment of the Admjniatrative Order in Sweden and around the world he has taken á- little initiative for fe ;'r of being in conflict wlm otr. er Ea.ha' is, a.n:i he knows little about the A :~inistrative Order beca~c ne na.s read but little of the literature descriptive thereof. After he completes a number of ar- ticles on water cures he intends to devote his entire energy to Eabi•i work. VI. SWEDEN
4)Paul Stolpe
Interview: His research into the variows uses and significances of water, material and spiritual baa yielded much that ie of value, to Bahi•ie and others. He has thought ot moving to the Middle F.aat to teach water technology ao that the desert may be arrested, recovered and changed into a fertile and richly productive land. He was the Bahi•I teacher of Sverre H•lmeen, - the Swedish Bah&'i author, and he introduced Harald Thiis, he says, to zone therapy ( sondtherapi). Regarding the principle of .unity in diversity, he -stated that one must have diversity for 11nity to be possible, for without diversity there is no attraction, those who are too similar can not be attracted to one an- other. Mr. Stolpe reported that while Dr. Albert Schweitzer lived in SwitZ!,_rl.and he studied the Bahi'{ Faith, without having_ any contact with Ba.bi• is, and then he ~ent to Africa 'inspired by Baba' i •. Later in life whei; Schweitzer was old and staying in an hotel in Paris, he told a Ba- ba' i that he had bee.! inspired to go to Africa by the Bahi'i Writings, and he and the Baha'i talked all that night. He affirmed that Nathan - Sederblum heard about the Baha'i Faith in Africa, and that someone in Goteborg heard about it from him while he was a professor at the Univer- sity of Geteborg. Mr. Stolpe baa an interesting and large collection of books on the sub- ject of natural medicine and healing, most of which are kept in the home ot a friend--Ruhaniyyih Golmahammadi, Lj11ngkullen 37, 43366 Partilla, Sweden (031/26-69-33), also a student of the subject. He also baa an assortment of books on pyramidology, and he mentioned in passing some of the experts in the field which he h.ae consulted, including: John Greaves, profeesor of astronomy at Oxford,á 16J7; Colonel Howard Vyse; Sir John Herschel. astronomer; John Taylor, mathematician and publisher, 1859; Piazzi Smyth, professor of astronom,y, 1864-5; Sir William Petrie, archaeologist; David Davidson, engineer, 1924. To cite but a few ot the titlea he baa collected whic~ struck me as exceptionally rare1 Max Freedom Long, Gr~win,g i~~o ;Light, 1955. J.W.Dunne, ~ E!P!,r~ent with Tj.me, 1934 new edition. Adolf H1mgry Wolf, The_ SJ?iri t .at, Hidden Val1=_ey. A G,?o~ _Medic~n~. Storz, á 1972. Health,, Its ~ec9ve.rx &?ti:! Ma~t!t_1,1&pce. Abdullah Latif, ed. R.H.Saundera,n.d. Dr. Thelma Moss, Th~ P_robabilitL of th.,!._Im,Eoss,iplt!, 19'74. We discussed neither a BSA in Europe nor an ~nczcloE!,d_ia, and this was ap.. propriate aaáMr. Stolpe does not regard himself aa a scholar, although he is willing to help others to do reBearch in the areas in which he_himeelf has become knowledgeable.
Publicationas Mr. Stolpe has written a number of articles tor alternative medi~ine periodicals in Sweden, which he declined to enumer- ate; he has also translated some of Mr. Dj~ayeri'a articles tor Swedish Baha'i Newa from English into Swedish; and he baa written over 50 pages in successive issues ot Swedish Bahitf News on his memories of the Swedish Bahi 1 Is, charac- terising hia perspective as that of •a living body of the inside' and insisting that 'all the details and things you have in archives and written down, real historiaoa wil1 till in and add to it in the future, it is easy for them. so it then will be aevera1 hundreds of pages. It ia high, far, above my ability.• One of the distinguishing characteristics of this soul is his endearing humility and another his .dedica- tion to the service of others, with no thought of personal gain. 8~ ..
1 )Dr. Margit ~4arburg (.~sa.ncier •) ! !.ngua;es: Swedish, D::r i.:;n, Institute o~ Scciolc~ of Religion Ei:glish, Ge ::-man t ot :...ers University of Copenha~en DegreeJ; Ph.D. in : r i.sto~y of Reli- gious I!lStitl.itions, Stockhols _ UniverGitet, 1974; to:~i.c: •Bahi' i- Ismen, ~ 1974. •
Interview: Dr. '.iarburg is extrer~ :!ly busy with teaching courses and conductL"'lg her research. She is on a three-year fellowship at tne ~niver si ty of Copenhagen granted by the Danish government, -md for the '.: luration of that fellowship ar~e will be spending most of her ti!!le studying the Ba- ba' i comcnmity of Denrnarlt, through reading of literature available in Den- á- r..a.rk, interviewing of individual Baha' is and the anal.,.rsi~ ot 'iata collect- ed through questionnaires sent out to all enrollad Ba.ha' is. I was able to tal-1.c with her for only a halt-hour, during her lunch-break, and so could not ask her a.a ~á3:IlY questions as I did others. The NSA of Denmark and the indi vidual 3a.rui•is ..,ho know t'!". Margit seem to have total confidence in her capaoit:r tc a.rry out an objectiá:e ~'"ld sy-npathetic appraisal of the past and presen:á fort11nes ~f that Bahi 1 i community of less than 200 adult member.a, scattered all 0•1er the Danish i.slands. '../e await the publication of the results of her enqairiea so thai: :..ie may jUá:l~e for ourselves. In my update and revision of this report (which will be expanded to include the activities of scholars the ~orld over), I will cite all of her papers and publications relative to the Bahi•f religion.
2)Lisbeth Andersen Languagee: Danish, English Degrees: unknown
Interview: Mrs. Andersen invited me to tea and dinner in her home, on March 22cd,1981,and there I talked with her and another Baha'i !or a few .ours; ve had 11et in the evening of March 20, for dinner and then had pro- ceeded to attend the Feast of Baha~in the company ot Dr. Alec Culton, in the home of Miss Kaya Holck; then we met again at the Naw-Rii.z gathering on March 21 in the Haziratu'l-Quds in Hellerup. But it was not until the afternoon and evening of the 22cd that ~• were able to talk openly and free- ly for more than a few moments and about thin..:s ot consequence. This lat- ter meet á~.ag le ft me with a lasting impression of I-trs. A!"~dersen as a remar- kable soul, well. worthy of inclusion in this report, alt~ou~ she is neith- er a scholar nor the a.asiatant - to a scholar, and even though there are se- veral ind.ivid11al Bahi is in Denmark who have a more comprehensive knowledge
' ! the Bahi•I history of that country than her. She is a longtime member ,.,: the Danish NSrt, translator ot literature rárom E~lisll into Danish, il- lustrator and writer ot li~arature tor Ba.~•l children, tal á~nt~d designer, painter, aestheticiau, and Baha 1.l since 1952. She manage.'! to raise a fa- mily, paint and design, and remain a staunch and steadfast Bahi.'l all of these years, notwithstanding the dif~iculti'!S po.eed ~'Y rler own buM3-n linil.- tationa, by those of her co-workers, and those ot h~r society. I will in- clude a tull bibliography ot her translations and illu.st~ationa in a revi- sion ot this report. VII. DENMARK
3)Kaya Holck x.anguageal Danish, English Degreea1 unknowa
Interview: Mias Holck mentioned in passing that ahe is researching a documentary history of the 'Rabi' i Faith in Denmark, painatakingi,. going .á through the t: .. ea ot deceased individt1al Babi•Ie whose papers have been turned over tc the NSA or who are in the handa of sympathetic families, and through those of LSAs and of the NSA. She did not indicate to me at what stage she felt herself to be in her research, and ao I don't know whether thie ia something that we'll see the fruits of, in five years, ten years, or ever tor that matter. Hopefully Mias Holck will supply me with more information on her project and I will be able to write more about her in a revised version of thi.e report.
4)Dr. Alec Oulton Languages: Engliab 1 Danish Degreeas Ph.D. in P;ysohologr, Univereity ot Londont topic: 'The Role of th• Hippooampws in Memo17 Neuropaychologia,• 1977 (?) Interview& Thia account of rq encounter vi.th Dr. Oulton ia based upon two conversationa,one in the Copenhagen llWlicipal railv&J' station, and the other in Hyde Park, London, and upon three letters, one ot which comprised hia •xtenaive revision of 'fll1 original report, to my great d.elight and en- tire ap:iroval. Dr. Oul~on and I disouaeed ma~ matters, including the pre- sent state of the Babi. 1 1 comanmit1 of Denmark, but he would prefer if I were to record on.17 his remarke related to research in paychologr •nd re- lated aubjeote of study. Firat we spoke of the predictions of varioua psychics, aoientiata and religious writera that a planetary conflagration ia i••nent, and Dr. Outlon pointed out that he had heard from a number of indivich1ala the view that th• year 1990 would see gr•a.t commotio:a ill th• world, while others looked to 1984 •nd 1982•. 'I've only dipped into th• á Americ•n, Edgar Cayce,• he wrote me, '••not at all sure whether he is . so11nd but remember hia prognostication on event• in the world which h• saye will begin around 1984 •nd involve dramatic changes in the geograp~ •
of th• world. Not until the 1990• will Ewope 11ndergo a sudden ch•nge. H8Jl1' people seem to inuagin• that 1984 will be a year of sipal events••• Aa a psychologiat I know that the human. mind takea in a great 4,.eal vithout alviqa being aware of what ia being input •. : There ie al~a thel daDger of imitation. even though we feel sure that.it is our very own special intuit- ion. There i8 •stronomic•l, geologioal, and other data on the probabilit7 of earthquakes occuring around 1982, on a scale hitherto unknown to ua. So- lar. winds appsrentl7 can cause earthquakes, •nd ohange• in solar wind• concur vith planetary aligb•nt. Read The JuEiter Etrnff!C\ by Stepha Plage• man, a Cambr.!dg9 phyaictst.• I had brought up this topto u I found a n1•m• ber of Baha'ia, Nev Agere and ev•ngeliatio Protestant• as well u clerical- ly trained Catholics in Europe expectiDg great ''cala•ity11 in the near tu- ture. Am to Dr. Oulton•a research u a psychologist, carried out ill Ens• l•nd prior to hi• pioneering to Bornhola Island, betveen Sweden •nd Pol•nd •Jld Denmark, tram vhioh he returned to England in March1 thence to l•&V"e for South Africa in Jul.7 (on both occasion• I spoke with h:ia onl.1 da7• be- fore he waa du• to leave), I quote traa one of hu letters,. followed by '~)Dr. Alec Oulton •
Interview: cor.m:~nts recalled from our conversations: 'My own research arose out of in- terest in the ~volution of certain b .ál.in ,structures, the hippocampus being pri~ary 3..rea o: concern both because i t iáncreases dra."lllltically in size when animals fir.st invaded the ]and, and áin Yfian this site has been long associat- ed with long term asorage of in!ormaci~~. Arthur Koestler (author of The .S le~uwalkers, ~ogi ~d _Co!!Dtaar, etc.) :...,imself researched in this area, suggesting that there was a part otáthl brain which wae the repodi:ory for current experiences, whi ~h included remembering 1•episodes1' in onef.:: lite, replete with sensory ccá áponente. Other brain parts may be conn t: cte ~ with learning material, i.e., formal memory . I suggested that the midbrain may function to organize episodic memories i~to ti.me and apace coordinates. If the midorain ot epileptics is stimulated, memories ot an episodic nature are evoked but only in epileptics. This brain area also seems to be connected with hallucinations and visions, also the images of dreams, as LSD injected into the midbrain of cats "':"l~oducea ... visions and hallucinations . of LSD which do not occur at other brain sites. so~~, mind and brain are intjmately as- sociated and it seems li.!~~iy that the sou1 experiences, and that these ex- periences are laid down in the phyeical substrat11m of the brain. At death, when the physical instrument is destroyed, it is possible that the sou1 re- tains its own non-material duplicate. This is pure speculation. á~he physi- cal memory in the brain seems connected with electrical and chemical energy but energy itself is not a vary tangible ~oncept ••• The e is no proof ot ge- netic aemory. It is still a logical hypothesis, as I understood it but I finished researching more than two years ago. We know that DNA. and RNA• c ontains memory which enables each cell to ?rogramme itselt. It ia logical that as long as h11man beings have exist;ed, there have been gene.a, and chro- mosomes. What exactly is carried in eai.;h cell, as information from one ge- ner ation to the next, is not known. Be3.d Stanislaus Gret, Den Inre R,!jsa (The Inner Jo_!lrneyt vols. I-III).• Rela:ed to the subject of genetic me- mory, Dr. Oulton spoke ot Wilder Penfield' s 7.fy~_te.!'z..9..i ,~he ~ind, and of Dr. Ruth Brown, mentioned by Tomkins in The Secret Life ot Plants, and related tor its trsnsfoxámative etfect upon contemporary- scientific thinking, The !~o of ?pysics. Dr. Oulton is also interested in alternative medicine, in Kirlian photography (etheric field photography), in research on ether (possibly comprised of energy fields, electro-magnetic forces), and gener- ally in parapsychology. Dr. Oulton intends to continue his research into h11man memor:-," in the future. We discussed the possibility that t.1e collect- ive unconscioua conceived of by Dr. Carl Jtlng 1 the racial heritage implicit- ly believed in by our forebearers and substanoiated in their literature, their arta, their social and even le)'n; al forms, and in their religious con- victions and institutions for thousands of yeare, the cosmic unconscious posited by Dr. Sigmund Freud may have a. solid baaia in cell chemistry, and that the history of 118Dkin<1 may indeed be recorded in the DNA a:id RNA which are then passed on in the sex-cell chromosomes, from generation to genera- tion. Dr. Culton insisted that wi1ile this is an attractive hy::othesis, it is not yet aubstanciated by an irrefutable body of evidence. In his last letter to me, Dr. Ou1ton spoke of his discovery o! an Afril(aaner who 'lived among the chacua baboons and alIáeady laid down everything ....e have spent years researching and he presents a convincing refutation of Freud and I always thought Freud' 8 t heories fallacious. F1~r1etic memory ne maintain.es is what is commonl.y called instinct and tenda to b~ computer-like in its flmC i:: ions . while indivi:iual cause and effect memory ma.Kea its appearance in tr:e ape. The more pronounced individ11al.,. .~ntellii_::ent'' memory, the more b'.lri ed and lees accessible the phyletic but,~ he :~intains that this is what Freud VII. DENl-tARK
4)Dr. Alec Oulton Interview: cal led ''unconscious''. Eugene Marais suggests that the human unconscious is but the same old animal memory which we retain but have repressed. He cites hypnotic experiments which give to humans a far, far greater sensory power than we normally possess, i.e., people under hypnosis pos- sess sight, hearing, smell, etc. which approximates that ot lower maam~ lia and the ''homing'' instinct. The more intelligent the memory, á- the poor- er the sen.sea. Essentially what 'Abdu'l-Ba.hi sa.ys •••A Baha'i here from Canada ia very interested in the study of the family from a Baha'i view- point and has been counselling in Canada (Charles Frindlay), and he is interested in the mind, so we hope to put our heads together. My hope is to conduct research as soon as possible on the African mind, which a position as lecturer at the University of Zul11Jand facilitates •••The hy,.. pothesis is, that an unbiased study of the mind ot different ethnic groups, their potentials, idiosyncraciea, weakness possibly, vill give us that picture of diversity which should characterize our species, showing hopefully the principle of complementarity, and providing at the 58.me ti.me a key to the understanding process across cultures.• Dr. Oulton hopes to set up a clinic in Zululand to study the Zulu family, village economy and the value and purpose of the witch doctor and natural heal- er in family life. He reports giving a talk 'on rhythm, the brain and African muaio to the music department, which I think went down well aa they are interested in the role of the medicine man, visions, and the brain•••Atrican music and its role in the traditional African society was to me much more interesting. These people breathe music and break out in harmony whenever there is occasion to, harvesting, weddings, births, deatba, even in the middle of a university lecture, they suddenly break into beautitul harmonies ••• ' We have not discussed an European Baha'i Studies Associ3.tion-vhat'a the point vhen he's in A:t'rica- {and I knew that he was headed to Africa when we first met in Denmark)--nor an E?\cyclopedi~ B,!lha,•I, for I know that his great contribution will come in the field of psychology and not in that of Bahe If SChOl&rahipe Bah& 1f SCholarS t students Of the Bah&1 'f teachings On mind, soul, spirit and other topics in psychology, would do well to work with Dr. Oulton, •nd he will certainly appreciate all offers of assistance.
Papers and publication•t 'The Role of the Hippoca•pus in Memory Neuropsy- chologia,' 1981 {?) 'Four papers in J!:Ocess of publication.•
áá. VII. OElá™ARK
5)Dr. Fere;r !•m Va!i..can l.UlgU3.gea: Persi3n, Eiiglish, Danish. German Degrees: Ph.D. in Persiar:. Liter- ature Correspondence: Dr. Va..11.man and I were not able to talk in p~rson iur- i.ng J1l:f brief stay in Copenhagen and so what little information iJ cited here ia derived from t1-10 letters and a. Resume sent aince my retl.rn to the United States. Dr. Va~..man ia an Associate Professor in the Department of Indo-Europeen Philolosr-1, :Jniveraity of Copenhagen. ?or five yeara now he has been working to prepare 'a critical edition of the Kiddle Persian (Pah- laá1i) text of Artay l1/i.;a.?; N~g, or a so<alled Middle Persian Divina Com- media. • He points out that this work entails the •transliteration, trans- cription, translation, glossary and cormnentary• of this classic. He hopes to finish this work by the end of this year, to be published by the Danish Academy o! Science ar.d Art,. and then proceed to take up another research project. Dr. Va.liman did not comment on my su~gestion of establishing an áEuropean Ba..~• :i- Studies ~lssociation, i:-ut he wrote. in his last letter that he •wo,1ld be willing _:ai.. ticipate in 1L.1a~ I Encycl5-';_~ iia by eontriouting ar- ticles on different items. But befor:; that I would like to know a little more about the editors, its scopes, et~.á
Publications: 'Diff'9rent artic:..!s in Acta Orientalia, ,Rahnma-:rt!!,__t:j.t~b ~n Iranian subjects.• . J,ms!:id u Khurshid, SaL'1J8Jl of Sawe, critical edition (with Protessor J.P. Asmuasen),Teheran, 1969. ifOahaismus, •• in Il_ _steret re.~igio~pj.~.torie, Copenhagen, 1971. J?i;c~;ḥlt,-e_...Zardus.~~-i, translation of book in Danish entitled ~.9P9.;.~~::,ia.n Relig~~~' Teheran, 197J. Folklore of Kir!1an, Teheran, 1975. A ~JloB;s~ry <?t ''Arta7 W.Y:~ !Jamag'!t Teher~, 1977. Bahaismus, tF in !h.eologische RealenzzkloP.!c!,;!, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New Yark, Band V, Lieferung 1/2, 198 : PP• 115-132.• *Thia arti~le is an excellent example of the potential for cooperation bet- ween Baha'i scholars: Dr. Udo Schaefer and Mr. Peter MUhlschle~el were of invaluable aseiatince to Dr. Fereyd11n Vahrnan in t:á á. research add ~iting of this article, and indeed, it could not have come i :o existence in ita pre- sent form had it not been the collective enterprise of three brilliant, knowledgeable and erudite Baha'i scholars. I do not mean to imply that any of these three is an academic student of the Bahi. 11 Faith, but certain- ly all three have done much research into the subtler details of this ~• ligion, and Dr. Schaefer's doctorai thesis and subsequent writings a.a well •' as Mr. Mtihlschlegel•s many published articles are occupied with Baha'i - top.. • ios. VII. DENMARK
6)Universitetsbiblioteket University of Copenhagen
This library is reputed to be the largest collection o! Danish lang- uage in Denmark. It has an interesting assortment of rare Baha'i-related titles in Danish, German and Erflish. My incomplete list of its contents will be included in. my bibliography, but, for the present, I will cite a á few of the books I discovered in this report: J.E. Eeelemont, Bahi'u'l~3}l og den nye ~i~, K•benhavn, 1932. (Rel. 25990) J.E. Esslernont, Baha'~'llah og q,en n;ye tid, Helaing,r, 1961. (Rel. 25900) J.E. Eeslemont, Baha'u'llah og hans Budskab, translated by Johanne Sirenaen, Kobenhavn, 1926; (Rel.25991) "-ááá á Baba 'u' llah, Ire gla_glis~.. P~.igtb,onner, Overeat fra Engelsk, Revideret efter den arabiske originaltekst, n.t., Hj;rring, 194?. (Rel. 27055) Baha'u'llah, De skjulte ord af Bah&'u'llah, translated by K. Barr from Ara- bic and Persian, Hjpriing, 1948; 2cd edition, 1968. (Rel. 27056) Samuel Zwemer, Islam en troen.s prevesten, ''Islama Sekter, 11 1 Babismen,' PP• 62-63, KS1Jbenh"avn, 1910. (Rel: "16692) Arthur Christensen, ''Babiemen i Peraien, '' Dansk Tidsakrift, pp. 526-39, K-j•- benhavn, 1903. (K. 2770, B•) á á E. Chr. Schebel, ''Babi terne, en Religionssect i Peraien, '' Danek l.fS:,,a.ned!!- skrift, Aargang 1868, Andet Bind, pp. 1-28, Kj;benhavn, 1868. (K., 1769, 8•, II) Henrik Holst, ''Et •aterlandsk Reformationsfors;g,''(Babismen), Ant ~ana~ l-taaned.aakrift, Andet Bind, April-5eptember 1871, PP• 1-36, 148"-b'l';, 209-220, Kj;benh.avn, 1871. (K., 2132, 8•, II) á J. Ostrup,á Islam. Den Muhammedan.5ke Reli ion o dens Historiake Udvikli PP• 1~3-47, Kobenhavn: I Kommission Hos G.E.C. Gad, 191 • Rel., 1 Alfred Frei err van Kremer, Geachiohte der herrschenden ideen des Isla.mst F.A. Brockhaus, Leipzig, 1'368. (Rel. 1b'585) ' á-á ' - : Ignaz Goldziher, Vorlesungen iibe.r den Islam, Heidelberg, 1910. (Rel. 16539) F.c. Andreas, Die Babia i.n Persien, Leipzig und Berlin, 1896. (Rel. 25700) A.J.Wenainok und J.H. Kramers, eds., Handworterbuch des Islam, pp. 69-71, ?3, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1941• (S 2 a, Re!.) á ' Houtsma, Arnold, Basset, Hartmann, eds., Enzy!_tlopaedia de.a I_e~.run, Band I (A-D), pp. 566-68, 595 1 Leiden: E.J. Brill/Leipzig: Otto Harras~owitz, 1913. (S 2, Ref.) Auguat J. Stenstrand, ,Key .to the ~aven .of, the B~J:&D:• A Jhird Call of At~ ie~t:_;o~dor;)he_ Bahai;_sta or Babis_t.s. ;>f Amer.:..ica, Chicago, 1913. Rel. 1 7 . Huseyn Hilmi Isik, The Re]..igion Refor,m~rs_ in Isla"!, pp. 313-316, Istanb\ll.I Isik Kitahevi, 1970, 6th ed. {Rel. 16570]100) The librarians I consulted with, particularly the dear lady in the reading room were more helptul and friendly, and I make a point of mentioning this because those who spend many hours in libraries know full well that atmos- phere is very important, and that librarians go a long way to creating the particular ambiance in which scholars undertake their long hours o! research. Not only did the reading room librarian help me to locate reference mater- ials and card catalogues (there are at leaat two distinct systems by which books and periodicals are catagorized in this library, and, as with all col- lections, it take• one awhile to become accustomed to nev systems), but she made aur• that I had the books and periodicals I ordered almost immediately and that photocopiea were made ot the pages I chose also within áa very short period ot time--no red tape here. I am so grateful. VIII. <£~1
1) ~ ~. Ujo Schaefer Languages: Germa~. English. French Degreea: LL.n •• Heidelberg Univer- sity, Faculty of Law, 195?; topic: 'Die Grundlagen der Verwaltunga- - - i,' 1957. ordnung der Baba'
Int•rviewt á How does one describe the conver.sa.tiona one has had with an intellectual of a superior order, with whom one h:1s had the luxury of spending preoioua parts of ten days, discussions ,:,! tr~n.alation, of review, ot ''c•laznity'1, of old world order, nev world order, Yi ddiah humour, Ebion- ite Chri.stianity, German philosophY and theology, classical mus1a 9 the_mya- tical significance of n11mbera and dates, the work of • nwnber cf Baba' i scholars, plans •ad hopes for the future? I shall d:. ::ry level best, but wbatever . I write vill be incomplete, although not diatort•d, tor this re- pori: hae been carefUlly reviewed by Dr. Schaefer himeelt prior to ita pre- sent publicatiOD. Let me introduce Dr. Schaefer to - these ot you vho are not t•miliar with this giant in the field of Baha'i apologetic .scholarship. Dr. Schaefer ia Senior Public Prosecutor for the Heidelberg region, reapon- .aible tor prosecuting political crimes .and drUg-delinq,uency, a lav aDd or- de man to t~ ., core (and me a foraier hippie, yippie, retel to the_corel). Dr. Schaefer is the author of several books and articles on Baha'i topics. tllO of whioh have been translated from German into English and published 'by George Ronald Preest Dái e Mis~.";1:.~r!t!r-;dene _?~!igica~ ( 1968) u ~.e. L.ignt SA_;;t_eth in f.ar~eaa in 1<???; an~ ?tr ..~'"l&'f i~_den moder.!1:.•n W~li;, l19? ), NCOlld. expanded ~di t ion ( á1981 ) , u --title f orthcomJ.ng-- in 19~2 • . 1-Jret Schaefer has been working aa a Dl9mber of the Germa1\ BahJ.'1 Publ.iBh.- 1.ng Truet for man) 7ea?-s, and moat of the translations ot literature from English to German have paased through his handa. He is a most careful re- Yi•wv of ~atione, h•a an extensive knowledge of the Germa n language .•nd. insiata that only th• higheat (!Uality of translation be publiSbed. Many ot hia evenings and weekend.a ar• spent going over translations ini- tially mad•. by: others wi.th hia editorial eye awake to every detail. 2-Rega.rding . the ''oalami ty••, Dr. Schaefer haa collected considerable in.tor• mation OJI this subject over th• years, and ve apoke openly about it for houra, so that these few notea a.re not representative of the discu.asion-- it would require me a book to convey what áwe shared during those hours. On the Catholic prophec7 regarding the Popes, he citeá articles :;_!l Le Monde and Siiddttutsca Z4lit1i.ruz:., on the Polish prophecy mac.'l in 1901 that there v~u1d be a Poli.ah Pope and that ctnring hie reign thar• would be a catas- trophe. Also, l-lalachiaa, supposed author of the Ca.tholia prophecy on Popes, indicated that the present Pope ia the second to laat, who will live in the time of great tribulation. His Latin name ia,according to the propheC'!" ''de labor• soli.e11 • which means ''from the solar eclipse''• He also BhO\• me a book vri.tt~n by Josef Stocker who point• out on what points Cattoll.c clairvoyaot3 and visionaries agree •nd these include: that the calamity vi11 origin•t• in the F.aat, it will be sudden and unexpr. : ;;ed, t;.-~ere will be_ great battles •nd devastation in their wake; moat eay t . ;.ere will be a th.ree- dAJ-lo:og eclipse of the sun, that if you look out th• vindov you'll die, that beoaue• of poisoning people wil: !lot be abl• to eat, drink, consume ! ooclatuffa, that m•ny prieata vill be ..:illed and t.b&t t~e Church will tri.Jllph alter tbia catutrophe. Dr. Sch.&efel:á q_uoted th• \..ioapel of Matthew 2lt-:22 to the ef!.ct that ''If th••• da1'a wouldn't be shortened the• would be no life left 1• , •nd affirmed that this celami tJ' ia probably necessai')' for tb.e ~1 r II. GEI'~
1)Dr. Udo Schaefer
Interview: survival of the human species, for the old system is spoiling and destroy- ing everything. He has read Ha.1 Lindsay's The Late Great Planet Earth. and is generally impressed with the close correspondence between the conclu- sions of this book and those of Catholic visionaries~ and ot these Christ- ian sources with pilgrim's notes of Bahi•Ia who asked 'Abdu'l-Bahi and á Shoghi Effendi about the ''calamity'' promised in the Writings of Ba.hi' u' llab. He pointed out that what is wrong with Mr. Lindsay's book is that he ex- pecta th.e coming of the new Messiah, the return of Christ at . the end of thia world-shaking event. According to pilgrim's notes which Dr. Schaefer has personal.ly perused, Shoghi Effendi is reported to have _said that the calamity, Comznunism would cease to exist, and that with its decease, a world commonwealth could come into being such aa baa been impossible aa long as international Communism was on the offensive and establi$hed in a number of countries. Shogbi Effendi was quoted by Ruth Moffett as having said that ''the big cities vi.11 be evaporated-leave t hem'', and Dr. Schaefer read her notes and listened to her speak when Miea Moffett visited Heidel- berg on her return troa Haifa in 1954. (Ruth Moffett•s pilgrim notes are published and tor sale, and are entitled Haifa Notes and available from
the Bahit'i National Library of Hawaii, 3264 Allan 'Place, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817, u.s.A.--8o8-595-2?48 tel.) Dr. Schaefer also remembers pilgrim's notes of 'Abdu'l-Bah& and Shoghi Effendi stating that ~Akki would be as- sociated with two events of importance: th• first with the coming or the Messiah, which baa already occured, fulfilled by Bahi'u'llah in 1868, and the second time with the battle of Armageddon, which ia yet to come. 3-Dr. Schaefer spoke at length regarding the signs of the collapse of the old order in German,., ot the anarchism, nihilism and complete lack of moral- ity and religious or ethical principle ot many young people, the complete disregard for law and order, this being mostly the case with university students, the destruction and seizure of public and private property, the inexorable rise of terroriBl'll, the unwillingness of increasing. numbers to work, the iMolence and crime, the wrecking of everything that was noble and refined and praiseworthy !n German culture. He also spoke of' the con- certed attacks upon th• Bahi'i Faith made by selected Protestant clergymen, by Mr. Hutten and his follower, Mr. Mildenberger in particular, and the support given by these individuals through Quell-Verlag, a Protestant pub- lishing . house located in Stuttgart to the publication of Franceeco Fici- cchiaa' Der Bahi 1 fsmus Weltreli ion der Zukun!t? Gesehichte Lehre und !)rganisatioE, i.n_ kri~_ischer An:fra5e,, the recent 1 1 parting ea.lvo of a bitter Covenant-Breaker. In his most recent letter, Dr. Schaefer charao- terisea th.is work aa foll.owe: 'a voluminous book which contains a lot ot errors, misinterpretations, acctisationa and very msl icious, nasty asser- - tions. A horrible bookl ' Mr. Ficicchia is an Italian-Swiss who convert- ed to the Baha'i Faith in Basel, Schweiz (German-speaking Switzerland), and read Hermann Zimmer'a widely circulated book, translated into English as A fr8:udu;ten~ _t,estam~nt deva~uee tl'!,e ]3ahai ,religio..I! ('-1/aiblingen, Germaey, 1973), and then Ruth White's booka upon which Zimmer's was based, and who challenged th.e authenticity of the Bahi•I Covenant, and kept up his opposi- tion t hereto notwithstanding all efforts made to get him to face facts and accept the Covenant ''as is'', until he was expelled from the ra.nk8 of the believers. (See reports on Mrs. Ureul.a Miihlschlegel and J.f.rs. Gita Steiner- Kh•msi for details.) .. . - 4-Dr. Schaefer stated his views regarding ''Bahi•i art'' and ''Bahi' i muaic 11 and ''Bah& Ir teaching''' and these were entirely original and unimitative, and for that reason fresh and . forceful. He affirms that none o! the abo~•
1)Dr. Udo ~chaefer
Interview: exist, that it wi!l take centuries perhaps before a distinctively ana au- thentically Bahi'i art, music, literature. culture will be manifest. Un- til then, we would be fools to descr~~e art, mu.sic, literature or theol- ogy cra.tted by Bahi• fa as ''Bah&' i 1• . '1e is not a c onnoisseur or aficiona- do of modern art, and does not regard the paintings ot any contemporary abstract artist vho happens to be a m~ctber ot the Bahi'I religion aa re- p:resantative of ''Babi' i art''• Nor is he convinc tá ;. that any kind of popu- lar :nusic (whether or ~ot the composers are Baha•is), or of conver~ed Christian hymns ( "ith ''Balli' 1tr lyrics) a od reconstituted folk tunes ( i- - bid.) can accurately be described as ''BahI' i muaic''--on the contrary, he discdrns a greater port.ion ot divine jDspiration i~ the symphonic compo- sitiorus of Gustav Mahl.er. Ludwig Beethoven, Johann Seba.stian Each a.nd Bruclaier, to name a few masters of classical European music• and particu- larly in those of Bruckner. But he does not claim that Bruckner is a - ''Bahi' i composer 11 1 It ia just this--tl:at while we have no distinctive . 'Ba.;:&•I•• music, Dr. Schaefer prefers the monumental orchestral "orY...3 of 18th- 19tb. century E\lropean compoaers. Dr. Sohaefer is 'IUick to point out that his preferences are personal. Personally he prefers repr~sentat~ve paint- ing (he enjoy• the Impressionists ger .~rally), classical arohi tecture, cla.saio&l music (partict1larly Bach and Bruckner) and formal Bab'i'1 lect- ures tailor-titted to the intellectua:. and cultural configuration of the audience; tbe occasion and th• knowledge and cat>&city of th• speaker. A• bove all• Dr. Schaefer is resistant to aJl atte~pta to standardise BahA'i - behaviour in ways not delineated in the revealed atatementa or in the in- spired interpietationa ot splendid and prolitic Authors of t:t.i.IJ F.U .th. I • quote rq l•st letter tram him.1. •My ide11 ia that ther• are aoa long-cherish- - - - ed assertions about th• Bahi'i Faith which are wrongs for iDetance, th• Baha'i re!_igion bas no t:ieologr, the Baha'i religion hae no cult, •nd in the Bah&• i religion there ia no interpre~ation of th• revealed word (in reality: no authoritative interpretation ), the Ba.hi•! religion ia a reli- - gion without dogmas, etc.' In the aw letter h• writea, ''Conoerning Ba- ha'i- th.eologyt Of course ve have a Babi'1 i- theology ae ve bav• tea.chinge about God, reYelation, the messengers, the human being, hie responsibili- ty and ao on. These teachings will be dev•loped over the centuries. But I doubt very much that the Cause of Baha'u'llah vill produce that kindá áot speculation like Christian theology (with its discussiona likes hc>V ám&D7 an~els2can sit on a pin-pc.)int). 1 5-Dr. Schaefer ia no longer writing about Ebionit~ Chriatianity and its ai- . - milaritiea doctrinally to Baha'i teachings, but he cited various sources useful to th• student of this tield (that is, of comparative religion, or of Christi•n sources) including: Hana Joachim Schoepa, a Jewish scholar who vrote on Jevtah Christianity and on Islam; Adolf vou Harnar.ck, Das Califat des .Jacobus; Jack McLean, 'The Deification of Jesus,• published in \;?r,l.d P£<l~r in a cut version of th•_original presented to the Car..adian Association for th• Study of the Bahi' i Faith. (now entitled Aeso::ia:ion tor Babi•I Studies)s Christoph.er Buck, 'The Prophet Adam,' and 'Th.a Lost Cbria!ianity ot Peter,' and other papers. Messrs. McLean and Buck are ~'i scholars who will be diecusaed in my report on North American Ba- ri&' i Studies, t\l be released i;: spr , ng 1982. 6-Speaking briefly of the mye+a1-io1.;. ~ sign.i!icancea of number (also ce1:?- brated in tha Bani' i Writings), _:.--. Schaefer pointed ou:: that many of t..:• ~9th century European composers intended to write more than nine symphon- ies, while most of them wrote only ni"•• 'Th• !ollo~il:lg compose-a vrote /III. GBRM:t\lff
1)Dr. Udo Schaefer
Interview: nine symphoniea: Beethoven, Schubert, Bruckner. Mahler, Dvorak. Wagner did not write symphonies, Strauss wrote 11Sinfonische Dichtungen'', vhich is somethir..g different. Schumann wrote tour aymphoniea like Br~. That composers.. vho .. wrote nine aymphonies intended to write more: there ,. are manuscrl.pta 01 011tlines for a tenth symphony from Be•thoven, Bruck- ner, I..fshler. • Dr • .S chaefer also asserted that Bruckner wrote his •'Te Deum'' ( 1'To God'') 1n. 1892, and that thia waa his last an1 ninth symphony. In 1818 1 the year between the bir: .: o! Bahi 1 u•11ah and th• birtn ot the Bi.b, Beethoven WTote hia laat and .Unth symphon;r • ot vhioh the 1ant move- ment is his i:iyn•n to Joy, with lyrics vritten by Friedrich. von Schiller, ' ~~reude achoner Gotterf11nken••• Seid um.schlungen, Mill i c::etn = embraceá 7e, :iillionsl' ilr'. Schaefer intimated that something other tb•n coincidence ~accident is: operable in this numerical. determination of symphonies compoaed. by 19th century composers, that the numoer nine we.a somehow in- herent in the creative process ot thia century. - 7-TJr.-;Schaefer meu'iioned the naJOea of several Baha ' i $Chola.'1'.'s with whom I waanot familiar, and he vas kind enough to give me their addreeeea and telepbo!:'• munbera so that I might contact them m~r self. 'rheee included1 Pet!i; ~ablachlegel ,., hia 1ong-time friend and co-worker !JD the German Ba- ~' i Pub!ish:ing Trust, author ot many articles on Bahi'i subjects, e~to:r of Bahi'i-Briet•, and writer of a book of aphorisms baaed upon BaM'i •- conomio teaching•; D.r. Itiaan lJalabi, Jordanian Bahi 1 I Arabist, compiling Arabic Realenzyklopaedia based on the reveal~d. vord of God in the Arabio -- langl'.age, Dr. Fdlolleh Berdjiat Ba.ha' i his~urian resident in Ki.mchen1 D'11!i!h Gollmer, •tu Jent of politica'l ecienc• and emplo:Jáe~ o! the Germ•n B•ha' i. Publisá::iing Truati Huah.und Sabet, author of áner eesE!ltene Himmel, . (1967)~ átransá~a.t•d an1~ published by Gec rge Ron•ld Presa - ~~"l En~lish u . The Heavens are Cleft Aminder, 19?5; Schiole Gru.tar an~ Foru.h.ar Khabir- . pour, whom I wee u:oibl.• to loca.t• vni.l.at in Europe and whom I am eager tc:> be_iuforMd about. Dr. Schaefer particularly urged. me to visit Dr. ?!labi,, for whioh,_I •• !tern.ally grat•ftll to h:f m. (See report• on Peter Mubl~legelt Dr. ijalabi •nd Mr. Sabet in thia aeotion; I waa ~1na.bl• to "'~itááá with á Ih'". Berdj,_. on account of hie buay aohedule, and vi t:r. Mr. Goll- .JIU._ Má vu ia the.:proceee of moving trom one acldreea to £.other and so could not be reached.} _8-Dr.á: Sohae~&l' vritu me that 'in the tuture I eure17 will write a trea- t~.•• about the r•lat~onship between law •nd api.rit. The inif-áá mderstanding of that -relation.ship ta áre.epoaaible for .moat of tlw covenant ...brdkera ~ike Ruth .White, Zi111ner, Ficicchis, eto.' Thie ia certa!_nl:r good n•va, u thi.8 probl• vexes virtually a~ l of the Western Babi • ia I have bac:! the ple•aw-e of spe•king with intimately. I-le continues that •At the mo- ment I am very occupied by the reviaion of the '!ableta of Bab'i'u'llah, bT the revision of the h enoh translation, eto. ' 9-In hi.JI exoeption•l generosity, Dr • .Schaefer permitted m• to mk• pho- tocopiM of ..-ioua manuacrip-:s, letters and articles in his poAeuion. Moat o! the• are m•d• available to one •nd all througn my photocop;y ser- vice, vhioh I ba,,-e •atablished vith all of you in mind, and, I uirur• J'OU:t with no thought or int~ntion of personal profit. I have .eo piti!ul.l.y lit- tl• to give you iD recompense for the enormows apiritu.al, intellect,1111 •nd p)qaio•l rionea -yo11 have bestowed upon ::e. There are a nWllbe:r of rare booka •"d man11eoripta in Dr. Sch•efer'• privat• library1 I will mention 0»ly a. veryfew of t .l.eae aa an a.saiat•nc• to those acklolars vho mig~t vieb to correapond with Dr. Schaefer, or to Yiait rith him and conault the~• =teri•lal Page 95 does not exist in original paper VIII.. GE..1X\NY
1)Dr. Udo Schaefer
Inter"Viev: Dr. Hermann Grossmann, Dḥ B,tµldnis G.ott~s .in_ d,er ,9ft:,enbarunga-Relig:io.a, 3aha'i-Graundrisse 1, Baha'f-Verlag, b,rankfurt am }iain, 1956. Dr. Hermann Grossmann, Umbrucb zur Einl1eit, G?t,t, >tensch ~"lei.. ':lel,t ap d~r Schwelle einer neuen Ordnung, August Schroder Verlag, Stuttgart, 1947.} Dr. Gernard Rosenkranz, Die Baha'.f Ein r<apitel .~eu,?eitl.i,cl1,er Reli13ion~;: g_eschichte, Kreuz-Verlag, Stuttgart, !feft 11, Lebenaige ~vissen.scl1aft, 1§4'9. .• Dr:. Jakob Eduard Polalt, Persien, ,Das Land u.n<! Sein~ Bew~hn~r, Erst.er Theil, PP• 348-53; Zwaiter Theil, pp. 246Ji:7; Leipzig: F .A. Brockhaus, 1865. -- 10-Dr. Schaefer related that Dr. Ija.labi ,!1-s;ts written an hi.story of l1t. Carmel in Arabic, and apparently with Dr. ljalabi as hia source he said tb.a.t the car- melites !ire a mendicant order of fria~e of Our Lady of lált. Carmel, founded .. in Syria in 1160 A.D • . He also mentioned that Karl ?~ay, the German novelist (1842-1912), who wrot~ over 72 novels, published one entitled Im Reiche des silbernen Lo~en, around 1860, in which ne mentioned the Babis, probably on -- pages 25-}5. - 11-iie spoke ~epeatedl1 of the importance of Ba.liii•is serving their Faith, this being partic111arly th~ case with believers - who }Ulve accumulated a large store ot Jmovledge, who are dedicated to Baha'i acholat"ship. •1'hs.t is very impor- tant, 1 he wrj.tea, 'not only to give publ.ia talks but to teach on eJl.,- occas- ion one can find at 81.llDDlerschools, conf~rencee, ~eminars, as travel-teacher, etc~ My idell ia that it is noi: the time' now to l>e Qnly a scholar aitting at • desk in~estigatillg very ~tty details ot Ball&'i history, etc. That is the task ()f tuture generations.• '
Pa.~rsz 'Di• Grundlagen der 1~erwa.l.tungsordnung11 der Bah~'l,' Hej.delberg Universitet, Ph.D. dissertatio~, 1957. Publicationa1 - - pie Bapa'i-Relip;!on im Spiege~ c~ietlich~~ Betrachtun5, Der Nationale Geistige Rs.t der Bab&'I in n.utschland e.v., Frankturt am Main, April 1960. pie, Mi~!!6arst~deD:_!, Religiof!, Baba 1 f-Verlag, Frank.turt am Main, 19 • á !h• Light.. Shinat}l in Datj<!le!!,s, George Ronald, Oxford, 1977. Der Bah~' i in deI>; mo.dernen '! felt, Baba' i-Verlag, FrarJkfurt am Main, 1978, 1st ed.; 1§81, 2cd expanded edition. R_!tligio~, J<;ir~he-1, S~kte, Ku.:L,t.? Zur r!!.igi9nageechicht1:,ich~l! Einord.nung der Bah.a' i-Reli5ion.• ,Ba.ha.' i.-Ver1.ag, irank-furt am Main, 1982 (?) The authoritative interpretation of the Bahi'i Writings, or ot anything for that matter ia the interpretation mad• by Be.hi.'u'1.'lah, '~bdu'l..w:?>abJi and Shoghi Eff!ndi. Any ~terpretation made by an individual Balia•i or group of B•hS'is or Bah&li institution (other than legislative interpre- tationa made by the Universal House of Justice, and, under ita supervision the Nation•! and Local Spirit11al Aasembliea) ia relevant only to that in- divid1ial, group or i.natitution •nd ie not binding on others. "2.rhi• i• a typographical error, but I have left it in the terl because I find it ch112á11ing •nd original. ~Dr. Schaeter generousl:J gave me a. cow of th.ia 'tfork bJ hi.a untor. • 1 sm not yet quite sure which will be the final title.• VIII. Gl'2-!ANY
2)Hans Lange, Director Languages: Germ.an .. Arabic, Tempe1gesel1achaft in Deut4chland English freie chriatlicha Gemeindea Degrees: unknown
- . . á !4terview: '!he Tempelgesellechaft ia denominated, in Bab&' i litera- ture, th-. ''<Jerman femplars'•. Thia is the beginning ot errors: literal.17 translated in ord•r to preaerve th• meaning of the original German, Te01pel- ge•l.lr..ebatt. m.ans '''fem:pl.e Soei•t."1''. Dr. Ricbard H.oftmann, Director ofá the Temple Societ1 Auatralia write• in a latter dated 22 September 19d1, ''l'he Ter!7J)elgese11.sohaft was lcown as the ''Frienda of Jeruaal.edl'• m.til 1861. ~n our foundation statement of 18c1 our association vaa c~led á ''De\.; csob•r Tempe1•• meaning ''German Temple''. Soon after -we ca.l1ed. oureel.vea ,,''Tempe1Y;esellachaft1' meaning ''Temple Society''•••The :oame waa chosen with re- . !~•nett to 1-0or.3116-17, Sph.2120-22, 1Pet.2r.5, and other Biblical texta ot a similar meaning. There ia absolutely no connection with the Order of tne Knigl1ta TempUr. • The Templars are an ancáient i.rldependent :á_~rder of Knight• ..moea ch.eck.ced mi itar,-, phil.anthropic and 61Soteric ll~story ci-tee from the 11th century A.D., and bae long since been detunct, s.lthough the átitle of the Order, aomevhat moditied, has been adopted by a number of eso- _.teric sooietiea iJlcluding the intuoua Gr•nd Order of the Knights Templar Oriental_. founded ia. the 1920. b'f P.l~ia'ter Crowl•T, ttl" gie ian and. aor~•r-er • .The Temp.tlJ;$8ellschaft, according to its present GerJl28n Direc~or. Hr. IJsna Lange,• i.5 •n off-l!lhooi.. from the Brudergemeinde, a Protestant pietistic con- . greptiotl e.etabli-1l•d under Royal Charter in 1819 at KorntaJ., a village ánear .Stuttgart. 1h••• pieátista believed in the the second. Co11ting at Cbriat, á áoringic.,; the Kingdom of Goel on earth, e:ḥ..pecti!l8 this to occur in the y11ar 1836 u ClCCOrdinFJ áto the calculatiol'lS oá:' Johann Albrecht Bengel', the Gdrmsn scholar •. :The non.-e-Yent compelled tb.em -.:o adjust their faith to the f'aot. Ho.st. of ~.'tell. did this by returning to the established church doctrines; oth•r• \f•nt th.•U..á o-w. ~-ya.• Some of tW. d.i.aa•ut.era 'left the -.illa.ge around . 1844 ..and •tarted some sort of association, according to some accounts, in .H1d't-5.: Alter 181.a,-.á -.ccordiag to Dr. Hoffmann, bia distiJJguiahed ancestor, .Cuiatop11áHolfmamt,- a son ot the founder of Korn.ta.l himself',•proposed that .tn.:propn- ~ to 0.tter conditions of living vas the Biblical Va:t of ear~ CbriatiNl congregations,. i.e. to form, independently of state and ••r:t church, aPMll, e.,.il.T surveyed, self-administering Christian bodiea, and , to aet up such co!lllunitiea in the Holy La11d, then a province of the a_pparent- :cy- soon eolla.pat.ng -Ottoman regime, firstly to make th• co11ntry more vortb1" i.u. a. \'t\a.te-r-i.al. h'UM o! ite Cbriat.iait h•ri.tage, and aeconcU~ a1.ao to gi'V'• example to others, there and elaewh•re, to cooperate for their mutual good under th• in.epiration of Christian J11otivea. '?his group bec•me known u the 1Tri•Dda ot J•nJ•lem",' whieh ~empelgea•llachatt literature in German language indicated u being tounded in 18'.5, •then •• tn• ''Germ•n 'rerap1•1' and soon aftervard.9 •• the ''Temple Society••. á It tried to enlist the ano• of the Gern-ea government for its project, but in vain. The Catholio •••iat- and Pr-::>teat•nt ohuroh•• retu.d h•lf mainly tor dogmatic reuona. In th• end the Society had to go it alone. In 1868, Christoph Hoffmann a.nd G. n. Hed•gg, l.ef'\ far Pal.e-ine vi.th thei.r fdili••• four wl.1 'femp1w . •ttlemente were e•t•bliehed ou after the other under great initial herd- .á . •hip at S.i.ta, Jaffa. Jaroaa and Jarueal•; tvo hr'Cher zsettle•nt• at tlil• ,helma •nd Beth.le~• followd amoh. Iat•r; variou Templer• had .eettled at H•ureth, Tib•rill•, in the plaia ot A.ere, and el•ewh•r•. The ntt1era r• 1 •
. t•ined their 0.1 11•D lenguap 1 cuetOllSt and n•tionalit7 9 both ut1.der t~e Ot• VIII. GERl.fANY
2)Hans I.ange
Interview: toman regime and the British Mandate.' I think it essential that I point out that the Templers, members of the Tempelgesellachaft, were for all in- tensive purposes Unitarians, regarding Jesus Christ as a man, an inspired and divinely guided man, a prophet, not a.a the incarnate Son of God or God Himself, and that they moved to Palestine ready and willing to live with people ot various faiths without trying to convert them to the Temple Soc- iety' a brand of practical Christianity. Dr. Hoffmann writes that •Mr. G.D. Hardegg was the leading Templer personality at Haifa.• In 18?1 he received - word that a group of Persians waa resident in 'Akka, and he requested an audience vith Babi.'u'llah, the reputed chief ot this group of eruigres. He was denied this request but met 'Abdu'l-Bahi., eldest son ot Bllha•u'llah, - and it is apparently trom 1871 that the relationship between the Tempel- gesellschaft and the Bahi •is ot 'Akki and Haifa became established. This Society has been, since its inception, Unitarian and humanitarian and not Adventist. Dr. Hoffmann writes, 1 Te~plers are not connected with the Seventh Day Adventists.•á The leadership !_mputed to a certain Leonard Kelber in Ba- - ha'i literature--written by Baha'i believers, not from authoritative sources as far a.s I know- ae well as the claim that the Templers are Adventists and emigrated to Haifa ill order to await the coming of the Lord ''in the glory ot the Father'' at the foot ot Mt. Carmel seems to be mistaken. This is - certainly a scenario plea.sing to Bahi 1 is• but it seems to be untoun.d ed, in short, it proves to be fictional. Dr. Hoffmann vrites, 'I cannot identify ''Leonard Kelber''• There was a Mr. Fritz Keller. Keller and Kelber might be one and. th• same, but Fritz and Leonard are certainly indicating differ- ent persons.• _Dr. Hoffmann kindly offered to help me find Mr. Keller. As fer .. . , I fo1md on1y one trace-I discovered that a Leonardá Kelber had writ- ten a book published in Stuttgart in 1844, but I could not locate a copy ot the book• and I don't think I was even able to !ind the title! I certainly can't find it right now. If any ot my read.era simply do not believe my ver- sion ot this story. I invite you to begin by locating Mr. Keller, then pro- ceed to read Christoff Hof'fmann's Oceident und Orient, published in 1875, the definitive statement of Temple Society theology, and see if you can find anything even faintly Adventist in thie thoroughly Unitarian text. A copy of thia work has been deposited in the Afnin Library, in care of Dr. Koojan l•tomen, along with introductory and historical literature given me by Mr. Lange. When I asked Mr. Lange wey ''Der Herr i.Bt t{ahe'' was inscribed in the door lintels ot the Haifa settlers, he explained that many ot the á Templers inscribed such Biblical phrases over their front doors, and that, in an:y case, it was their conviction that wherever there are godly men and women living a life of service to each other and to their neighbors, there ''Der Herr ist Nahe''. After al 1, didn • t Chri.tSt say that ''wherever two or t1ore of you gather in my name, there am It•? Now to tell the story ot my meeting with l1r. Lange, as it may amuse some ot you. On April. 51 1981, a Sunday afternoon, after attending a Christian com- munity (Rudolf Steiner, Anthroposophical Society) m.orning service in a la- vender and pink chapel, a tx-iend and ! wandered over to the Tempelgeaell- schaft in Stuttgart, a pleasant tram ride and vaJk away. Mr. Lange was introduced to ua after we had listened to the last fifteen minutes of the SUll<iay me•ting, and ve vere invited for coffee and cakes !or which we stayed with pleasure. My friend and I were rather mystified tor we had imagined that the 'remplara would be an esoteric society, and we were all geared up tor diacussiona of a peculiar sort, while we found ourselves in the midat of _a collection of elderly, vell-dreesedt gentle, warm, soft-spoken, straight- forward German burghers, without ~ pretension.a to hidden knowledge, or to • VIII. GER?1ANY
2)I!ans Lange Interview: special prerogatives and powers. We were disappointed and relieved at the same time. Right then and there both myself and my friend were made to feel at home, questioned gently but with genuine eagerness as to our philosophies and vocations, and assisted solicitously in our first attempts to demyati• fy the Tempelgesellschaft and find ourselves on some firm footing. Mr. Lange showed me several articles and books, and invited me to return in a couple of days when he could be properly prepared to talk with me for as long aa I might require, as well as to supply me with whatever documents I needed. Upon my return, on a Tuesday morning, Mr. Lange told me something of his boyhood days in Haifa. At that time, in the teens of this century (Mr. Lange is a septuagenarian), only 2% ot the Haifa population were Jewish--Dr. Hoff- mann differs with Mr. Lange on this point, writing that •2% ot Jews in the teens of the century in. Haifa appears to me too low. When you are next in Israel you can find exact numbers in the Haifa archives, I think.' How de- lightful, hotJ kind of his to assume that I have already been in Haifa and th.at I will surely be in Haifa in the near tuture!--and over 9C7J6 were Arabs. He remembers that there were some Orthodox Jews in Haifa at the time. The Ottoman government was notoriously negligent in supplying public services-- there was no reliable water supply, and so hygienic conditions were general- ly deplorable. The German Templers brought with them som• degree of techni- cal competence and some trappings of material ci~ilization from back home, so they" were able to be of assistance to their neighbors. They were pioneers having much in common with other coa1n1unitiea ot Germans who settled in Amer- ica during the same period. Their aim waa to help their neighbor.es and to provide an example of Christian behaviour. The structure of the Tempelge- sellsehaft colonf was somewhat like that of a modern-daJ Israeli kibbutz: membera could hold private property but each gave what he could, each sacri- ficed for the community as a whole, for the establishment of a school, com- munity hall, and other community facilities. Their theology waa basically Unitarian and humanitarian, as pointed out before; Mr. Lange remarked that at one time there were four varieties of Unitarianism situated in Haifa: Orthodox Jews, German Christiana, Muslims and Babi•Isl Aa a child, Mr. Lange recall.a the visits of 'Abdu'l-Bahi to the colony, of the tall man dressed in robe and turban vith a long beard who gave coins to each of the children, who loved all the children. Besides this he remembers nothing about the Bahi•Ie. He also remarked that the Carmelites had a monastery on Mt. Carmel. - Mr. Lange was most eager to be of assistance to Bah.& 1 i scholars interested in studying the connection between Baha 1is and Templ&ra in Haifa (and else- where), and he has proven himself to be a man ot his word. In 1978-8<> he corresponded wi~h William Collins, head librarian of the World Centre-Libra~ ry of the Bahi'i Faith, and at the request of l-lr. Collins the Library was sent copies of the following publications: Beilhars Chronik; Alex Carmel, Die Si~4,lupg!!n._der wilrtt_embersischen Te9ler ip Pai!i;ti.n~ 18b8'~1,2.18; ''Denen, die una vorangega.ngen Sind, zum bedenken, 11 Deutsch FriedhSfe Haifa und Jerusa- lel!l; Karl Bitzer, •1Ruckschau ins Gelobte Land''; ''Wenn's aua blanem I1jmmel regnet'1 ; G.D.Hardegg, ''Kurzer Abriea der Geschichte eine Sekte unter den Mu- hamedanern in Persien1'' No.29, 20 July 18?1, pp. 113-14; ''Die Sekte der Ba- bi in Pereien,~ No. 48, 30 November 1871 1 PP• 191-92, SUddeutache Warte ••• (Tempelgesell.Scb.aft) I ''Memories of Haifa and the Baha'i in the past and now,•• #385, ~ 19?9, Tpe Te;upler Re~ord 1 Temple Society. Australia. What follows ia a listing ot materials for the study of the German Templers in Haifa (and elsewhere), which may make mention of some sort of contact between the Templera •Dd the Ba.ha 1 fs; this liet is compiled from tour sources: From' the Archives of the Teinpelgesellechatt in Stuttgart 9 generously sh.own to me by dear Hr. Lange; trom the Landeabibliotek in Stuttgart; from the VIII. GE.:?á!A4"1Y
2)Hana Lange
!ntervie•o11: Staatsbibliotek in Stuttgart; trom the footnotes and appendices and texts of Dr. Alex Carmel (these do not include the above-mentioned materials 9 copies of which are kept in the World Centre Library): ''ffachricht au3 Palastina, '' #26, 29 June 1871, p. 101, Surideutache ~á/arte ('r) ''llaehrieht aus Pala.stina, '' #12, 21 ?fareh 1872, p. 46, ~ud.:ieutscte á.la.rte (T) ''Die de11tsche Pals.stinapolitik 1871-1911t., '' J'~hrbueh d.es !r.stituts fur 0eutsche Gese~ic~te, Band IV, 1975, pp. 205-55, Dr. Alex Car~el. (L) Pa;~:..;.:.r-.a. A:arabiel!_ ,~.:id .3yrien, Karl Grober, PP• 190-99, Berlin-Zwáich, 1925. (T) 1'-!f_Sasa ot I!.,~i.f,!1 ,9ity ..o.f.. C~mel, Reuben Hecht, pp. 69-87, Haifa, 1968• (T) !3ibla wavs in Bible lands, M. Holbach, PP• 4-t., London, 1912. (T) JPJ:v~~eletá r/;5, 1S'85r?P:-221-29), cited p. 138, Carmel, Ge,sch,!.ch.te • .!. (?) Ge~chJ.:_c~.te ljaif'~ in d.e.r, t~~isc.hen ~t?it. 1,,516-:.1218, pp. 22-30, 1~-~ 1 (L) C:c. Alex Carmel. Ist die Bibel die ~11elle der Gotteserkenntis, Christian Rohrer, c. 1930.(T) ,!!a.l;istina-Ch;ro~i:.__1'" 5,3 ,bis _1 ~. Ulm, 197v 1 Dr. Alex Carmel. (L) ~ḥ1 ~~l-u-J.t}U!.d~r~.. d.e11t.~_9h«!r kat,o+j.s~h;•r P!J.Q:stin~!1Ji.ai:-io!1 ( ~~2já1222~-' ( ) Kohn, 1956. Valmar Cramer. L Remi.ttiscenees o! Mr.a. Finn, ..,_ u tm • r " - t • i • London/Edinburgh, n.d., Elisabeth Anne Finn.{?) p~tse:,_:i~ Ev!£.,6!lisct..e. ~~l:.iiat"Yl~issipn, Erlangen, 1971, Sieg.fried ( ) l~anselmann. L ~e ~si~-Pr~..senc4!. ,in, ~;ytia an<!_ Palestyie 1~4}-12.14, Oxford, 1969, Derek Hopwood. (?) British Interests in Palestine 1800-1901, Oxford, 1961~ A.L.Tibawi. (?) Do!i.upten1;~":( !1B;ter_i.al in J\_ust!i.8:,n ,!Jlg qerr1'Jlll ..Arel!ive~ f~l~tihg t~ ,?..~l~st,i;ne _duriJ!6 .th!, P;!riod. o.f_ Ott9r.u;tn ,_i.~l.!,, Hebrew University, 1975 1 Dr. Alex Carmel. . (L) 'l'he German Set~~ers in Palestine and their relations with the local Arab ..Oo..2:ilation áand-the- jeWi.8h c"Ommuni1;y á1868-1"918; Iiebrew
w I
!rniversity, 19?5, Dr. Alex Carmel. ,2 iJl German; 1 in English) (L) pie Ges~hichte d~s TemJ2!1s, Stuttgart, 1899, Frie-:trich Lange. (L) I paid a quick visit to the Briidergemeinde in Korntal one morning, and the director of that community, that congregation, who could not speak a word of Eng1i.sh, nor I a word o! German, recommended that I read the following book to receive an accurate historical aeeount of t~eir society: Die Evann-elische Bride -emeinde Korntal, WurtteJDburg, 1964, Fritz Gr12nsweig. Staatsbibliotek: A J14o)
T =Tempelgesselschaft. L = Landeabibliotek. = ? Location unknown. I want to take this opportunity to thank Dr. t~oaien for aalcing me to visit the Tempelgesselsohaft in Stuttgart on his bebal f, l~. 1-~nge for extending his hospitality and offering his assi:itanee, and Dr. Hof!:nann for writing me to correct and amer-.d the text of tl::!.a report, and offer .:.ng to answer any further questions I might ha..re. 1\t the written request of Dr. Momen, Hr. Lange sent va::-ious pieces of litera~"..ll"e regardini';' tl-;e !l'emplers to be entered into the Afnin Library, and onl.Y Dr. :..fornen. would be in possession ot the complete list of materials he has ~ollected for his research on Pa- lestine during the lifetime of Bahi'u'llah, and His residence in 'Akka and Haifa anái thereabouts from 1868 until 1892. VIII. GERMANY
3)Huechmand Sabet Languages: Persian, English, German Degreeai unknown
Interview: Kr. Sabet ia a very busy buainesemant with two enormows warehouses in Stuttgart and Koln, and aa Treaaurer of the National Spirit~ 11al Assembly ot the Bahi'ia of Germany far around twenty years.. He ia not writing at preaent and ha.a no present plans to do so, nor doea he regard himself •• a Btha'i-- scholar. Nevertheless, Mr. Sabet waa moet helpful to me, ansv•ring all ot my questiona iA detail, entertaining me at hia place ot buaineaa, bringing me to lunch, and inviting me to his lovely home on Robert-Bosch-Straese, on one of the bills overlooking downtown_Stuttgart, tor a reception in honor of Dr. H•shmat Laaly, a Persian Babi'i and profea- 8or now resident in Canada and tormerly a student for many years at the U- niversity of Stuttgart. _Altogether, especially in view of hie pressing bus- inese coaitmente, Mr. Sabet epent much more time with m.e than mere polite- ness. would have dictated aod I am moat gratetu1 tor this. The i'ollowing account ia baaed upon our converaationa and was reviewed by Mr. Sabet pre- vious to ite present publication, vith hill making a tev corrections her• and there. Regarding sources- for th• atu~ of Germen Babi'l history, Mr. Sab•t- stated that the diariea of Alice Schwa.rs, one ot the earliest German Baha'is and a resident of Stuttgart are preserved in the Nation•l Bahi'I Archives in Langenbain (aee report) which are not 1•t organized and so tinanilable tor the uee of eoholare. Mr. Sabet asked that someone like m:rself •who knova - the value of Baha'i archives end how to organize them ao that they can b• uaeful. to eohol•r•, work with a Germen Bab&'l to bring aome order to this large reservoir of •terial. Bertha Bop, the mother of Annalisa Bop, Con- tinental Co11naellor and member of th• Internation•l Teaching Centre in Hai- fa, and Bruno Bauer, also one of the tirat Germen Balii•Is, both live in •n old peopl•'• home in Stuttgartt and Mr. Sabet agreed with me that they should be interview•d on tape before they p es to the next world, but that
•ith•r a translator would be neceue,.,.- (in my case) or the interviewer w.uld have to b• nuent in Ger-n. Both Mrs. Bop and Mr. Bauer met 'Abdu'l- Bahi when he vaa in Stuttgart in 1911, an.d ~ have recei vecl Tablets from Bia and from Shoghi Effendi. The Stuttgart Bah.A' -i Library, vhich undoubt- •dlf b•• valuable documents ia it• collection, ia preeerved in the Schveit• zer hou•• 1 whoe• caretaker ie Hra. Komorik (879058). For permiaeion to uae thia Library, pleaise telephone or write th• Secretarr of the Stuttgart r&, whoa. Jl.Ulllber (at present) ta 68148<>. . Mr. Sabet explained that 3er•ane do not bUf book.a, that bo<lU b7 authors of atanding 1 ot excellen'l" reputation even are selling fever and fewer cop- i••t that it ia i.mpoeaib.:. . ~ to sell Baha'i literature in book.etorea beca11ee it coate more to mflrket such uteriala in thia way th•.n to give them &wafl Right now German publishers are losing money on publishing q11•lit7 booka, making money aelli11g pornography, thrillers, pop literature. He aaye Ger- roans are spending their mon.,- on poaaeaaiona •nd on alcohol, ánot booka. Baha•ie don't sell book.a, they gin the• away. Beaidea thia, tr•na!ation ot B•bi1 1 texta into Genun ia a difficult challe~ for this Bahi'i com- anmity beoawse their •tandardll are very high, they want th• very beat •nd thie take• time and expertise. He •eked that I recommend the n•mea of tr•nalatora end r•Yib•r• vho live outaid• of G•rn!A:PJ. and vho flJA7 be qu•l- itiecl to•••iat ill thi• difficult vork. (AJJ7 Yolunt••r•? Or will I have to fi1J•b you out?) Asked bi• opinion of what topic• B•ha•I acholar• should addreu th91118elv•• to, Mr. Sabet stipulated that in the composition of hi.a VIII. GE~«NY
J,, á .:schmanc1 Sao et
Ir..tervievt book, n,r_$8!JJ?'!.~!!Pe Himme\ (196?), translated aa The Heaarens are Cleft Asunder, 1975, he án-ot9 aa a merchant rather than a scho.Lar. In the 19~1s he made a series of lectures, ;.1hich ;-,_ ~ waa urged t (:: vork into a book. •In thia book .b.e brought togeth~ár- what he thinks the Westerner' (and partict1larly the German)' ehould 1' ~ov about the world, ~bout Chriat- ianity, and the Baha'i teachings. Aa _1.ir teaching ot unity ot religioll6 can be misinterpreted by some people, '''no say, •'Ok~, we will try to be true and real Christiana, •••(he include;i) 'the chapters about Christiar.i- t~, t,, snow why re15tauration ia impossible. 1 He thought about what people e:oc...t1d him a]rea~ were familiar vith and what they do not understand i4 O!"der to bridge the path from i~noran~• to knowledge ot the Bahi 1 I Faith. Mr. Sabet stated that scholars have the opportunity and the ca- pacity to sense the ten.or of sooiety, ~á : 9 pulse, the ebb and flow, and that they should. write in order to convey !acts which are suitable to that tenor. Theá normal reader agrees vith you from the start, so say it right and they vill agree to the end. Don't ask questions, provide ta.eta because facts are universallv acceptable and not controversial. He doea not thini~ that there are a:-4á:- ;>ar:icular topics á.1hich are more important than others and he says t . á: á. á_,e need writers ~o write in all different aorta of styles and on all questions, that they must be free to write aa they viab, that there can never be enough pampheta and cook.a, á and that ve need a multitude of introductory books on the Bahii'i Faith to chooseá from rather than jwst bav!.n.;.~ one or two alterDatives. :-Ie en- courage• theá writing ot Ba.ha' { liters:cure of all kinds, says that reviev of text. vritten by Bah&'f authore can be a problem, that. censorship ia harmful, that encouragement is neaded nov, not suppression. E~ suggested áthat a group of scholars review bc'Jks, in manuscript before t :1.ey are sent - to the variows Publishing Trusts and Reviewing Committees for cc~sidera- tion. W'nen asked what the priorities of the Bah&' i scholar anci Bahi' i - coa1m11nity are at present, Mr. Sabet stated hia viev that Baba' i scholars c•n have a large infiuence on Babi 1 f oomnunitiea, a big :-:and in the Third World, and that he has experienced this t ::ááom hie own travel.sJ that there ia eo much peeaimia• in the soul of the European that they are not reoep- tive to new truths but that this ie not true of the Third World peoples. He suggested that ••ery European and American Baha'i travel-teach in th• Third World, eepecial1y the scholars, for . they will be much encouraged by what t. ': ey experience there, t ::at they will have a nev perspective on. the Faith when they return. What does the world moat need to heL:á from the Bahi• is? Not the Bab••i social, economic and politica1 poeiti,'."áOS á - these are the f.ruita of a long period ot evolution and of Bahil'i Civili- sation, the work ot the seventh g9neration, not ot the first. (May I re- mark that i f w are among the first ~!neratio11 of Ber...i' Ia, and now •P- proaching the 140th year ot the Baha á . ._ Era 1 when will the seventh genera- tion eozne into being? In the year 840 Badi 1 ? Perhaps .-ir. Sabet vill be proved correot but that seems a very lr.>ng vay a~ tu mel) Bab.a•la muat teach the , apirit,1al principles now, they l!lWlt not be c!feril4; a_2Cial pro• gr•ma but reaping soul.a. It ia im:;>oaeible to establiab a ~ha'i buainese at thia tim•--Hr. Sabet baa seen variows attempts m•de, 1!.:.:d all have tail- ecl•--4?" : if Bebi•1.a focws th9ir ene-:- :.~ on thi!:t eart ot p:-ojeot thsy muat teaching and prool.aJU.tion. Every 1:id.ivid11aJ in. ~ia choaeu pro- _ nag-.a~;; f•••ion ahould. endeavour to menifeat Behi'{ prinaipl.ea in bi• work. B•hi 1 i buin•• im !Id a eel.f-oontained system, it can not áextat in a non-Bahi''l VIII. GERMANY
3)Huschmand Sabet Interviews world. When ••lced about the possibility ot sponsorship •nd patronage ot scholarly work, of artiate ud other creative professions within the Ba- - lii.' i community, Hr. Sabet eaid that this should be proposed to the Gerun NSA., that it should be operated entirely within. the pale of the Bahi 11 Ad- ministrative Order, tor otherviae it could be dangerous and harm.fu1 to tu Babi'I community, that ia if it were to grow independent of the community •• a whole. Pirat the acholers ahould come out with some well-defined •ad caretul~-conaidered propoeala and then subm~t theae to the German NSA. When we dieouMed the prospect ot reviYiDg travel-teaching in Eur- ope, Mr. Sabet said that thi.e vill take place only under the following con- ditionaa 1. It the speaker ia a fiuent speaker of Ger••n or it he or she baa a o~tent átranslator so a.a to be well understoodJ 2. If the speaker un~rst•nda . th9 . German mentality •nd epea.ks to it--in Europe audiences van\ r.iohne• of QOnoeption and langl:a.age, they want to be introduced to á. Xl.....trutha, not , jqt made to . tee1 good aa i.n the Uni~ed States; 3• If h• .or an• b,., .. good.. Cl\Jtlitie• ae a person and u a Bahi' i teaoher, for other- 'f].se. th• .. '~aeeker-.á vill not return to learn more about the Faith: they
áa.i-e . alr.ea~ ..'bua:ri. •ad c•n't afford to waste their time. When asked about tha poaaibil i tJ' of. holding conferences tor Bab'i' f studies in Europe, Mr. Sa~et: aaicl tba• ,á 1f:áá q'3&].ified lecturers with adequate training and academic ~ding .OQ . b' á_?;~oaaaended to the NSA. of Ge~ there . ia a poeaibilit7 of some conferencea being organized. In bis home. Hr• . Sabet. h•• 'altogether fifteen original Tablets of Bahi'u'- llah, tourteea iQ t• handwriting of secretariea and one ia written in the .h•ndá ,:11. Bahi~\\. 1 11-a , .Himael.f.' Thie last of the aet is addressed to Kuvaq- q~-Dawlih•: tu father of Hand of the Cause H.M. ~1 1 and ia beauti- ~q :illwai1"8t-4, :•nd he purchased this Tablet from some non~Babi)Ie liv-á iDg in. Israel and quite recently.
~blioatiotml.'/ ~r" es:e!.ltene I{j.m~el, Stuttgart: Verum Verlag, 1967• . Th• Heavens are Cleft A.sunder, Oxfords George Rona:1d, , á1 975, Englin tramslation ot firat book. á J"ar..g;1age3: Per:.;i.an, Turki3h, Italian, Engl:~~, GerTBn, ~árenc!1 Degreds: Ph.D. in Elect :á :_ cal Enginee~ing, Univt~sity jf Stuttg=:i:-t
Interview: Dr. A.§....hri! and I -::;::t at an evening :~atheri.:.1g hosted by á !áir. Sabet on April 6, 1961, in hone : of Dr. tlesh.mat <aly, a .d thereafter \we met aP,ain at the University of .S tuttgart and sp~: . m aftarnoon talking together. }tost of the time ve spent conversing was devoted to we ~ld soc- ial and economic problems and the solutions proposed ~or these pr~clems by Islar.tic and Baha'i writings. Recec~ly Dr! Ao}raf .'.'las read Nagju~_al~ 3ali.'i!: ( .>, 1,:-á'.J-'! .... !....~ ái ttributed :o 'Ali Ibn Abi Talib (~<á, _,,_l .J--) by Persians traditional!::- . and he askc;d me to find 011t from profcl ~Z or A- á lessandro Bausani, whom 1-:.e knew from previous residence_in Italy, which is the best copy of this work as well as sources for Bahi•i views on econo~. (See response of' Dr. Ba11sani in his report, Italy.) Dr. Il).Ban !:{alabf, whom I interviewed subsequently, in Bad-:'i;rgentheim, has a copy of this work a- long with a twenty volume commenta.r:r on it, both of them i~ Arabic,_ and he regard.a r~!hjul al-B,!114 •;, as the m'1st i.'1!"Dartant work ot 'Ali Ibn Abi ~alib, whom he looks upon as the •grandfather o f scientists and interpreters in Islam•, this b<!,ok being a collection of the ~d,ith ~1ttributed to r. . im. Nei- ther Dr. ijalabi nor Dr • .i3auaani co~1ld recommend one edition of the _book over B:,nothe::-. 1 However, both of th~se Arabists cited Risilih !l,~á~.:1niyyih ( j,1l~ á>° ~ ~J ) , by 'Abdu' 1-Ba.hi, dated 1875, as the major source !or Baha'i pers!)ectives on political and social economy. Thia book ~.as trans- lated as The .t-1ystt?rious t:,oree.~ of. ~~ i~;.áilization in 1910, by ~ohanri.a Dawd, and as The Secret ot Divine Civilization in 1957, by Marzieh Gail. Dr. Dariuah Ma':uiit of Perchtoldsdor~, Austria copie~ ovgr 30 pages of extracts fr~m ~aha'i Scriptures on the subject o! Economy, ~ 11 in Persia, and these will I will make available upon demand. Dr. A§_hrat :.ientioned a ::á:-iend of his, a Zoroastrian Persian, with Ph.D. in economics who would li..á=:e to study ~á i economy from or~ginal Persian and Arabic so~.l!"~ea. Her nBl!l<? is Dr. Rul].iyyih Riizbeni, and she is currently at the Univeruity ot Hei: ..d..i.oerg, Werderstrasse 36, Heidelberg; he asked that materials be sent directly to her at . this address. Dr~ á A~if and IE. RUzbehi we ~á '! sent invitations to rri:f June conference on Bahi.1 I Economy at Gourville, £ranee (see report), but did not respond. ~Jevertheleas, i ! a.."'ly of ,-ou have material other tna.'1 that mentioned above pertaining to B,i1Ja' i Economy 1 ple~-= . contact Dr. Riiz :-«~.ai or myself (as I will forward materi~l to her, and a l so I am compi:ing a collection of literature on the sutiect for use in an up..coming ~~nference). Dr. Aehrif and I conceived the id~a of a conference on Bahi.•i Economy--to -which he could not attend-and sooe of the issues ,.. e hoped to bring tlp for discussion included the following: All the social, political, economic and religious questions which confront the student of ec~nomics and of e- conomy, every b~ :ainessman, every administrator, accounta.nt, 2.a.:.,: rer, poli- tician, every ~: Jusewife, and, most importantly, every working ~an and ~O man ( proletar:.ans and peasants to u.se -che out~oded technical vccat :~lar~r), such as: ~4a.rxism, socialism, cooperativi.3.r.i, capitalism, fascism, revolution, reform, ~iberalism, conservatism, bourgeoisie, proletariat, pea3alltry,_ aristocracy, inflation, ~mployment and unem~lo::""?lent, recession. iná: iustrial slavery, wage slavery, 11nions, strikea, stock c:u-kets, curr á~ :"1c á~ es, to name but a very few--to discuss Baha'i teachings as they relate to all Jf the above. Dr. Ashraf was particularly keen that we discuss the gap ábetween theory and practice, in all of the above systems and within the Bana. 1 [ com- VIII. GERMANY
4-)Dr. Farshid Ashraf
Inte11views ~ity. He pointed out that economic disparity, the extremes of- wealth and poverty, besides being unequitable, engender d.i.sunity--bad feelings and poor relations between people. Dr. A§.brat and I discussed the theor- y of religion aa spiritual revolution, and of this revolution aa perpe~- á tual (we are not Trotskyite Bahi•Ial), as a etate of permanent change, of continuows movement, inexorable, clockli.ke, that no moment can be frozen, preserved as is. We spoke of some of the waya that the econo- mic implications of the Bahi: 1 I spiritual revolution can come into focua and __be rea1ized more fully, and Dr. A!_hri.t agreed that we must encourage sharing and kiDdness, that we shou1d not make people unhappy tor this is no solution, and that if blame must be placed, activities rather than individuals should come in for the criticism. He and I found that we both felt that th• battle against injustice and ignorance must no longer :be áfought ..onlyá within our own so11la through desperate self-destructive guilt and,ádenial. and aelt-imolation but that it ahould be brought out into th• .open, .ah•red with others, and that instead the spiritual power of truth and faith should be channeled into •meliorating the living con- ditiorus of th•á vast mass of mankind, for spiritual potency ia far more powerful. and etticacioua than &n:f materi•l f'oree, and a spiritual revo• lutionar1 JllOVement far more compelling than any materialist movement. For those of you who are alarmed by this kind of t•lk, let me assure you that it ie onlyá talk, and that we are not proposing that Babi•ia group together and force their ideas on other people, or establish armies ot . epirit12•l á liberation, or anything political or economic, not at all. We . are auggeatingá.á. tbat Beba 1 ia rethink their preconceived notions of Econo- mio order and law, and open their minds •nd hearts to th• spiritual and eooial needa of. humankind and to the spiritual and social principlea of the Ba.bi.'{ Faith, which explain hov these needs may be fulfilled. á á Aa Dr. A!brif'a entire interest seemed to be abeorbed b1 current events . •nd social problems, we did not speak of a Babi 1 i Studies Aaeeoiation, nor an Encxclo:ea~ia. Babi•I.
5)Dr:. Itaan IJalabf LaJlu""UB.ges: Arabic, German, Eng- Klingen\'t'eg 6 lish, Persian, French Bad-Mergentheim Degrees: r~. D. 6990-Stuppach (07931-43284) Interview: Report held over until next edition for corrections. VIII. GEl~"'iY
.. 6 )Peter . ~uh ls .~gel . an~ages: G erma~, English, • ~r~nch, Persian .!.)agrees: Di.pl.-\/oL"-':sv. i!l Econo- •• mica, Universitv of Tubingen
Intervieá,w: ~1r • ..:\nd t{rs. Muhlschleg&._ most kindly received :ne into their converted schoolhouse count~y horn~ in the Odenwald for a couple of .f ays in the third '.tie~ ~<. .Jf April 1á)81. á..i iven the mu1titude of ~...:-. MUhl- sChege! 's interests a~d my endles3 penc ~ant for qudstioning, my fathom- less curiosity, t-1e t::lked of at l~aat one hundred topics outsi :.~ ? of the perameters of' Bar.a' i litudies. He ha.3 -.1 t~emendous and contagiot;.s enthu- siasm for :Jerman and Roman history, :.u_d for German literatu.:-e, an.i this pride in his á á11eland, in his natiá;~ 'c1..0lture is not the least l,it ethno- centric, but rather fully compatible with his broad and coscopclitan uni- versalism. ~ere f ollav sor.e of the topics we discussed: 1-Ernut J ieselt son of Rudolf Diesel, the inventer and himself a philoso- pher, designed a diagram of the prog-r-~ss • •• of scie~ce and especially of teehno~c~ical invention, and :1r. Muh~~~hlegel recalls that the t"Urning point in this graph, of this curve, ~s t~e year 1844. He coulJ not re- call where he saw this diagram. . 2-The Arabic word !or 1 'Economice'' means ''Oecumenics'' { '--->~~ ), and he - - recommended that Bab.a' is uae the terms of the Barui' i '#ritings, the ori- - ginal Arabic and Persian vocabulary in discussing Bah&' i ''Economy''• He suggested that I find out whether 'Abdu': -3ahi. used : l_,._ij..J ~ in speaking and writing to '1ahi' Is in the United States on the subject of ''Economy''• 3-'rr. e world wi:!.l not be ready to adopt a .'3ahi' f-inspired econoruic 31s-cem for two or three generations at least (Mr. Sabet pre~icts that aix more ágenerations are needed.). 4-Bahi•I Economy is founded upon pur~cy, nonviol~nce and solidarity. A- dam Smith, who was a philosopher, r.~~ an economi . :, wrote a theory ot ethic feelings and thought and believed that ttis would make hi.m famous not his The \•fealth of Nations. The followers ot Adam Smith, the laisse faire capitalists think in a manner exactly opposite to that ot Bahi'u'- llah and 'Abdu'l-Bah.a. Baha'i students of economi~s need to explore how economic needs and Baha'i principles can be brought together and solut- ions to contemporary economic ills worked out. The future world economy must be governed ~ ~ inly by monetary pol~cy. and in a prudent manner. One ot the aims of the Baha'f Faith is the lfevelopnent of a world bank along with a world currency, for a world monetary syatam requires a world bank. I.fr. Mi.ihl schlegel has been a banker for many yearst and is now supervisor of the foreign departments of some 200 soutl1ern German branches of the Commerzbari:. Dr. Hayek, winner of ~ Nobel Prize in Economics and now ;32 years old affirms that go~1ernmente s h ould gi •re up the mor..opoly in is- suing aoney, return to the monetary sit~1~tion of some 200 years ago. when ba.nl{S issued currency, and there was ,). ,;elf-regulating, l ,=.:.sae faire mon- " ey supply. ~ -. Muhl.achlegel is quite convinced that the :~ayek scheme will not work, but. :1e does admit that on the way to adopting one world curren- cy ot ~~.er c'..lrrencies may persist for a c-::e time, until they are ..,seen to be enti=aly ur.neceasary. At this point t :~ ese ideas are utopian, r.~t realist- ic. The ,,;:>rld bank even"tually eatabli.._:. :ied must be independent of govern- ment as i.e t:he Deutsch b~~eabank, fo!" this arrangement ..,orkB :l..~d if there are close ties between t~e central ba..::k and t'á:e governme~t the bank would be required to finance the government a_~d this would threat~n the econo- mic stability of the commonwealth. I~e pointed out that out .J f 150 fl.ation- al banks L: the world, 14o of these are required to finance tneir respect- VIII. GERl1ANY
6)Peter Miihl.scblegel
Interview: ive govermnenta, leaving only ten who are free to resist government de- mands for financing. He submits that the world bank must be made ree- ponaible to law, but not for financing government, for it must not al- low governments to contract unreasonable debts, no more than it would permit individuals to do so. The world central bank would be at the head of a pyramid of smaller subordinate banking institutions. This banking system is the first pillar of the world monetary community. The second pillar is to bring money nearer to co~odities. Producers of raw materials such as farmers and miners would pay the~ truces in com- modi tiea instead o~ currency, and the government would market these com modities in connection with ~blio finance, tax revenue; also these taxes would be i:Jnpoaed by the local rather than the national or world govern- ments for the moat part although there would also.. be separate and inde- pendent national and international levies. Mr. Muhlsohlegel points out that the turn-over tax in Germany is now calculated at 13% of value and "around 2~ in France where there is a greater differentiation according to goods. The revenues, that is the profits ot certain natural resources such as coal and iron would go to the world government. The world cen• tral bank would stabilize the prices ot iron, wheat, and other commodi- ties whose pricing is determined according to world markets--it could buy low and aell high, with a 30f'o-4ah margin, and hence with a real po- tential for intervention by variable percentage to prevent drastic price changes. It can buy silver it a new silver mine is discovered so that th• price of silver is decreased slowly and not overnight, to the loss and even ruination of many trusting investors. Accredited storekeepers vould keep these commodities, and they would be responsible for making direct and immediate purchase of excess comrnoditiea. Mr. MUhlsch1egel believes that this would prove to be the beat method to stop i.ni'lation, this measure and the diaal.lowal of 11nl imited government indebtedness. The above-described system run.a contrary to the interests ot many powerful individuals and institutiona (conglomerates of individuals) and therefore it can not come into being aa long as they remain ensconsed in their pos- itions and in tull possession of their peculiar privileges. Spiritual .. motivation is essential to the realization of this system. Mr. Muhlsohleg- gel has made a stu~ of the psychological foundations ot world economics. Ha has written some 100 aphorisms which embody his thoughts on thilt sub- jeot9 .. and these are published in his book, Der Wel~.~eritra..lb!1J1kpr8sident. Mr. Muhlsch1egel spoke ot Charlea E. Lindblom, whose Politics and Markets: The Wor,1~~-s Politi~a;l Econom...ic. S2~t,!t!'l!t 197?, recently published in Ger- man translation, addresses the morals, the ethics of economics. Mr. Mubl- achlegel ha.a worked out his o..m model for understanding the motivations involved in economic activity, and to explain ~his model he began with a quotation from the Kalimat al-Maknlina ( ;.,á) :;¢.S. .•.J\ ... L.1£ ) , ot Bahi•u•- llah, #?1 of Shoghi Effendi' a translation ot the ''Arabic Hidden Worda1'1 0 SON OF MANI Write all that We have revealed unto thee vith the ink of light upon the tablet of tey spirit. Should this not be in thy power, then make thine ink of the essence of thy heart. If this thou canst not do, then write with that crimson ink that hath been shed in My path. Sweeter indeed is this to Me than all else, that ita light may endure for ever. 1o8 VIII. GERMANY
•• 6)Peter Muhlschlegel Interview: As he writes in his letter to Denis Ma.aEoin, dated 31/8/78, 'tth.ich he ki kindly sent to me in photocopy, ''there are three categories ~f ir.strum- ents of influencing, and ruling,peoples Geist (spirit and in:e~:~ct), Geld (money), and Gewalt (power• force).'' The best of mot iv . ~ons is the fir.st, which is tl1e ''ink of lif;ht'', likened by Mr. Z.áliihls::hlegel to self-education, to divine reason, superego and spirit. The next beat motivation is tl1e .Jecond, the ''ink of the essence of thy heart••, which he likens to reward, to the stimulus ot the promise of rewar~, to t~e natural effiux of the heart, the short-sighted in'terest. the ego and self. The last is the ''crimson ink'' which he likens to blood, hence to force, motivation engende~ed by fear of punishment, and this required to ener- gize and discipline ani.mal.istic inertia, id, passion. Lindblow, in the above-mentioned book, cites three motivations also, and quite akin to those ot iálr. Miihlschlegel: E,er,s1~s!_o11, !.!'.~.f~tl!~!, ~d authori~ ~.á Látr. l-iiihl- schlegel points out that Money is the bridge between spirit and force, and t!ius t"'?a.t men '.•ho rui-~ moneyá :nust not 1Jnl1 be experts in•• t á á.!" field but also they must possess the t1ighest human árirtues. Mr. Má.~~locb.legel has prepared this model to ellucidat• th• relationshi~ between the Scrip- tur< P8YChological and philoaophical terms for motivations: GEIST GFJ,D GEWALT ink of light ink of essence of heart " á :..n>son ink persuasion exchange . -:nority enlightenmen~ re\;ard p-:l.:iisluuent di-vine reason short-sighted interest animal inertia $1perego ego id spiiáit self passion - On Bahi•i Economy, again from the above mentioned letter: 1•on tl1e philo- sophical background ot economic theory and activity, as well aa on the basic instruments of a future world currency system I have written some easaya••• together with some one hundred aphoriatio statements. in a book destined to be put under the pillow of the leading people of th.eáfuture world bank.'' This book ia .I?.er.. y~tzen!,r,!l-~apkp_r,~ide~t, and the author has kindly sent me four copies as I am endeavouring to have it translated into English and published in the United States or the United Kingdom. He continues, ''Progre•sS in human civilization meana áthat the volume of - 9.~ist utilized for ruling humaD a!fairs is enlarged 1 and t:~9 volume ot Gewalt minimalized, and the right amount ot Geld, not too .~~oh and not too little, is in circulation. Geist comprises all means of achieving that people do, out ot their own free will and •znderstand.ing, what they should do. Geld will have the~ do things they do not like in order to get the tbi.nge they like. Gewalt torces them to do the things they should do although they do not like them. Geist ia, according to the last Arab- ic Hidden Word, operative on the three levels ox insight love and sacri- fice 1 Geld ma..y be considered aa an abstraction of all that Bahi.'u':lah m&aLS by ''reward'' in His post-~g.:fas-Tablets, and Gewalt is equal. to (the threat of)'•punish.ment••. The mea.."UI of minimizinp; the necessary amoun't of Ge-walt and of ma:z:L-nizl.ng Geist .is the Word :)t God and tr..e World 0::-~er of BahA'u'llah which also provides tor the ~ppropriate conatitution_oi Geld in a worl4vide system. If political a!fairs are to be ruled by meftlla of the Bah.i'i Administrativ. Order it seems evident t~t the climate in prac- tical politics must be a rather liberal one. Thia applies especially to economic policy. Thua the goal ot a unified monetary system is pre-emi- nent. In order to eneure a worldwide moderate gr0V1:h and to avoid intla• VIII. GE..~Y
6)Peter MUhlschlegel Interview: tion, it is important to constitute this monetary system in a form rather independent from governments both national and worldwide. The central bank: should be at least u independent as a supreme court; this is what haa been broughtabout after the two heaviest inflations in world history, in Western Germany with Deutsche Bundesbank, and it is the main root ofá. the so-called German economic miracle. For practical reasons, however, there can be no absolute independence tor a World Central Bank: it should be bound, imstead of the 1'guarranteee11 of natio~l states for the value of money, to the worldwide commodity markets in such a way that it has to buy and sell certain quantities at prices of intervention which should be not too close and should be variable by not more than a certain percen- tage per annum. You k~ow the importance which is given by 'Abdu'láB~ to the institution of the communal storehouae in every village and town. He points out that agricultural and mining producers should pay taxes by delivering a. part of their products to that storehouse. This call.8 for a close connection to the monetary system which, however, can be brought about only on a worldwide scale. ~he UNCTAD discussions abo~t a new e- conomic order, however,inadequate, show into the same direction. The necessity fo:r- stabilizing the main commodity prices is not the less pres- sing than the necessity tor extinguishing worldwide inflation. I have no illusions about the practical realization ot this model. A world cen- tral bank of the envisaged kind would be self-supporting, covering the costs of sto~ehoueing by the interests earned, but it would not. and could not, finance the governments• budget definite in the way that na- ional central banks are accustomed to. Thus ve 'Will probably have heavy economic eriees before the International Monetary Fund will be reformed a.long these lines. Maybe some experiments will be possible when a small wealthy nation comes under a rule friendly to such thoughts. For elabor- ating this model I shall need aeveraJ. yeare and some sympathetic Baha'is as discussion partners. It you come to learn about some, please let me know.•• Mr. l..fUhlschlegel explained that, in order to come ta an appreciation of his ideas it is not necessary to read hia articles on Baha'I Economy in Bab.i• i-Briefe, that ~~r Weltz&]ltr~!bankE£a~i~eAt. was sufficient. He al- so avered that Bahi'1a can not teach their religion to others by explain- ing the Bahi'f attitude towards Economy. and that other principles shoUld be establ~shed first. It ia premature. says he, both to speak openly a- bout these economic principles, to make them public, and to establish in- stitutions which reflect those principles. There ia no point in. speak- - ing ot Bahi. 1 1 Economy with non-Bahi.'Is. . S-Mr. Miihlschlegel would like to see the publication of Bahi 1i Scriptures with German and Engl.ish translations alongside texts in Persian and Ara- bio, tranalitvated ao that the reader can pronounce the words without learning the Arabic/Persian alpbabet, using the system of transliterat- ion adopted by Shoghi Ettendi••• this is something that could be pioneer- .. .... ~á ed in a reissue ot Balia'i-Briete. Mr. Mi.ihlschlegel waa the editor and principl• contributor to this periodical from 1960 until 1971,. and he liould be willing to edit such a periodical again vere it to be revived as requested of the German NSA. by the Universal House of Justica. He be1ievea that Bahi 1 i-Brief'e (a German-language . ,, Babi•I periodical akin to 9pf:nioni ~á;, to La Pens'• Bah&' ie and to World Order) should be •n intellect11al forum with much freedom of judgement for its editor to de- velop dialogue, and that contributing writers should be accordH the op• timum possible degree of tre•dom ot expression rather than imprinted by
VIII. GEI'"-"W1Y
•• 6)Peter Muhlschlegel
Interview: the editor and forced to conform to his particular views. &.civilization is to have a bathroom; culture is to use it. This is the German definition of culture. He pointed out that the Germans have a great civilization, but that as it is not being put to use, they do not have a great culture. Literature, r"'7'..1Bic, philosophy, history, t~ere areá plenty of these in G9 rmany, but rev Gi!rmans read or listen to classical music or converse on i!ltellect1ial themes or are aá4re or inquisitive a- bout history, so culture is lacking. (You may be assured that Mr. i.fuhl- schlegel is both the one and the other.) ?-The cQ'nasty of Pj.ágmalions, an uneven history: (1 )King of C y pi'US tell in love with a statue in his palace garden and asked Aphrodite to bring it to life and she did; (2)0vid in his ~e.t~-:w~.r_E~oa..~! speaks of Pygmalion as a sculptor who makes a statue and then falls in love with his own han- diwork and asks Aphrodite to bring it to liie and she does; (3)~everal authors in 18th and early 19th century Europe wrote on Py~ion includ- ing t~1e librettist for Franz Souppe, 11 Die sohoene Galatae'', in which Pyg- malion implores Aphrodite to turn the liviug statue back into immovable stone because the lady bas all the negative !emale attribl.!te and none of the positive ones; (4)social issue in hands ot George Bernard Shaw: Pygmalion becomes ''l-t"y Fair Lady'' of Broadway by Lerner and Loewe--for Shaw Galatea never never lovee Pygmalion and his love is always ot the divine, of the goddess, so it is never human and satisfying. Mr. Muhl- schlegel remarks that the attitude of the educated and awa..""e man should be th.at of Pygmalion towards Galatea, more erotic than devotional, humor.. oua, playful, that this is especially important for those who guide the global body politic. 8-J..ir. Miihl..schlegel translated the Tablet of 'Abd.u' 1-Bahi. to Dr. Auguste Forel9 from Persian into English and German. and wrote an historical in- troduction thezáeto, and he knows a great deal about Forel 'e life and has compiled a long list of his various p1tblications. 11-In Da.rmstadtt which Mr. MUhlschlegel spent two or three hours touring with met I was given a tour of the architectural. highlights, and was par- ticularly inquisitive about the ''art nouveau''• ''jugendsti1•• homes and lllUllioipaJ.. garden, built at the time that Rudolf Steiner was living in Darmstadt, where he had a large community of followere. Thia style was one of many new ideas then circulating and Steiner like it so he systematized it and made it part of his Anthroposophy. Unlike many of the ''art nouveau'' enthusiasts in Darmstadt, Steiner had money--Lord As- tor, a big figure in the tobacco industry in Waldorf was his primary backer, hence the name of the school.a established according to S~einer's principles, the ''Waldorfschule''. 12-Dr. HeraMnn Grossmann, Hand of the Cause and one of the founders of - the German Bahi'i community, developed a system far classifying topics according to numbers, like the Dewey Decimal Library system, a.~~ A- •• del.bert Kuhlschlegel. and his son Peter Muhlsohlegel used this . ~ ~- tam tor years but then changed to an alPhabetical s ylitem of ci.aasi.r - :.. -. i- tion such as that devised by Dr. ~alabi because this proved to be more useful. Dr. i,tuhl.schlegel used. his numerica1 system for organizing the Geschichte der :~enschei t. 13-."lr. Milhlschlegel spoke for a few minutes about ii. áentists: of a ~oup originating in southwestern Germany, settling on Car~el A~enue in Haifa. He says that th.e houses of th• Templara were built 120 years ago wi.th open roofs so that theirá. occupants could see Jesus c á :.rist returning on VIII. GERl-f.AiiY
6)Peter l'1Uhlschlegel
Interview: clouds of heaven, and that over the doors into these houses the Templars inscribed ''Der Herr ist nahe' 1 , but that when Bah.i' u' ll ah pitched His tent on Mt. Carmel they did not recognize Him as the return of Christ. His source for German Adventists in Hutten's Seh!r, Grubler 1 Enth,2u.!,;asteq, a hefty text descriptive o! many reli&ious movements and including a long and exhaustive criticism of the Baha'i Faith which ellicited an apologe- tic response from Dr. Schaefer and a recension by Mr. 1-iiihlschlegel, ''Das Kreuz und die Slin.de, '' Ba.."'ia •I-Brief'e 1 January 1965, Heft 19. (For correct- ed intormation on the ''Templars11 please see report on Tempelgesellscha ft and Mr. Hans Lange.) _ Mr. 1átuhlschlegel and I did not di.sc~a either an European Ba.hi' i Studies Association or an Encyclopedi~ Bajla 1 i 1 but he did indicate interest in parti2ipating in selected conferences on certain topics--particularly Ba.~a'i Econo~, the most dear to his geiat, geld and gewalt--and would have attended the conference I organized for late June in Gourville. France, on Bahi•i Econom:y had he been tree to do so, but geld commitments required that he remain en place. This report could have gone on and on 9 as it does not represent more tha.n about fifty percent of my notes, but it will give you an impression of the intellectual diversification ot - this Baha'i literati, and I hope that it will encourage some of my read- ers to contact him, by letter or in person, to your mutual delight I am aure. VIII. GE31<\ANY
., ?) ~!rsula !ifuhlschlagel ~anguages: ~erman, Engli~h, Greak Position: Secretary, Continental 3oard of Counsellors, Europe
Interview: ~1rs. Muhlschlegel and I met tor the first time i ::. 1'1arch ofá 1973, vhen I stayed with her and her beloved husband, Dr. Ade1b árt Miihl.sehl:'3gel in their apartment situated i :1 Freibourg, Schweiz (Ger:nan- speaki11g\ s,..,itzerla.nd). Jviy visit at that ti.ne \~as limited to five days, and most of tnat . time I anent with Dr. Muhlschlegel, assisting him with ~
the revision o! his Geschiehte der Menscheit, not in a:n.y major way but r~th er th.rough him teliing me all about it, particularly detaili!lg its brá:;.3.d o•rerall plan, and by reading and underlining import.ant passagea in a few books so as to. - eave him time in his research. From the mo~ent that t first heard ot .Dr. Mi.ihlsohlegel's historical work in Paris from the Secretary ot the Ba..~•I Center ealier that same month of Marca 19?3 1 I was ori fire with the desire to know more about it < 'Uld to ass tst him in a:11y way possible. I left Fr~ibourg with a lasting affection for both Dr. and Mrs. Miihlschlegel, for as th~ Hand of the Cause of God was minister- ing to me spiritually, so was his dear rife taking ca.re of my physical requirem~nta, and. much more. Sometimes it ia the little details of life that impress w:s the moat: I shall always recall the gentle affectionate ~. .l l way that I1rs. Mu;ilschlegel called Dr. Mtih1achlegel and I out of our res- pective ''studies•• and into the kitchen for 11.mch or dinner, chiding us for our total ignorance of the more practical aspects of human existence. I must admit that I ~ae well aware of both worlds in that radiant house- hold, and of the knitting t ~gether, the inter-penetration of them and their reconciliation into a wholesome whole. á When I wrote to Mrs. MUhlseh1egel in Greece asking if ! might ~isit her there--as she has been in Greece until this year an~ f Jr a few years, to establish the NSA there and encourage the Baha'i cozsmIUnit -., .--sheá replied that she had moved to Germany and would be glad to see me there, aa I could stay as the guest ot her neighbors, the Blumenthals. (See next re- port.) So, in the next to last week of May 1981 I spent a couple of days in Immenataad/Bodensee Con the shoree of the Bodenaee, Lake Konstanz) most of that time talking with Mrs. Muhlschlegel about her buaband and about my voyage and the information I had collected thus far regarding - the present s i tuation of t h e Baba' is in Europe. Now to report on some of the points discussed during those days: 1-Spe~ing of deepening and spiritual shari~ be~ween marital partners, !-1rs. t1uhlschlegel related that she and Dr. Mtihlschlegel would spend an hour every morning after breakfast deepening together, and that this prac- tice characterized their last few years in Greece. Dr. Miihl.schlegel mark- - ed all of his books while studying them, and so t~ey always had an extra copy of every Bahi' i book to ahov to Baba' is - and lend to seekers. Mrs. ?-lllhlschlegel encouraged me to use the Baha'i Scriptures, and not to feel á that ~he print and paper were holy and • 1untouchab1.~\ but rather that Baha'i booka should be handled gently and with r t :~, but tha~ they can be marked for studying. These Scriptures are for uu.r edification, not to be worshipped as icona, from afar, and without personal involvement. (Mrs. M'uhl.schlegel would not have phrased it quite like that, but I trust that I have preserved her conception.) 2~'1rs. l-luhlschlegel urged me to contact Mr. r~osra ,_ ,g,jzoob, of Konstanzt also mentioned by Mr. Blumenthal, a lonely end learned Persian Bahi'i - pi á1neer to Germany who is fluent onl.y in the Persian language and can speak German only with difficulty and English not at a11. VIII. GERMANY
?)Mrs. Muhlschlegel
Interview: •• . 3-Mrs. ~.fuhlschlegel showed me at least two large volumes of what she des- cribed aa very fine German poetry written by Dr. Muhlschlegel throughout hia lite, and most of it never published; she also mentioned that he had written personal memoirs which one day vill be edited and published for á the edification of the believers. 4-In a letter dated 28/5/71, Dr. M~hlechlegel wrote me from Athens to inform me regarding his new book •nd plans for ~eviaion of his Geschichte. 'I am just writing a book on ''selt-education'' or ••• the we.y to self-real- ization based on the worda of 'Abdu' I-Ba.hi (on) how to 1 'acquire these things'' in The .~o~ulgation (of Universal Peace), P• 221. • On 12./?/78 I received another letter from Athena informi.t;g me that he had 'finished a book (on) ''Self-education to become a Baha' i 11 • But it does not quite satisfy me.• And so, when I apoke of this book to Mre. Hiihl.sch1egel and found that during his last couple ot years on this earth he tried to make it ••satisfy him'', and that the last chapter of the revised version has yet to be completed, I waa not surprized. Dr. Miihlschlegel'a major works, the Geschiehte and the Self-Education were never to be seen by him aa com- plete, for he knew that they could always be improved and he vaa reluctant tor &IIYOD.e to read something that was not in a state of satisfactory (mean- ing more or less perfect) preparedness. Mrs. Miihlschlegel hope.a to have sufficient time in the next couple of years to finish the last Chapter of the Self-Education book, after which it will probably be published by Ba- .... ....- I I A P -••••
hA'1-Verlag in Germany, and subsequently in English translation. 5-During hia last years Dr. MUhlschlegel was partic111arly fond of one com- pilation of Bahi'i Writings, which he found to be the most useful for spi- ritual awakening, which ia ultimately the essence of religious experience. Dr. ... Miihlach1egel waa, is a Bah~'! mystic. That ie my statement, not Mrs • Muhlschlegel 1 s, but I am quite sure that she would agree with me. Dr. Miihlschlegel recommended use of 'the yellow, copy-book compilation The \lorlds of God' in his ietter ot 12/?/78, as having a 'really revolution- !EY.' effect upon h'iman á:coneciousness. Mra. MUhlschlegel told me tha.t he studied this little compilation virtually every day tor years. and deliv- ered talke based on it, . wrote hi.a Self-Education inspired by it (and un- doubtedly by hie nearly eighty years of spiritual development). The World.a of God ia published by the National Reference Library Committee of the NSA ot the Bahi•Is of the United States of America, and is avail- able pre-paid at S3.75 (U.S. dollars) a copy from Mrs. Marian Lippitt, Secretary, Box 369, Beech. . Ridge Road, Apartment #3, York, Maine 03909, U.S.A. •• 6-After 117 initial introduction to Dr. M11hlschlegel'! Geschichte der Men- aoheit in 19?3 1 I kept regularly in touch with Dr. Muhl.schlegel by let- ter, alway.a curioua to .know the tate of this monwnental work which bad already consumed so mtiah of hia attention and received so much of hia loviIJ8 care. I learned later, from Mrs. Miihl.schlegel and Mr. ravid Hat- man {whom I met briefl1 in London at the home of his son, Mark Hofman), that Dr. l4Uhlschlegel began his labours on this enormous project during the second World War, that is, during the 19't<>s, and that he made his first attempt to have it publiahed. tirat in German and then in English in the 19508. Subsequently he let it lie, and did not attempt again to prepare i ' for pulliaatioa until, ••etiáe in the 197011. Then, in 1976 or 1977 he dedicated hira-elf to writing a book on Self-Education, and, on 28/5/?7 h• wrote me that this book 'will be finished in the fall ••• Then at last I ah•ll proceed to finish th• ••world History'' book.' And VIII. GERMANY ,. ?)Mrs. Muhlachlegel
Interviev: on. 12/7/78, he wrote that he had been ill and hence 'had tc de~ the ''World Bistol'l''', 1 )The reai conclusion up to 1960 at least, 2)the fair copy ot an improved text and J)ot the big tabular sketch.' At that time he had litte hope of finding a G~rman publisher for his Gescr~chte for, as he ea.id in the eeme letter and on other occasions, 'the risk of thia big work (to a publisher) is great• and besides this 'both the churches and the scientists (historians) have not yet recognized Bahi- u' llah and His significance.• But he waa hopeful to the laat. \\'ey am I bothering to tell you all these details? Because of the fol- loving matters diacuased with Kra. Muhlschlegel •nd then given her writ- ten approval: Mrs. t-hihlschlegel kindl.J allowed me to take a complete copy o~ the Eng- lish translation (made in the 1950& at the expense of George Rould, Publishers, according to Mr. David Hofman) to the United States, with permission to take th• following course of actions a)Read it. b)Have other Baha'i scholars read it. c)Check the accuracy of the historical. tacts cited, with the assistance -- of other Ba.lui.• i scnolars, peJ:ticularl,y with regard toi (1)Bahi•l history and doctr:..ne, aa this text (used tor translation in th• 19.50a, not the p-e&e!lt text in Ger1118Jl which baa been large~ revised) waa written during the aecond ~orld Wa:r when Dr. Miihleohl•- gel had little access to reliable Baha'i literature. (2)Chronology. 9 .aa he did 1101: conault Oriental and e.epecially Islimio aourcea, and,. u Dr. !JalabI points out {see report)• these sources often differ oa chronology from European calculations, ar;.a Ba.hA'u'- llah and 'Abdu'l-Balli oit• Islamic aourcee for the most part. (3)0riginal. eoarcea for historical fact• and Bah&'l interpretationa thereof. (4)Moat recent Western research tindingaa the work ot academic spec- ialiata. d)l'.ake á sure that all Arabic and Persian wordlJ uaed are traneliterated ac- cording to th• system adopted by Shoghi Effendi, 1mleu the Universal Dowse ot Jwstice authorizea the use ot another aystem. e)Compare the editH, corrected Engliah tr•nslation with the German man- scripts and notes. t)Check validity of author's c~ncluaions. g)C~.1.eok the organiz.tion of the material, and the amcnmt ot space •nd de- tail given to each era and people. h)Sound out publishers for the English translation of the entire vork. Since that time it baa become pl~in and evident to me that the above tasks can not be 12ndertaken by a Si."'lgle individual, tor the ''History" I have di.BctfBSed ia V'Olttminows, compri-3ing at leaat 950 page11 ol text, without Index, Appendices, Footnotes, Charts, Diagrams or Illuatrationa. We ~.ave talked about, collaboration between :3ab.i•I scholars, and we cou.ld conti~e to talk 1m.til w•'r• blue in the f:\c• and accomplish nothing. Dr • .Jjalabi nee~-r-our •uiatance, our cooperation in preparing his _gealenc:yclopedi4!, Baha'i for publication, end F moat definitely need your helping handa and minda á in preparing Dr. MUhl.achle~l' s Geschichte der Menacheit, in German and in. Engliebá,. tar publication. Thia is a project certainly worth- J ot our c«altined energies, and relatively uncomplicated in comparison with-, th• undertaking of a tul.1-blown encyclopedic pzáogr•m such aa ba• been auggeete<i earlier and in. vhioh some ot you have already agreed to participate. VI II. GERrálANY
8).E:rik Blumenthal Languages: German, English Kippenhorn A D-7997 Immenstaad/Bodensee Degrees: Diploma in Adlerian Adler-Inetitut psychotherapy. Salmanstrasae 15 Position: Member, Continental Zurich, Schweis Board of Counsellors, Europe (01/202.93.81 office) (07545/6815 home) Interview: Although I spent a couple of nights as a guest in the Blumenthal home, on the shores of Lake Konstanzá, l-tr. Blumenthal was so busy that I was not able to talk with him privately for more than about f~urty-five minutes, but this wae sufficient time for us to cover all of the specific questions I had in mind at the time. As I had just come from Lenzburg, Schweiz, and several long discussions with two psychola" gists, Drs. Gita and Felix Steiner~.Khamsi (I am congratulating them for earning their Ph.D.'s before the fact), and we had reviewed the possi~ - bility of organizing a conference of Baha'i psychologists and possibly including other social scientists such aa sooiologists, anthropologists, political scientists, _a.a well as practicing psychotherapists, be they Freudian, J11ngian, Adlerian or ~ther. 1-Hr. Blumenthal woiild be interested to participate in a conference ot Baha'i social scientists although he insists that he is neither a scien- tist nor an academic, only a practical practicing psychotherapist, a co1msellor. 2-His religious and professional background run parallel to each other: - he became a Baha'i and anAdlerian psychologist at the same time and be- lieves strongly that both are necessary and that they fit together, that Adleriau psychology is the closest of all the modern schools to the Ba- hi 11 teachings. He bel.i eved this then and now more than ever. The two have become welded or wedded in his mind and heart: I was told by some- one who has attended both his lectures and his firesides that he talks about religion (often mentioning the Bahi.•1 Faith specifically) in hie lectures and that he uses Adlerian methods of counselling and of psycho- logical interpretation in hie firesides. He does not think that there vill be a need !or psyc~therapy in the future, but because of the lack ot religious conviction, there ia a crying need now. . - }-He said to me that no Bahi 1I hae enough faith in Bana'u'llah, that our faith is full of holes, always inadequate, that we do not give BahA'u'llah 1~ of our energy and commitment, we do not entirely surrender our wills to His Will. If we were _pure-hearted we would not }µlve so many problems, and if we rea1ly believed in BahA'u'llah we would be happy. He cited_aa evidence of this view hia many years of counselling many German Baba' is, whose basic proble~, eayiJ: ' á.;.he, was that they were not doing the Ba.hi•! thing. . .' . ' 4-When I briefly mentioned Dr. Muhlschlegel's Geschichte der Menscheit, Mr. Blwnenthal recommended that I read books by Jean Gebser, the Swiss philosopher on the subject of eul!ural mutation, of great leaps forward. 5-Regarding a conference-of Baha'i psychologists, Mr. Blumenthal recom- mended that Drs. Khabirpour (in Luxembourg), Peseshkian (in Wiesbaden) and Shoenaker. (in Ziintersba.ch) be invited to participate. _ 6-He is in favor of the establishment of an European Bahi'i Studies As- sociation and would contribute, aa a practical psychotherapist, to an ;EzicycloJ?!diA Bal!i'i. but noted that both of these must come under the su- pervision of the Unive~eal House ot Juatice. VIII. GERIUNY
8)Erik Blumenthal
Interview: Papers and Publications: :-fr. Blumenthal ~1~8 written a !1U.'11ber of books and a.:ticlea, so~e of which are translated and publishá~d in Dutch, Spanish an1 Italian, on the following 3Ubjeots: 'Ed~1cation or children•
'Education for living together (especially in marriage) •
'Self-education {self-therapy)'
Ile declined to send me a list of these book.a and 8.!"ticles, but I hope to be able to quote such a list, that is to cite his full biblio- graphy in my world ~eport on Baha'i scholarship.
9)Univeraitatsbibliothek Heidelberg Plook 107-109, P.O. Box 105749 6900 Heidelberg 1 (542380)
Thia excellent university library is located about á one half hour by tram from Dr. Schaefer's home on the R;'.)merstrasse (which is i tee l f on the outer fringe ~r the American, the u.s. Army N.A.T.O. head-quarters) and is easy of access, equiped iith new photocopy machines, c~ean and e efficient and the staff courteous and helpful. ~nd it has a very large selection of the many titlea in EE.hi''f studies published in t~e German language. However, I used this library primarily to make a dent in :tr~ research on Germany for the history of 1844, and I have a mountain of pnotocopiea to bear witness to that fact, most of them in Ger:!ian lang- uage. The complete list ot the Ba::ia•I-related books I found al: IJBH will be cited in my complete bibliogr~phy, but I will take this time to men- tion a few of the titles, i;a.rticul.u -ly of books I was not able to locate elsewhere. Ignaz lioldziher, Vor_l e.s\;:-._~en iiber _den Isl!li;t!; Hermann Grossmann, Umbruch zurá Ein..tieit; Gustav Men.aching, S'2z.i9logi~ de.z: Re- ~igi~nen; Werner Schilling, Re~igiop und R~cht; Joachim Wach, ~eJigioJtB~ ~~zio~ogie; George Widengren, pie Relig~onen I~aneisphe~; Martha Root, 'Bah4' ism in rel.ation to Bak)ism, '' l1aschinensc:irift; Jak,')o Eduard Pol:.J<, Persien; Alfred Frei err von Kreme~, Gesohichte der her=schenden ideen • des_ Islams; M. Zabih, Die Sozi.a_le :á:-age .und_ ihr ~ &o~:i!lS.. im ;J_i!lA~. der Ba- ḥ' ilehr~; Udo Schaefer, 'Die Gru=.:il~en der •rverwalt11ngaordn1Jng'' der Baha'i,' Heidelberg diss., 1957; Fritz Ba.mmel, Di~Religi2nen d~r ~eJ~ und der Friede auf Erden; Carl Hermann Ethe, ~asay,!_und S tu4ie~á á For those of you who a.re interested in the books of the above authors which make no mention of the Bah&•I Faith, you might like to know that UBH hae 27 books by_Gustav_Mensching, 3 books by narmann Roemer (not including his Die Babi-Bah&'i ••• ), 5 books by Werner Schilling, ~books by Joachim Wach, 23 volumes by George Wideng?"an1 12 by Gustave Edmund von Grunebaum in English and in German; 3 book.e by Rudolf Jockel. Also, UBH is con- nected by an inter-library loan system, with all other German university libraries, so whatever UBH does not have, UBH can get. 11? VIII. GERMANY
10)Wissenachaftlichen Theologisches Seminar der Universitat Heidelberg Bibliothek (BTS) ' -
The Director of this Library of the Theological School attached to the University of Heidelberg kindly granted me a library card good for the winter semester (I was there in January 1981, on my first visit with Dr. Schaefer), and then I set to locate titles already on my bib- liography and discover other titles besides, an~ also to find books by German theologians on the interpretation of Biblical prophecies. BTS turned out to be an excellent source of both. Besides sporting a fair- ly large collection of translations from English translations of Persian and Arabic writings by Bahi'u'llah and 'Abdu'l-Ba.hi and ot English com- positions penned by Shoghi Effendi, and besides also books by H.M. Bal- yuzi, Adib Taherzadeh, William Sears, George TownshendL John Ferraby, J.E. F.aslemont, all of them easily accessible to Bahi'i scholars and hence hardly worth a mention here, thai!e are a tew books very rarely tound in a:ny- library and which should be notedi Hermann Grosemann, Am r-tor,g_e~ E!J!!!F. _Neuer, ~ei.t. .Z~amptenbr:ucP,, ,upd NeugestaJ.tupg. •!.i Hermann Grossmann, Das Btµtd}l.;s Gott~s.. in_9,e,r Oi'fenbarungs-Re.~is~o~; Gerhard Ro- senkranz' pie ~i I r_ Ein Ka:e,i tel .t!el.!Zei t 1 i_cher Re ligioḥses,9,hic,hte; So- lange Lemaitre, yne grande.figur~, de l'Unit;, Abdul-~a; Theodor LeoP- pert, Di' Fort~ntwicklung der Bibi-~'.i.. Jm Weste~. For those of you studying the Christian theological. interpretation of prophecies, that is of so-called prophetical literature and passages in the Old and New Testament canona, BTS bas a number of titles in German, including a num- ber authored by Johann Albrecht Bengel (see report on Tempelgesellschaft for further detail on his views of prophecy), by Franz Delitzsch, and by Christian Friedrich Wurm.
1á1 )Staats Archiv Stuttgart
My sojourn to the Staatsarchiv in Stuttgart occured one afternoon in April 1981, Apri1 8 to be exact, and I did not spend enough time there to get muqh work done, but I did stay long enough to find that most ot the resources tor studying the Tempelgesellschaft, and all of the books pertaining to the ~áIá Faith were in the Landeabibliothek. Th_! Staats- archiv is a terrific place to study Stuttgart, but not the Bana•i Faithl I did locate one volume that might be worth some scholar reading, that is one who decides that he wants to tell the whole story of the Tempel- gesellschaft, from atart to finish: Fritz Grunsveig, pie Evangelische Brll;degemeipde Kornt.al, Wiirttemburg, 1964. Since it i.a only one volume, I give you the ca.11 number at SSA.: A 314o. VIII. GE~!\.fllY
12)~tirttenhergische Landesbibliothek Stutt~art
This library has t he largest single collectio~ of I3aha 1 á1-relate1 literature t~1at I ~ve S.J far discovered in Ger~any, and t '.'.e most ex- tensive selecticr.. of Gerca.11-language material on this reli~;:.cn in all ot Eurone, á. .iith the exception of the Austrian Baha'i Archives, and per-. r...a.ps the. German !.3aha~ f Arr;hi"res (although only the Austrian Baha'i Ar- chives is available to sciolars at this time, as the GBA has yet to be organized). 'i'his may be quite surprising until or~e considers t _h at the first and largest and longest-lived Bahi''i co~unity in G~rr.tany (East and \á/eat) is Stuttgart, andá that t ;_1e most prolific Baha• 'i •,.Titers lived in Stuttgart-most of t4em-tor many years. A full list of the holding~ of the Landesbibliothe~á~ . (\•/LB) will be cited in my bibliograph:r. For now perhaps a or:.ef list o! particularly unusual volur:ies will be -~~áá fficient. Si1ould a:ny o f you requi~.:.e full lists of the holdings of any .') tá the libra- ries mentioned in t1~s report on Baha'i studies in Europe, please feel free to re~uest sue~ :rom me and I will get them to you dir~ctly. First, aa has already been .id,.icated in my report on t'ir .• Lange of the Terrrpel- geseJ.1 achaft, a number of books about the Temple Society, and EOBsibly although not surely mentioning their relationship to the Bah&•i.e in 1 AY.ka and Haifa and elsewhere in Palestine are to be found at WL3. Translat- ions of Baba'u' llah 's ~'ritjngs from English include the :following: Tab- .let ;t~n Is~aka.t ••• Tarazat.a.. W.or.~e . des ~aradieses, Tab.let, ~9n ~B:jallexat, trar4Blated by A. B!"aun and E. Ruoff, Stuttgart, 1912; same, translated by Wilhelm Herrigel, Stuttgart, 1921f Kitab-i-Ahd, n.t., Stuttgart, 1936; Al'"':,La}'h al-agc\8-a 1 ~ It~ilig$ Ta~lat~, translated by Will: ! :!...11 Herrigel, Stuttgart, 1911; Die sieben T8.le~, translated by !~~rmann Grossmann, Stutt- gart, 1950; Ye.rJ.>or~~!le ~~or.te. , 1--l?rte •.~er We.i_s;J!.e.t.t.. :.in4,_9_el:?..et.!, translated by A. Braun and E. Ruot!, Stuttgart, 1909; same, tra.'1Slated by Alice ~. Schwartz and Wi.1J1elm Her~igel, J tuttgart, 1924; same, translated !Tom • •• Arabic and Persian by \JáJhar.na van 1'ierthern and Adelbert Hlihlschlegel,
Stuttgart, 1948. Transl ations of 'Abdu'l-Baha from English renditions include t~'lese titles: Evange.liupt ~er Iáie~e un<!_ Eea Frieden.s fur unsere, Z~itu.ng von .!i-bdu,1-Bah~ Abba:!, translated by Wilhel:;: Herr i gel, ~ cuttgart, 1914; Ansnrac~..en von Abd'11-Baha Abbas im Herbst \'á)11 i :a Paris, tra:is- . lated by Wilhelm Herrigel, Stuttgart, 1921; 'Abdu'l-3aha 'Abbas beant- wortete Fra.iten, translated by Wilhelm Herrigel, Stuttgart, 1929; An- snrachen in Paris. translated by E1sa Maria Grossmann, Frankfurt-am-Main. 197C) ; also apparently translat,,ions from the words and writings of 'Abdu•1- Bahi are two volumes published by what was entitled the ''Welt-Union 'Ba- liai' '' at one time and later styled itself the ''\ieltunion fur universal .t1eligion und wii versal Frieden'', associated at first with Wilhelm Her- rigel and later with H~rmann Zimmer--in brief, these translations have been made by individuals wbo are styled ''Covenant-breakers'', so you may regard them as suspect and possibly interpolated, but in '.lllY case, here are the titles: Die ,w~sen~lich~ Eiajleit der re~ig~~s_en Gedanken, trans- lated by Wilhelm Iierri,;el, Stuttgart, 1931, third "?rinting :in 19~0; t•/orte 1er 1.48!'..rheit und der i:ieisheit, n.t., tvaiblin.c:en, 1960. There are also a few early t:-anslations of •Jlork.s by : .1oghi ~.:;ffendi: Die En,.Efaltupg de;- ~~uen 1:/e~tz~á;ilisatio~, n.t., Stuttga:-t, 1936 ; Gott c;:eht voruber, trans- _atea by HeiO:e Sc r;warz-Jager and Jo}'l..8.I'.n Karl Te .:fel, Oxford l Geá:>rge Ron-
ald), 1954; Di,e s e,:i.du,ng BB;~~a' u' l.l~.§,'.' translated by Else Grossmann, Ox- ford {ibid.), 1 )48. There are also two books and a few tra.nalations from A~ric•n Baha 1 ia 1 books by Wilhelm Herrigel~ and two books by Her- mann Z1mner, and these &re well worthy of mention as they have had a
12)'.áll.irttemburgische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart
definite impact upon the fortunes of the Baha'i Faith in Germany, for bet- ter or for worse, and the repercussions have sounded afar, as far as the libraries of the United States of America and the collections of certain universities in Scandinavia--in fact, Hermann Zimmer's most recent booká cay be more widely circulated than any other book mentioning the Baha'i Faith in all of Europe. First, the translations mde by \o/ilhelm Ilerrigel: Isabella Brittingham (English, not American: so sorryl), Die Offe~~ar:!ḥ!6 von Ba..~a'o'llah, 1910; Myron H. Phelps, Abdul-Baha Abbas' Leben, 1922; Charles iálason Remey, Das neue Zeitalter, 1923; Thornton Chase, Die Bahai- off!n~ar~~' 1925. Wilhelm Herrigel is also author of two books in the WLB: Die Zeichen unserer Zeit im Lichte der Bibel und der Bahailehre, Stuttgart'; 191~b; Di~e: ]3ahal;.bewesmi ""im.. #i&~rnt?_~e'ri ,upd 'ip'.r~e "'r£rosS,!!A 'á"if~ ungen_!n Ipd}e~, Stuttgart, 1922. Hermann Zimmer's books are also two: p_ie,, ,',Ji..e_d;,e,rlrunf,t _9!lri..st.i.1.. y,,on der _di,e Prophez,ei~n5.e..n; ?PFeche:i.~.á., 1950; Et_~~ Tes.tapien;t_sfals~.h,llDS ,,,eptet di~ ,3B:hai-:,~e}:.ig;,on !,b i,n .d~n politi;Bch!A ~hoghi~mus, Waiblingen, 1971; ~nd there is also the English translation of this latter work, until recently (1981) the ''Covenant-breaking classic'' of GerQlany, translated by Jeannine Blackwell, and revised by Karen Gasser and Gorden Cempbell, and published by the ''World union for universal re- lig!_on and .universal peace'', also identified in the German as ''Freie Ba- h&• i ••, 1973. Please do not confuse Mr. Herrigel •s books with Mr. Zimmer' s ''classic''• as Mr. Herrigel was still operating within the Bahi'i Coven- - ant when he translated and wrote and published the above-mentioned books, while Mr. Zimmer either never operated within that Covenant or left its protective custody and sought to start his own movement, at least by 1950, as Die Wiederkunft Christi was published in that year by the ''Weltunion fur Univereal.e Religion und Universalen Frieden, Freie Bahai''• To end this report on a happier note, the WLB also has a copy of Dr. Gross- mann•a Die sozJ.ale Frage .1Ytt!. i~e. ~oa:g ,ipi, ,,S,<2,JYl~.. de;r.:_ Baha;,i.-tem:e, Stutt- gart, 1923 \n~t_to be contused with Die L~~ung der aozialen Fraga auf Grund der Bah.a' i-Lehren, Ph.D. dise. of M. Zabih, 191i9, subsequently pub- lished by Schroder Verlag, Stuttgart, n.d.) By the way, although I have given you a long list of books in the WLB, this represents only about 3~ ot the holdinga of this library, that is, of the holdings I was able to catalogue in just two or three hours.
- 13)German Bahi'i Archives Eppsteiner Strasse 89 Langenhain
On two occasions I wrote Dr. Massoud Berdjia, Secretary of the NSA of Ge!:_~IJY' for many years, asking permission to take a look at the German Baha'i Archives, kept in the Haziratu'l-Qud.s in Langenhain, and he wel- comed me to visit, but told me that these Archives were in a state of con- siderable disorder. When I visited the Haziratu'l-Quds in the last week of April 1981, I waa told by Dr. Berdji.a that it waa not worth rr.r:1 while to look at the Archives at that time, that I should arrange to return in the futuret perhaps with a German colleague, to organize the Baha'i !t-r- chives so that they can be available to scholars such as myself. IX. ITALY
~á 1)Dr. P~ul Ojermark T" -:i..:'! .:;uages: Sár1ed:i.....l!'l, English, French, German, Italian .Degrees: Ph.D. in Political ::; ~ ience 9 university iinknown; .l:..Jsertation on \IOrld federal- i ~~, title and date 11nkncwn -~ Interview: To my great ~~light, I waa the guest of [):-. a;id iá- trs. 0- jerrnark on two occasions whi .~at in '.~o::!e áluring the latter half of April, 1981. On the second of these occasions Dr. Ojermark and I were able to discuss a number of tonics - .. for J ome hours, and this repo.~t is based en tirely on that conver3ation. At present Dr. Ojerma.rk is working !or the Focd and Agriculture C:rganiz.ation of the United rlc.\tions, a s the coordi- na-cc!" of a pilot progr:im dedicated to the development and mainte1. .ance of revived and new economic institution.a in á"illages scattered thro11ghout the árá~ird t'i orld, through the .use of cooperative princ~ples and t 1 ~chniques in planning, financing, training and marketing. Dr. Ojermark ~n~ Mrs. 3arbara Ojermark (\átho holds a !J.A. in Public ilealth Adminis~r:~ - 11 from the University of (~alifornia at Los An~eles) l-tant to work toge~ ....er on á ~iting a pamphlet in Swedish on Baha'i ~ducational principles, and Dr. Ojerma.rk specifically as:. :9d to be sent information on Dr. D.1lliel Jordan's ANISA Model in this co~' : .:ction. He ~lso asked for a copy of the letter 'á I áreceived some yea.rs ~go from the Universal Hous! of Justice informing á me that ''There is as yet no such thing ae a Ba.~a 1 i curricu.!::m, and t!lere are no publicationa excluaively devoted to thia subject si~ . ~ the teach- ings of Bcthi'u'llah and 1 Abdu'l-Bahi do not present a defini '.. ~ and detail- ed educational system, but simply offer certain basic principles_and set forth a number or teachir1g ideals t án at should guide future B~1:-'' i educa- tionalists in their ef farts to formulate an adequate teaching curriculum which would be in full h..armony with t .1e spirit of t r~e Bani' { teachings, and would thus meet the requirements and needs of the modern ;1.~e.' 1 Thia :~a an excerpt from a letter written on behalf of Shoghi Ef f .;.it1d i. I will gladly send ~ COP'J ot the full letter to anyone who caares to receive sar:.e. Dr. Ojermark has a distinct fascination for world hist .~-tr, and asked me some questions regarding Dr. Muhlachlegel' a Geschic r~:.:. .á.-tr- Men- scheit but admitted that tbia is not his field and that he has but lit- tle time for reading. On the -subject ot child-rearing, he mentioned M.!:• Blumenthal's books on the subject as being ot practical value to Bahi'i p::ir á~nts and teachers who want to know i'. .J'" to apply Bahi' I p!"'inciples at home and at school. When asked if he :!~uld consider contribut:.ng to a book featuring essays written by Bahi.•is from a variety of different professions and backgrounds and addressing contemporary problems, he in- dicated that he wo11ld be most eager to do ao. He was also interested in -- the prospect of contributing to .: i volume of Bal1a' i teati.:noni<-.:.s, and in- sisteái upon the importance of including the life-etorie8 of some peasants living in Africa and Asia, and not restricting the perapectiv~ to Western professionals. He pointed out that most o! mankind is angaged in subsis- tence !arming. 'tie spoke ot people's history, as distinct from ''cultural'' history or ''political'' history, and other commemorations of tb,. lives of the privileged few, of the elite, and Dr. 6 ,jermark mentioned t ;.a famous people's hist2rr of Sweden written by Jilhelm Mober~. ~'/hen a~ed what manner or Baha'i lite.rature is most needed by Bahi 1 ia in their work of propagating tj}e Babi.'i Faith and in deepening their own understandings thereof, Dr. Ojermark prioritised such literature according to the fol- lowing scheme: a)translations at all ''basic'' Bahi'f literature, by Bah&- u' llah, 'Abdu'l-Bahi •nd Shoghi Effendi, into a.11 languages; b)literature IX. ITALY
•• 1)Dr. Paul Ojermark
Interview: which gives clear, simple answers to questions raised by people today, such as ''\fuat is justice?'', and ''\Vhy work?'', and about drugs, schooling, sexual morality and behaviour, music, alcoholism: this literature must be simple, clear and appealing, for--at leaet in Sweden--people are read• ing leas and lesat and the schools are turning out more and more funct- ional illiterates every year; c)literature on controversial religious questions, such as on the subject ot ''evolution vs. creation'' which is raging in the United States at the present time, which r.lany Christians demanding that their children be taught the ••creationist'' (that is, the fundSJDentalists• literal. interpretation of the account contained in Ge- .. nesis) view alongside of the ''evolutionist•• perspective, or aa a replace- ment. One of Dr. Ojermark's primary concerns is that illiterate Bahilis ~
be taught to read and to express themselves verbally, in speech and in writing, in both th! developing and the industrial~zed co~triea, and that literate Baha'ia. be motivated to translate the Baha'i Writings in- to all languagea. He hopes to write an article for a Bahi•l publica- tion on the subject of ~bird World poverty, and on the spirit11al poverty, in particular the lack of vocational motivation which he perceives to be the condition, the sickness of the affluent in industrialized coun- tries, and, along with these insights, the .Bahi. 1 I teachings relative to work, to work ethics especially. He also wants to address the pervad- ing sense of fruatratiQ~.~and meaninglessness afflicting the working peo- ple, the proletariat QJ ,..:- . industrialized West. Dr. Ojermark noted that until recently mo ~t mankind has been motivated chiefly by survi- val, but that survival. baa .been guarranteed in Europe for some decades • now, and hence that it ia no longer the driving force, the motivation here. Production and consumption (consumerism) have become new motiva- tions for work because people have come to believe that augmented mater- ial wealth will result in augmented personal and social happiness and well-being: the more you consume, the better ott you are. But Dr. Ojer- mark affirms that once one has achieved material security, one baa other needs, other potentials which are not served by the consumer motivation. The widening gap between what is necessary and what is actually possessed between consumerism and the crying need for spiritualization is manifest in youth nihilism and adult escapism. He said that in Sweden and else- where groups ot psychologists are being employed to motivate workers, to try to counteract this pernicious volitionally anemia. This is one way for Rabi •ls to reach modern man: tal.k about his problems with him, help him to discover the solutions and then carry them out in the context of hia own life situation. }fr. Stolpe (report under Sweden) had encouraged me to look up Dr. "-Ojer- mark~ whilst I was in RQtlie~ and to ask him about Swedish Bana•i history.
- Dr. Ojermark indicated that he is not qualified to speak of Swedish Ba- - hiatory, but that he can speak with some understanding of the pre- ha'i - Faith among them, sent situation of the Swedish people and ot the Baha'i aa he has spent a n11mber ot years as the Secretary of the NSA ot Sweden and moved this past winter to Rome to take his position as program direc• tor at FAO. He stated that the NSA of Sweden has its own printing equip- ment, and that it has considered ottering this equipnent to the other Scandinavian Bahi•1 coD1DU11itiea, to those of Denmark, Norway and Finland, so that printing would become a cooperative ettort and to the benefit ot all. At present the main obstacle is the shortage of tunds to hire
•• 1)Dr. Paul Ojerr.JtirK Interview: qualified personnel to undertake ~his job. fn Sweden the public schools are wide o~n forums for discussion of Baha'i teachings, and both Dr. and :.;rs. Ojer~ark have conducted introductory classes ia Saha' i princi- ples and history "<thile resident in Sweden. ~~'hat is needed is manpower and pamphlet liter~ture such as mentioned earlier, which addresses it- self to youth, and to thed.r specific problems• their personal questions. These young people are asking questions about life now and some ot them will not ask these questions a~ain in their lives--it is no~ or never that t~ey must be reached with the Bah&'{ teachings. They n&ed ideals with which to build their li"."es, as foundation blocks, spir;.tttal ideals and not the empty promises ot consumerism aoi the vicious c~rcle of spi- ralling greed. j\fter t:r.e leave school and sta:-t to '"'ork most of them will no lon~er think ot ideals, for t~~Y will be preoccupied with in- creasing t°!'leir consw-:lption. The riche~ they get the less ti.!'lle they will have ' 1free'' to ask questions and seek an.5\'lers. ~áJhen they become affluent they will feel constr~ined to squeeze a S!. :at de!!.l of activ.; -4-;:r into very little time. When you are always rur~~i~~ out of time you become stress- ful and tense, not ir-sightfu.l and spiriá.:ual. People are ot!ler-•ii=ected in Sweden, they have no roots and so ~~~ not inner-directed, :illd Dr. Oá ..:::rmark is concerned that .. if this tre:: continues a demogogue co11ld a- rise and sweep a 1 tf~1ole á?.;eneration of rá ~ :>tleaa youth into a mass :~.:>vement damaging to society and to the :routr..s• individual lives, that even a ''mon- ster'' could ca pi taJ.ize_oft ot the spiritt:..al vacuUlll amo?tg t!le youth. He pointed out that 3ahi'i teachers speaking to Swedish youth cnuld speak English as easil~r as Swedisn., that they need not be f1uent in Swedish as Swedish youth learn to speak, :..ead and write English,á and that Bah.a' [ teac~ers could give presentations on their Faith in English-language classes, and that a mixed group of Americans or English !ind Swedes would probably be the most appealing to St-redish youth and to their teachers also. á Dr. Ojermark is most interested himself in writir..~ some pamphlet literature .. ~ in - - Swedish which could assist t 11e above-recommended process • Dr. Ojermark expressed some desire to participate in Baha'i studies con- ferences organized in Euro!)e and regretted that he would not be able to attend. my proposed semine: f)n 1'Baha'i Econour1•• slated for June 1981, and to any other similar oonf.::.áence in swmner of 1981 1 due to the require- ments of his present employm!nt. However ne mentioned possessi~£ a tape- recording of a talk on ~-ii' i teachings c á .~conomy a.."'ld ec~r.:::;•á á~esent- ed by Shoghi Q.badimi in French during a ~~l&ian sununer sc!lcol .á:ion, and he promiser! to send ~~á : copy tá:--.ereot, ~lope fully in ti.me f ,. . .--:..7 se- ninar. This tape I will t::.áanscribe and translate into Er~lish \-lhenever I receive it, and I' 11 be ~~appy to make botl1 versions ava ~ . :~le to \'lho- ever wishes to secure a cc~.rá '.Je did not speak of rrty two ..~ á::: projects.
Papers: Ph.D. dissertatic~ on world federalism, no title, no date, no uni~rersity kncr.-,-n.
Publications: Translatio~~ - into Swedish of Shoghi , Lffendi'a letter3 to Baha'is, including t~ose published in Englisll as áTri.~ Pr2- :nis~d ..~z i.s Come, and Call to tl1e i'Tfltiona.
2)Dr. Alessandro Bausani Languages: Italian, Persian, Arabic, Urdu, French, German, E;lglish, ~ others Degrees: Ph.D., Universita di Roma, 1943; dissertation topic: •Sviluppi storici della aintassi neonersiana' -
Interview: On April 18, 1981, I was privileged to spend almost two hours with Dr. Bausani in his home outside of Rome, t-Jhere I asked him a - number of questions about his scholarly work and about the field of Ba- hili studies. ?áty former academic advisor at the University of Chicago, Department of tlear Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Dr. Heshmat ~loa yyad, professor of Persian language and literature, and my friend Mrs. iáfarzieh Gail, and all of the Bah.i•i scholars whom I talked with in the United Kingdom prior to crossing over to the Continent encouraged me to visit and interview Dr. Bausani. Dr. Bausani and I began ~ith a discus- sion. of the origins and sign!f~cance .~f r~ahju • 1 aJ.-1:a' lR ( ~i4)1 .J~~ ) , attributed to 1 Ali Ibn Abi Talib ( á á.'~\.t,_ ,.:; -.,.:'1 ~ J, he firat of the ce- - T lebrated twelve Imams of Isna. 'ashari ~i'i Islam, - ans ._. generally regard.= ed, according to Dr. Ba1lSaJli 1 as authored by lmim 'Ali by Persian 9aha'ia. Dr. Bausani noted that in general, those Bahi 1ls who have been reared and educated in Iran do not understandáor apply the methods of historicism, of empirical historiography 1 ot the scientific study ot religion (that is of \vestern ''scientific'' method), and that they often make positive judgements about matters which (Western) scientific historians have re- served to the domain of certifiable documentation and proven evidence with a11 rational hypotheses deriving tqerefrom, in other words that they often make judgements based upon ideology, upon ''tradition'', without sup- portive evidences (much less the dispassionate investigation of all ot the facts and theories pertaining to the subject at hand). While a Per- sian (and this includes the ''classically'' trained Persian intellectual, the historian and theologian) might cite tradition, without being clear as to the origin and reliability of that tradition, a Westerner would in- sist upon a full port~a.yal of the empi:'ical evidence incidental to the matter, and lacking sufficient evidence to make a clear judgement he might advance a theory. but only a theory, without pretensions to advancing the true and proven solution, the absolute and certain truth. Dr. Bausani reminded me that, at present, religion and science are different fields of study and of existence, that they do not always arrive at identical conclusions, and that their methods are radically at variance with each other. I then asked Dr. Bausani if he could recommend a particular manu- script or printing of the Ri:?,al.~h madanfu,ih ( ~á \. ~ ~t-.... ), by • Abdu il- Baha, translated as T~e Secret of Divine Civilization by l,tarzieh Gail {and already mentioned in connection with Drs. A§l!raf and tfalabá:i, Ge1ámany). and he replied that he could not help in this matter. When asked of his vfev of Bab.a•I Economy, Dr. Bausani replied that it is too early for this to be established, that it will evolve in due timet and that he would prefer not to speculate •. In a letter dated March 1? 1 1981 which he kindly sent me in Heidelberg whilst I was with Dr. Schaefer, to notify me of his schedule that I might arrange to meet him while in Rome, Dr. Bausani re- marked that a.s concerns his monumental work, persja ~eli~ipsa, 1Kalimit Press in Los Angeles plaru:s to translate it into English with some addi- tions: it seems that Dr. Moayyad is ready to do it (a rather complicated job indeed ••• ) and I hope to see it published in English.' We spoke of IX. ITALY
2):>r. Alessandro :Jausani
Interviewt ::>ersia l~eli5ioaa and of Dr. ~!cayyad, ~. r':lom Dr. Bausa...1i ha'i ':nown well and á á1áaved '"dearly during the forr.?er • s studies in It.:lly in ~1i áouth. He stated 0 1
t::at !~e á.-1ould be ar.ienable to the translatio!'l of. La Lotte ári át1~a Persi.'.:!.na into :~ngli::;h, tl:e s~cond of ;i.iS chef d' <"7~uvres, if I r.lay á. ~ permitted to sing-~~ out any of t: _s á,1orks for special attention in vi~á:á! of the f.1ct t ~:at á l1e ti.as T,-1ritten and p11blis'.'.:.ed suc:-i a vas~ c.á . ::intity of !!1ate:: ial, since ~i.s 1949 ~~ticld in Orie::te ~'lod~:-~o, vol. 2~", on ''Un g:hazal ct;_ (~'..i.rratu'l- 1 :\i:1''• ~'1l1en I asked Dr. Bausa:1i tá1hy he has ~hosen to stu.jy and tc write abo1.it the rel:.g:.on of Islam rather than the Bibi and Baha'i Faiths--!1e has been an - active B3.ha'i believer since shortl:r after the second ~vorl<i. '•iar, an:! a member of the tfSA of Italy for over 30 y~:irs 9 for almost ~ ::? entirety of his career as an Isla""nicist--he repliecl that it is ve~y <: :.!ficult to be a practicing Baha'i and to s+~dy this religion and write about it with scientific: precision, that t-J..:.s typ9 of stt:i~r is ''sensitive'', difficult to engage in without causing disunity, and necessarily con+~oversial. ~le Si:!?.'!.'!. return tc th is subject later. Dr. Ba1.1sani remarked t.: -C he \-1ould rea~A his 60th bi.::áthday on t:i.e 29t!1 of IáiQ. á , 1981 , and that a group of his academic collea~es and for~er students would issue a comneoorative volume of essays dedicated to his magnifice'.. .,,. á ...,.., adjeoti11e!), á..rhich would inclt:.de a complete listing ,Jf all orá á. á á....... ioationa, current to the aprir.;; ot 1(~1. 'Nhen I receive a eo~y á á- áárs volur.ie I will expand_the bibliography cited in t"r..is article anc. :ar~e ~.:is available to Bar.i• i scho- lara T<for ld-wide in my ~.;orld report on °.Jaha' -i scholarship. Dr. E •á ..'. .' :1i has been unable to secure a visa for an acadernic visit to the United S~ates, and he t h i • that the major i!!:.pedime!1t to his receiving permission frol:l the American government is his former :r:~:-'.:ier.ship in the I tilian Commun is~ Party prior to his espo1Jsal of the Balli á Cause. Speaking for the Bahi'i scl1olars ofáNorth America (and I shal: ~..; so only in this inst.ance I assure youl), ~.~e certaiá:á :.v hope that the American ' government can be convinced of '
its mistake and t~á.at Dr. Bausani will be :.1elcomed to our Continent, per- haps in time for t~á1e publication of Per!:..:.aá R~li,ai,.9ea in English l:ranala.- tion. For the .::ia.e:-: six years, most of Dr. Ja~i's research and writing has focused on the history of Islamic sci.ence, and particularly ot the science of astronom:'f• \o/hen I asked Dr. Bausani if I mig~á.: continue my study of Islamic civilization, Arabic and Persian language and literature in Italy ancr under his guidance and direction, he strongly reeonunended that I abandon s11ch ideas, st~.ting that the entrance requirements are very difficult to ful~i..11, as the~j require that the ''graduate'' stlicient read La- tin and Greek, and read and write and unc.~rstand if not speak modern Ital- ian, including the presentation of the doctoral dissertation in that lan- guage. Dr. Bausani mentioned contacts with certain other Islamicists, in- cluding Drs. Teufel (whom he described as a Bahi. 1 i), Fritz Meier (in Basel, Schveiz) and Anna-Marie Schi.:nmel, with ,.,hom he corresponded for years. i!e is well known and well regar~ed in Pakistan, which he described as the on- ly official~y Muslim atate in which Bahi•Is are free to conduct their af- fairs without fear of governr.ient interference and public persecution. Ba- ba' is are not persecuted becat!_se they are no! regarded as r-fualims, where- as, until recently, the At.madiyy!h {Qa.jiyyanis) were oppressed, until their religion was designated non-Muslim. w-~en I suggested that one publisher was interested in the English transla1:~_cn of A.L.M. I-Iicolas' renditions of certain works of the Bib into Frencá:., Dr. Bausani took exception to t~i!_ proposal, stating his view that all translations of the Babi and Ba- hli1 i Scriptures be r.ia.de from original Arabic and Persian t~xts and super- vised by the Universal House of Justice. On the subject, mentioned ear- IX. ITALY
2)Dr. Alessandro Bausani
Interview: lier, of the distinctions between science and religion and the dangers at- tendant upon the mixing of the two, that is of scientific study and reli- gious life, Dr. Bausani affirmed that the purpose of religion and ita func- tion is to create a way of life, an ideal pattern of behaviour, a system of social and personal goals and restraints, while the purpose and function of science is to discover realities, to see things as they are (not aa they could or should be), to explore the actual existences, the laws that go- - vern the empirically-perceptible universe. If Baha'is engage in immoder- ate scientific study of their Faith they may lose their faith therein, and - so, from the spiritual point of view, it is better for Baha'ia to live in accordance with their religion and to study other religions scientifically. Dr. Bausani and I spoke briefly regarding Baha'u'llah's Writings, an<L_he aye~red that Baha'u'llah wrote a Tablet on alchemy, entitled Ma,udih Asrnari1 Cf.l.-1 á' -..)yL.) in Arabic, in which He presented a psychological interpretation of alchemical transformation, and used alchemical terminology to describe psychological processes. Dr. Bausani told me that he is a rationalistic monothei~t, not an esoteric occultist, and that the Baha'i Faith would be invented i'f it did not already exist. He regards ''Progressive Revelation'' as one of the most effective and significant Baha'i principles. The Bab.a•i Faith is generally an optomistic religion, and for •"this reason Dr. Bausani is not favorable to what á h& described.. as ''oalamitous prophecy mongering'' a- mong Baha'is. On the subject of pr~phetical interpretation, Dr. Bausani recommended that I speak with Professor Husayn Avaregan, and he recalled that Mr. Avaregan had worked with probability theory (as a mathematician.. trained at the Sorbonne in Paris and for many years a profe~sor of mathema- tics at the University of t'ihri.n) in order to ''prove'' the efficacy of pro- phetical statements correctly understood. Dr. Bausani has made no collect- ion of information related to the year 1844 A.D., 126o A.H. He mentioned two books in Urdu on world history, but did not specify whether or not he had authored these books or translated them or recommended them to me: What M!i;tt Thought, and What God Did. When I mentioned Dr. Muhlschlegel's Geschichte der Menacheit, Dr. Bausani agreed to review the portion of this work which pertains to Islamic civilization with regard to its accuracy, and to iden- tify .a useful bibliography and indispensible notes to be appended thereto • ..:He mentj.one~ writing articles for Encyclopedia Persica on the Bah.i'i Faith. (I understand that Dr. I..facEoin and Dr. Bramson have also written articles for Encyclo~eqia Persica.) Dr. Bausani mentioned Dr. Yar-shater I~san, pro- fessor of Pahlavi and Iran]an Islam at Columbia University as being involved in . the compilation and publication of Encyclopedia_ .Per.sica. Dr. Bausani asked for copies ot all publications available on faliirih, as he was (at that time, in April 1981) preparing an article comparing the poetry ot Na'im and 1ihirih, áand wanted to keep his documentation UP-to-date. But please do not send Dr. Bauaani copies of Clara Edge's and Martha Root's books--he already has copies ot these and read them thoroughly long ago. He was par- ticularly interested to hear of Dr. MacEoin's biography of Ti:hirih and his translations of a number of the Arabic poems attributed to her. When asked which authofa he would recormnend to contribute articles to a book devoted to the exposition of Bah& 1I perspectives on the modern world, he mentioned Udo Schaefer, William Hatcher, Firuz Kazemzadeh, Jalil Hahmoudi, Hoseyn Dan- esh, Shahpur Rassekh, William Garlington and Ezzat Djazayeri. Dr. Bausan:i. ventured no comment in response to my suggestion that a Euro- pean Bahi•I Studies Association be ~ormed, but I do not think he is ad- verse to !he prospect. Only he does not regard himself as a scholar of the Baha'i Faith, but rather aa an Isliinicist and generally a.a a scholar IX. ITALY
2)Dr. Alessandro Bausani
::~ nterview: of tne Central Asian and Near Eastern civilizations and religions. Not- wit:i.standi~ this, Dr. Bausani has written a number of articles, pam- phlets and book chapters on Babi and Baha' [ topics, and continues to áio - so. á~~~e Euro~ear;. aaha • i scholars are hopin~ that Dr. Ja~sani i,,1ill par- ticipate in future conferences devoted to B~ol and Baha'i studies. On the subject of ~n ~n?ielopedia :?_a:~•J;, Th-. ~~usani asserted that a pro- ject of this magnitude rni:sht be prematur~ á a~ present, th3.t it might be better to \..rait .fa!' awhile, and that such ,~ •á1ork should include Islamic, - Chriás tian and mar~y, many other topics .sis 3e~~1 from a Bah.a' i point of 11iew, and not just ''purely Baba' f• 1 topi~s explored in isolation from their r .e- á ligio•~s and cultural t.ac]cground, which is t~ :áá : 3tory of hur:ar.á{.ind. :-. Alessandro Bausani has authored so nany ;.uá: .._c .:.ea, papers, books, chap- ters and pamphlets, and bas translated au,ch a large VB.!'iety of religious and literary ''claaaics'' into Italia..."l ( inclt? ..t. '.'!g the Qur I an from ;\1"abic . and ~-:u:iar.imad Iqbal's most famous literary\"" '"kB from urdu) that it ia á im- pcssible for me to supply ~~oá.i with a complets list of a :1 of his ~on!ri- . bá ,t:.ons to relig::.oUG and liter~ "studies, r even to :::abI and Bara' i - - sc!lolarship. 'i 'he ilational Ba.hi' i Library •:>:! Italy (see report) c.:>ntains 7 contributions of Dr. Bausani to Biibi and ?.~~a'i studids, which will be .
enumerated later in this report. In Firenze (Florence) I SFent some hours in the Biblioteca :.J'a zionale Centrale, and there found no leas than 39 separat9 works listed in the card catalogue, including a copy of ''Un ghazal di Qurratu 1 1-'Ain,'' under Dr. Bauaani•s name. Dr. Bausani gave me a copy of a ''Biografie • Bibliogratie degli Aocademici Lincei, •• dated ~OCla 1976, and occupied '.'litl1 the commemoration of Dr. Bausani' s ac:ademic contributions up to and including the year 1973: this ''Bibliagrafia'' enu- murates no l :;sa thaa 66 pu.blic~~ions, beginning with ''L' r~:1ia vista da .i ue grandi persor.a.lita muaulmane: Eirttni e Baber, :i in Al-Bi:::-1..1r.:.i commemoration volume, Ca.J.c:utta: Iran Society, 1951, pp. 53-76; and ending 'Iii th ... •Is.l am ,in_ India. • ':1.i po logia .di un c o.:itatt o .re1 igio,s o, Roma: Accadamia Naz ional e dei L incei, 1 '.173, pp. 27. Since 1973, Dr. Bausani has aut!lored dozerus of articles and. other p\J.blicationa, including two that I know of person- -- ally and copies of which !ire in the Natio_!!al Jaha'i Library of Italy, these two being devoted to expositions ct Baha'i teachings. Aa ~entio~ed before, Dr. Ba11aani asserted that, !or the past six yea.rs (since 1975) he has been primarily occupied with st~dying and writing about Islamic science and as- t1~onomyá á-in áparticular. He stated t !°:.:lt the honorary volume of essays issued on tae occ~ion of his áSoth birthday this Y~ á""C' ( 1981) contai=1s a full bib- liography at all of his publications to ap~~ ~ 1981. However, Dr. Bausani continues to be a prolific writer, a.."1.d soá no . ~bliograpey of his composi- tions can claim to be entirely comple .. . t•ihen I receive a copy of -:ie ho-_ norary volume I vill cite the contents thereof in my world report on 3aha'i seholars.. ~en of course such a bibliogr!l~ --~á ll not include all of the unpublished papers o! Dr. 3ausani, hia notet=: .3 cholarly corres!'or. 1.ence, or his contributions to Ba.hi• i historf in .. á :ak.iru;, as an Ita:.:.ian Ba.hi.áái, world-renowned scholar in his field and menber of the NSA of Italy for á a- "-"" Ba.ti - ver 30 years. lfere listed are a few of his publications related to the - - and BahB.'i religions.
~á~ibl ications: ''Un ghazal di Qurratu' 1-' Ain, '' Orienta moderno, vol. 29, no. 10-12, 1949. - - Il martirio del 'Bab' aeconuo la narrazione di !áJ abil Za- randi, Oriente Moderno, vol. 30, pp. 199-207. IX. ITALY
2)Dr. Alessandro Bausani Interview: Publications: ''Sviluppi Instituzionali Della Religion Baba' If Atti r, dell' VIII ConKresso Internationale di Storia delle Re- ligioni ~o~, 1.7-,?2, Apr.ile. 19~c; , ~irenze: Sansoni, 1956•. ''III. La Nuova. Religione Ba.b!-Baha' i, 1' Per.s;i.a ReligioSB; di .z;~~Uf!tr~ a B~~áu:llah, Milano: Il Saggiatore, 1957, pp. 4 -92. ' ''Bib,•• ''Baof.s, '' ''Baha' f.s, '' 1'Bahi' u.' llah, '' EncicJ.op.!<!_ia of Islam, second edition, loc. cit., 1958. ''Appendice--La Religione Babi-Bahi' I,'' ''Religione Ialamica, 11 Le ci~ilta dell'Oriente, Roma: Ed. Casini, 1958, vol. III, pp: "i91:Ji12 á(Appendicei pp. 4o?-11). essim., ''La Letteratura neopersiana, '' Storia dell!.•letter- atura Persians:, Milano, 1960, pp. 149~9S. I Persiani, Firenze: Sanaoni, 1962, pp. 221-23. with Agnese B2erio, Augusto Robiati, Introduzione allo stu- dio del Baha'ismo, Roma: Instituto Tiberi.no di cultura 1mi- versitaria e di atudi superiori, dell' Accademia Tiberina, Facolta' di Soienze Psichiche e psicologiche, 1970. ''Le religioni nuove sorte dall'Islam, 11 Storia delle Reli- K~.?I!.5:.t Turin: UTET, 1970-71, vol. V, pp. '21.3-74... ~- La C.ri:si._Rel~gio~ del.. !llondo mo~e.r.n~ e +~_fe..de Ba.ha' i 1 Ro- ma: Casa Editrice Baha'I {?~, 1975. . La fed' Baha'.f e l;'Unita'_ ,?!,1 5e_n:,ere ~an'?, Recco: B.&S. 1 Editori, 1977. - ''La Storia del Criatianeaimo alla luce del concetto Baha'i -- di Religione, 11 01??-.n_ion.~ Bah~' i, spring 1977. __ ''La lotta di Giacobbe con l'Angelo, 1' Oninioni Baha'i, sum- .me~-- ... " 1927• (f1ote: Dr. Bausani is one of the editors of 9pin.l;,'!ni.Baha'1 and has made ma~ contributions, literary and editorial, to this intellectual periodi- cal published by the f-JSA of Italy, and similar in some ways to '.iiorld Or- der and La Pensee ; Baha"1 '1e. ") IX. ITALY
3)Pro!essor Husayn Avarega~ Languages: Perai~n, French, English, Italian ,. Arabic Degrees: Licence from Univer- eite de Paria in mathematics
Interview: Here begins one of the more '!!arvelous and remarkable stor- ies associated with this European tour, a story which continues to this day, and will extend long into the future. I waa privileged to f'~peak withá - professor Avaregan, formerly at the University _.. of . Tihrin, and ,..... then in 1
.ram for a number of years as a Baha'i pioneer, and a Bahi''i scholar ar:d fiet-
academic matl1e!l'latician~ on t..,,o occasions lln.d under rather extraordir.ary á circu.-n.atances, A:?:::-il 20 in his home• a::..i A Fil 23 in his sickbed in the municipal hospital of Albano l'Aziale. At our first meeting I '.-.á u almost á~verwhelmed áby the. great energy and vitalit~;" ot this man, the powáer and conviction of his ideas, ~he fluency of his expression, his multi-lingual facility, his enormous affection for the Bahi"" [Cause-this was hardly the behavior I expected from an octogenarian recovering from a recent se~iea of heart-attacks! Then, April 21, my new friend was rushed to . the á hospi- tal with all of -~h• symptoms ot a massive heart attack~ ~rhaps only mo- ment:s away !ram release from this world. How astoundeu I waa to find that á I
he would see me only two days later 1 when he talked with me for halt an hour vi~h all of hia characteriatio energy, f1uenc y and facility! Si~oe then p?áo!eaaor Avaregan baa sent me several long letttlra as. well as a num- bttr of article& he baa written over the yeara on subjects pertainjng to the field at Baoi and Bah&•I studies, and I have committed m:r:-á;')lf to pre- paring a number of these articles for eventual publication. We began our discourse. vith a consideration of Biblica1 proph~cies fulfilled in the Baor and Baca•{ re1igions, a subject which professor Aá1are~an halJ been stu<tying for t á.: enty years, ever since l1e moved to Ita:l.y. The profes- sor collJlllenced his remarks in affirming that Copernicus destroyed the theor- ies of Aristotle in the 16th century, the geocentric theory ot the universe. and that as the Roman Catholic Church counted on this theory as a support- ing column ot Christian theology, the Church con.3idered that the Faith, the true religion was provoked and threatened when this theory 1#8.S quest- . ioned. 'ilith regard to the prophecy of 70 week& in the book of J)an!el (Old Testament), the professor asserted that neither the Apostlea nor the primi- tive Christiana. of the first few centuries recognized and nnderstcod thia prediction of tl1e dawn of the Messiah, but that this prophecy was fir3t un- derstood in the 16th- century by Johann áFunck ( 1518-66), accor•~ing to Leroy Edwin Froom, The Pro;@etic Faith of om: F11:.thers. 1 vol. II, p. 3o8. We also knov that the 16th century was that 01~ the apparition of Protestant Christ- ia.?l.ity as a real apirit11al force in European society. Professor Avaregian tells ua that prophecies are objective proofe of the revealed truth. and hence of all . the Manifeetatio!1.3 of God. The prophecy of the 70 weeks, ea.ya he, ~as not revealed to guide the Hebrewa to Jesus Christ, as it was not understood before tl1e 16th centur.r • even. Christ did not refer to this pro- phecy. But this prophecy is the key to the comprehension of the prophecy ot 2300 daye, which denotes the second coming of Christ. In the 16th cen- tury there was also the discoveI""'J of the th~ory of mathematical probabi1i- ty. The chevalier de l.f.re, a dice player, ooaerveái that "fhile the number of combinativns (ot dice) . is six altogether, between the ten and the nine it 'W&8 more frequent that one sat.tr the nine, and that between the twelve and the .eleven• one saw more cften the twelve. Tha dice grune was eonduot- eci in this fashion: two pereoua thrav three dice each, and. then if three tG ten the one, •nd eleven to eighteen the other (I have preserved thia conversation a.ei true to the original aa poa3ible, and so i t you ao not un- derstand, credit it to your lack of understandin3 of dice or o! mathema- IX. ITALY
;)Professor Jlµsayn Avaregan
Interview: tical probability theory. and count yourself in good company.), then the latter wins. The chevalier de M~re posed this problem to Blaise Pascal, and Pascal observed that the permutation, not the combination is impor- tant. The professor said that in order to understand this one might i- magine that one has three dice of different colors, and that it is not the numerical combinations but rather the perr.?Utations which intervene in the chance of each game_. In the event that in one game two numbers are equal and the same and one number is different, there are three per- mutations. ~o understand.this it is sufficient to imagine that each of the three dice is of a ~ifferent color. When you have t~ee different numbers and three different colors, there are ~ix perrnut~tions possible: - ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB,_ CBA. There are 27 permutations for the numbers 10 and 11, and 25 permutations for 9 and 12, and the total of games and of permutations is 108• ''Chance'' follows the ''law'' of mathematical pro- bability. H~nce a prophecy is easily comprehended as valid or not. The science of probability, which is the base of all the sciences was dis• covered by the chevalier de Mere and Blaise Pascal in the 16th century and has been developed since that time, although it has only be perceiv- ed as the foundation of science since the 19th century. In physics, the lodestone ot the theory of gases and molecules; in biology, of genetics and births; in social sciences and in agriculture also. In his research into propheeiea, professor Avaregan.haa concentrated his attentio~ upon - those of the 2300 and 1a60 days and not ot the 1290 and 1335 days .which apply only to the Bahi'is, and so can not be regarded by Jews and Christ- ians as proofs ot the truth ot Baha'u'llah's Revelation. So, said the professor, in the 16th century you have the collapse of the leading co- lumn ot Catholic theology. (and hence of the Roman Catholic religion ac- cording to the professor). with the discoveries of Copernicus disputing the theories of Aristotie, the discovery and understanding of the pro- phecy of 70 weeks, andáátne unveiling of the ''law'' of mathematical pro- bability. As for the prophecy of the 1335 days in the book of Daniel, professor Avaregan not•d. .that . . it was fulfilled, accomplished in 1957 A.D., when the direct intervention of God on earth stopped, and that since that date there is no longeráa personal representative of God on earth, no longer a divinely-appointed directorate, for the Faith is established on earth. He read this ináPersian and promised to locate the source for me. (See report on Sven t-Ltrda, Sweden, for parallel assertion.) The 1290 days was accomplished in 186.3,á as the official ''declaration'' of Mu!lammad' s mis- sion occured in 612 (while the professor says that Mu~ad was a prophet as of 609) A.D., and so it one takes this as the starting point of the 1290 days and each day for a year according to the ''Biblical'' tradition in prophetic interpretation, the termination thereof is in 1863. Between 1260 and 1290 are thirty years, of which ten years are accounted for in the change of calendars (from 612 A.D. to 622 A.D., to correspond with Mu- J:ammad's change of residence from Mecca to Madina in that year, the first of the Islamic calendar), s.nd twenty years to the ''declaration'' of Baha'- u'llah in 1280 A.H. (May I note in this connection that the Bib, in var- ious passages of the !_3ai1:n-i-Far~r ( f_f",\:_. áá~~.) and I>ala'il-Sab'a (f'7'.s-"1.J~) refers to the commencement ot the Islamic Dispensation as being 1270 years before the Bao• s ''declaration'' in 1260 A.H., and if we use his method of calculation, 1290 years after the ''declaration'' of the Prophet l-fu~d would be 1280 A.H., 1863 A.O.) The 1260 days prophecy of Daniel was inter- preted by Protestant theologians, not by Catholics, and all of their solu- tions are incoherent, whereas the appearance of the ffiib in 1260 A.H. is IX. I'?ALY
3)Professor Husayn Avarega.n Interview: coherent. The t~o witnesses spoken ot in the Book of Revelation of.St. John t:1e Divine (the Apocalypse of John of Pat~1os) are interpreted by Christian theologians to ~e Enoch and Elijah,and professor Avare~ stated that the eorrect ir..terpretation of this passage is ot~erwise and that the two witnesses denote the Prophet Iátuhacunad and the Ir.:l~;.m •Alf Ibn Abf 'falib. There is a dragon in theá 1260 da.3á.s prophecies of Dc.niel and John, and so~e theologians conjectured that t l1e dragon might be the Pope, &."1.d some of. them regarded the . year 1 á789 A. D. as the terminationá of the 1~')0 days (years), as in áthtit year the Rornan Catholic Pope was ''abducted'' from the Vatican and fro.m: Rome and brought to Paris where he died, tlirou:gh +r~e instance of Napoleoná t, Empero~ .o! France. In speakµg of proc;>fs of ~the.á Balli' i Re'relation, proofs of its veracity, its di.vine origin and necessity, profeFSsor Avaregan cited two categories of evi::iences, of signs of.the Revelation of Godt two classes of creative facts of the I1Bnifestation of God: a)social facts, pertaining to t"'.le life-span of the ~<anifestation on earth, from 1817 to 1892 (or f;. -:~~-: 1844 . to 1[~92); and b)spirit1:1al facts, the sou.Ls who sacrifice themselife.s f'or the Faith. Professor Avaregan discovered theee two categories of si~:-ns - in a verse of the Qur'an, which I cite r..ere in Arabic original, and in t'110 translations--one b:y J.M. Rodwell, and the other by Husayn Avare~an: . .
..J) .. ~ u j f J . . . .. ~l 1 ~ . '• .~á _.r- ~I ~' .1 ;.!>:'. . .~ •.á-~. \ ;: ,/ ,.,] ' . ~\ .~.I ~áá .. \ .. .. .á~ ~ ~-~ ... áv> . .. á~ . .. . . .• ~ .. . ~ ., . . .
~ ,_r .. •• ... . •~, . . ' . . ' á~á I á;á-"" Koran (LXXI)• Sura XLI, The ~de Plain, verse 52 - - We will shew them . our signs in different co1mtries and amongá themselves, 11ntil it become plain to them that it ia the truth. Is it not enough tor thee that they Lord is witness otáai1 things? . > ,:á.. .
Qur'an XLI:52 \'le wiJ.l soon show our signs in tile world and in their individual spirits/beings/li~es to make cleliU" tor them .. it not sufficient for thee that He observes that :-te is true. I;&á all? M:r dear pi-otessor cited other proofs from Scripture as the following: Deuteronomy 18:21-22 for the Bib and Bahi'u'llah and Deuteronomy 18: 15- 20 for Jesus Christ. Acts of the Apostles 3:20-22 has the Apostle Peter saying that Jesus Christ was a prophet and not God. He pointed out that the Gospel of St. John the Apostle, cha~ter 4, verse 46 has Christ refer- ing to Himself as a prophet. The professor stated tha.t it ia more impor- tant to be a prophet than to be the son of God, aa there were other sons of God, 84 per Geneais 6:2,4 and Exodus 4:22-23. Deuteronomy 18:18 per- tains to the prophet Mu~d, and to the Arab pe2pJ.e. G~nesis 17:20 speaks of the tweUth Imam of the Isna á~..nart §hi'i t-tuslims. On the scientifi~ interpretation of prophecy: the four conditions through á which we can determine the condition, 1alid or invalid of prophecy: . (1)Where there are allegories to interpret, it the interpretive key exists .before and ia not created by the interpreter himaelfJ tor example, the 1}1 IX. ITALY
})Professor Huaayn Avaregan Interview: principle ot a 7e~ for a day. (There are prophecies tor the comprehensio~ - ot the keys are revealed by 'Abdu'l-Baha, but these have no value for the non-Bahi'i.) á á (2)Where the prophecy preceeds the event of a sufficient ti:ie that ~t be impossible that it could have been invented. by anyone who could' have pro-á fited thereby. (3)Where the event ia realized in conformity with the prophecy. (4)Where the concordance of the prophecy with the event is not interpret~ able by natural ~azard, by chance. á Take for example the prophecy ot the 70 veeklst this prophecy is so impor- tant that the greatest .scientific genious before Albert Einatein, Sir I~ saac Newton, devoted forty years of his life to the study of the Biblical prophecies and to the re~olution of the .problem of the 70 weeks, undertaken in a work entitled, Observ:S;,tio,ns s>n th_!t J>FoJ?!lecies o{.•Danie'l;.. and th_.e" AEo- ~al:t:,Eae of ~t. John, published after his death, for which the ácontributions of 104 persona wa.a necessary to publish it. Thia edition is written in the handwriting of' the time~ Professor Avaregan has a photocopy himself, made of one of the origi~al copies, in the library of the Universita di Milano; the manuscript being in the British Museum. The prophecy of the 70 weeks has a scientific value andit iia :tor thie reason that the professor intere-sta himself therein. And so, in light .of the four conditions: (1)According to the prophecy of the á 70 weeks, there will be 70 weeks before the annointing of the Moat Holy, and, according to another passage, ? and 6o and 2 weeks and then during the last, the seventieth week, the Messiah is cut ott, and then will come the arrival of the prince and of the people to destroy the town and the sanct11ary. All of this was ac'complished in history, according to the year/day principle. (2)When we refer to the book by Froom (op. :cit.), we find that the Old Tes- tament was translated from Hebrew into Greek and styled the SeEtuagint a- round 300 years prior to the appearance of Jeaus Christ, and so it's impos- sible that it could have been falsified. Eence, it is not possible to claim that Jews or ~áI:a . have talaitied these -verses. The book of DaDiel . existed before Jesus Christ because it á~ translated into Greek, and formed part of the SeEtua&t~~~ The first ones who knew that Daniel waa a prophet were the Jewish rabbis who observed after the destruction ot Jerusalem by Titus that the prophecy of Daniel was fulfilled and that Jesus Christ was the Messiah-promised by. ~niel. The Messiah (Christus in Latin) was con- sidered less important than a prophet but he was expected and desired tor his pQ)'ler. Daniel wae considered a prophet until the coming ot Jesus the Christ and even after that Josephus declared that he was a great prophet. Froom explains that the Jewish rabbis rejected Daniel as a prophet in their invention of the Talmud,1 and throughout the Talmud, the book of Daniel is classed along with the ''writings'' and not with the 1'propheta11 • and in the Jewish Bibles it is alw~a cited under the catagory of ''writings'', not even among the twelve minor prophets. The Jewish rabbis did not want Jewa to read the Book of Oaniel as that of a prophet, tor otherwise they would be attracted to Chriatianity by the prophecy of the 70 veeka. These rab- bis took this action during the tveltth century of the Christian era. Not a single rabbi admitted that this prophecy was tultilled. Protestant and Catholic Christian Bibles oita Daniel aa among th• great prophets. All of the áabove is explained. according to the professor, in Froom's The Pro.. phetic F,aith of our fat~~a, vol. I, pp. 18-19 1 and in the Enczclopedia Judaica, under the title, ''Daniel'' 1 P• 1275. , IX. IT.\LY
3)~>rofessor ~fusayn A~1aregan
t!'l.terview: (3)I.;.1 the 19th century, David St:-:1usa wrote a á1500-:.age, 3-volu.'!le study otá the life of Jesus 1Jhrist in á.-1hich. he tri.ed to <ler:lori...strate th.:lt Christ ::aver !Xisted, that He ".:as an i.~\.áented r.r1th an,i nothir~ more. .-:e affirmed that t~le Jesus Christ of t3e C á..:"isti:m Cl1urch ii.d net exist. ot:1er ~~hol ~s discoverl3d t~-:.e sa.-ne, such as Albert Sch•.veitzer =.n l1ia Th.9 Otiest of t!1e Historical Je.sus, and professor AvareGan showed r.ie l:::g last chapter of this latterá wor~~t entitled ''Results:' in or~er to r.-:al-:e evi~ :nt to r.ie that .Sc~weit zer 1 s conclusior_ tias actually irhat the profes so::- r ~ á• á ásented it to b~. 'l'he ob ~ection of these scholars '.áras primarily that tie J~...;us Christ of ti:~ t1os- els is incredible, .md t:-::it the l'?'.anner in whi::::1 the Cl1urc:h s-;>o~i:e of cáá:.:."ist •:1.'.'.\S not correct. T~e professor affirt!l8 that Jah.a' Is only understand á;ne true history of Chris~ because Bah.i'u'llah has reveal~d it to them. áThese }\is,;orian.s have prepared the way for the Baha' fs in stating that the ''oi'fi- ci~'' history of Christ is incredible. The truth could not be understand b~fo::-e :the coming ot Baha'u' :lah. Prophec;y 1.emonstrates tY..e val1.Le of a prcph.et ~ather than the prophet indicating the va~ue of the prophecy. It is.not necessary to spea..~á ot the origin of t~e prophecy of Daniel. and if Da..~i•l was actually tre author.of this propnecá- ~ nct ••• but, was the pro- phe~-, made before the e'!rent and was it reali7-.~ á á.~a and yes. (4)'l'o understand the fourth quality or condit~;;.:i o::e must study mathemati- cal probability, and this ia explained in two ot tl:~~ publiehed articles of professor Avaregan, or which I have copies in !tali~áand ~n English, in ámanuscript, and which are appearing in the quar ::!rly .aa.hi• i periodical, 0-oinioni B~~a•r, beginnir..g with the first a.rtie:...~ in October 19{31. : re- commend these pa:pers to the student af me:..~ .eroatics and of :prophetic i~ter pretation, and would be more than delighted to make copies available serious seeker. Eventually they will be published in reputable journals and circul.:.\."t!d world-wide, in English translation. Professor nvaregan insisted upon the UJpor~ance of teaching the Faith, and he spo>:e ~f fc"...tr methods of teaching, all of wiiicr :.:-e discussed i:."l one of áhie un:)Ublisl1ed papers, listed later in this r~... .,_e first r.ie4:i:i.od is to itlpart tl::.e social teachings a.e phrased by á~~- ~": J..-.oa.'li; the secc~:d me- thod is to proove the existence of God to non-believers, to scientific ma- terialists and rnaterialistic scientists in particular: in this connection he men~ioned Bertrand Russell and Friedrich iange (History o.f, !átater'i;_~lisJl!) as ~vurces :for materialistic philoso"'.'h:r and for athi?iam; the third r~e- _,)d to teach true religion, that which is the cause of á1~.f'e, the divine O!' ~- .. gin of religion, i::.::luding the Greek and Roman mythological cults; the fourth method to begin with the boo~ of the seeker, to study the Evangel with the Christian., the q~ir•in with the I1uslim 1 to teach each the trut!1s of his own religion, froo his own Scripture. Besides being very far.iili.ar '"ith the Qu=' an, professor Avaregan is extreme- - l.y well read in Bahi'i literature avai~ áble only in Arabic, suet ~ the masterly \-1orks of l4irza Abu•l-Fadl • • Since our meetings in Albano l 'Aziale, professor Avare6an and I ha::á! car-- responded several t~-:ies, he periodically ~ending me p.iJ-ckages full o:: •11on- derful pape~s on various subjects and ea :ime pro~~:.sing mo.:"e paclá:a:::~s ~ith many ~~re paj>'ra, as well a~ cop~e! oc the articles he has published ~n La Pensee B~11.a' ie and OJ2!,p.ion?-, ~.aJi.a ' ..'-.• As he ha.a not yet sent '!'le cop- ies o! publisl1ed articlea, I am not su:á~ of their dates of publ:=..cation, but I will cite the subject-headings of the published articles, and you can try to fish them out if you're in a h-....Lrry to read them. _ The dear professor and I did not speak either of an European :3alii' i Stud- IX. ITALY
3)Profeasor lil1Sa1U Avaregan Interview: - ies Association or of an ~ncyclopedia ~aha'\, but surely some of his papers could be contributed to either or both, for they are full of information valuable to BaJul•i scholars. rtowever, it is not likely that the profes- sor will be contributin~ these !)apers directly himself, as he is over 80 years of age and in poor health, and so I hope to do so on his behalf. He is directing what is left of his energy on this plane to the completion o~ his scholarly work, so I ask that anyone who \'1ishes to contact him refer their remarks to me on the first occasion, as I may be able to be of ser- vice to the enquirer as tt1ell as to t!le professor himself, by relieving him of unnecessary correspondence . •
Publications: ''Le Sens de la Vie d • apr~a ,. lea .Grands ,. Ge'nies Conteraporains de la Science,•• La Pensee Baha'ie, n.d., n.pp. '''Scientific Proof of the Divine Revelations'', of them this one will bear the ''sous-titre'': ''I - The Prophecy of the Seventy-v/eeks of the Prophet Daniel.'' ••• The first part of it, up to the ''Third Condition'', included is now U."'tder print in the '~four monthly'' O:pinio11\ B,aha'.~ whioh must appear in the beg~nning of October.• ?letter dated 16 September 1981) ''R1!eri~~~1. . - a Baha 'u' llah nel 3uddismo, '' - - CJ?!.~i.oni 3a_::'1~..!-,á Anno IV ,/~O.~.. 16, Luglio 19?6, Parole 133, pp. 23-32 •
Papers: 'Le Sens de la'Vie d'Apr~s Albert Einstein', 12 pp. 'Le Sens de la Vie d'Apr~s lea Grands G&nies Contemporains de la Science•, 5 pp., incomplete. 'La Tenda.nee Metaphysique et Religieuse des Grands G'nies Scien- tifiques' T 8 jp. 'Les Plans Deduita des Paroles d'Abdu'l-Bahi pour Enaeigner la Cause•, G pp. 'Faisant le Parallele entre Boudd.ha et le Christ•;•21 pp • . •studio Metodico• e Razionale dei Quattro Vangeli', 16 pp • •studio Razionale dei Cristianismo•, JO pp. 'The Prophecy of Seventy WeeY.s ot the Prophet Daniel', 38 PP• 'Rational Common Points between Koran and the Gospels', 9 pp. 'The Prophecies of Islam', ? pp. 'The Problem ot Christ's Divinity•, 8 pp. 'The Situation of the World in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century', 19 pp. 'A simple method of teaching, common to all the believers in God', 2 PP• '1-tetaphysical and Religious Tendancy of the Great .Scientific Geniuses•; 12.pp. 'The Parallelism between.Buddha and Chriat 1 ;•12 pp. 'Grandeur et }lystare d'Amit-Abh&', 17 PP• • Other papers on the foll~ing topics: 'Islam as seen in the Revelation of St. John: 1260, the proof of Isllim', in English. 'History of the Balii. 11 Faith and Islimic prophecies•, in progress. •Islamic, Buddhist, Zoroastrian pro- phecies•, in progress. 'Ether, from Aristotle to Einstein', in Italian. 'The proofs of the covenant•, in Italian. I ., á~á -MAT'-( l....a...l..l..J-
ḥ • -- n ...,. á.Lt. ... ~!'...l. •...,L.::1 á-e.::: ~. • ...áááá.... . -áá .......... -~.l.' - - .. .~., • ...... .L. t a .!.. 1a:1 ~ . á.~ .l. • . Je '"-:-ees: Uniá.re:á;_; i ty of "'l.n ,...á1n - :..<. : ~á' - ~ - :-1. ). I11tervie•.1: !~a. te :icá .i. :_::1-,; ;~. !Jril 29 c-f 1931 - :i1et :á!::.::.::; r: i ~la ::;trsa :ir1d c: áá~e conducted :1e to :,_er á>:i..::ents • l".oá:-ie in .?le . !"lee, á. ri~ere I 11et an~i in- t ,-..~~1ie1.-1ei he:'" fat ::er, Dr. ]'1.di 1tl'1-lah :1arsa, t sc '.10-~.:i.r of t 1-:. e á.3a!1a•I ? ;!.. :i.t '.~. cá ,~ .:.: averal !1ours c::... exc'.:ange •:1e -:.~~ ::. i!l-:1al1 !:i.ble source of ir..- for~1tion to i~e, and I a-:i de"=~ á?lY and eternal. ~.:r sratcful to bot'.1. ~r. Parsa an1 l1is riau:-;!1ter Lida .f 'or rleá1otinc~ t~ -ááiselves to a ns•.1c!'ing r!1Y auest - i..on.3. CT. P~r-sa h a:i >. ~en rec o'.'1men i.ed i: o :.1e bv ;.1 r. 3ale:..~ io .::m :i i>ro- ~
fes.::<i,.. 1á.á á'1.2~e~an (see ~e!>ort) as .á1e 11 aa otr..er Ba.::a' Is :-esirier.4: in Italy
a5 :.~Cá ::.. . e : :an ':/Ort':1;T of c ei~á:..~ interirie\•Ietf by :áae r'1 . inClU;.fed in my su ;á-:.rey - of ~.~ i:a' :i. stur.! ies in Suro~e. I 1-;n.3 :=J..l.so tolr.i that r.e r.as an extensi,1e collectio11 'JI 2.:lha' i li te:.-~ture. ~- ~e foll0\'1ing are ~t 1:otes of the i.n- tervi..e•., as it un f o l.ci<? d., revig \-1 ed b~r Dr. ?arsa a~i his á: iau.; hter, •.11ho trans- lated á:r; eá1eráy '<'10~ á: into Persian and his into En.:;lish. D1á . ::i.ll... Se. .spo~: e o:á S~10:_; :1i Effe11di 's '::'.'.: iblet of the Centi_:r~... , á..tr .:. tten in Persian in 1S-44 to c '}r'°Jl'le::Já:>rate t~1e delcaration of t h e ~;ao one !1tmdre:i á :{e~s :prev:i.ously, en ti tlcl, in Persian, La'.rrh-i-Oarn (_ 0.,;t '.iea::>). stated t l1a ": I~~aq-~(!".a~r'.iri á.-~ote an encyclope dia .f or Ba :...a' i: studies, exami!ling e~:er-1 \á1ord o .f imi:a.;: tance in the L~•1rp.-i~ar11 1 this 111orit being t~áto Vá;)l 'mes in lenr;t!1 and in t~e Persian lang-.iage, eac!1 volu.'Ile comp1"is- in.g ao;-:-..~ GOO paf;es, of ,,,hich Dr . ?arsa has a copy of t á :á~ first ávol11me on- l~r; tnis bc>ok is entitleái ~~" •,: >_., (I did not tra.ns_ l iterate t:iis title at the tir.!e an::i :iecline to atternpt to á:lo so noá.v). La,.rt-1 -i._;-:",arn is t l1e Per- s~.:'.ln lan.~á--t3.ge á1e1.. sion of Sl1og~i Effendi's Q.o.1. P-3.Gses ~;já, ~lt t...J1: á~:-i consi- - .-!-?r;-..l:á.l.y s''á1rter in l~ngt:i, a1S<? publi.shed in 1944' a:id in honorá .Jf tt.e cent<~:1ial ~f the 3ab' s ::iani:':'á: station. Dr. ~'a1ása ~e?_ounted tl1e ta :~e áf : Iirza Abu' 1-Fasfl Gulpayi:ani' s á ~~111ersion t.:> tl:.e liar~;i 1 i ?ai t!1 .s .s 1.1e foá..tnd me to be interested in tl1is fati.:er of '.Ja- }1.1 ' i scholarship. .1-'\bu' 1-Faá~~- \-Jas not a :-;reat soholar prior to ~1is conárer- . s1on, '.ls a. ;nu,....1a, a :.us \f ,...."':" :.-:n ,,,1á11ne, .,j. • b u t o nly a -P't ... er 18,..,.- , .á á-'' ien "'..e ,na"l b ecome a believer in t:~e Baq and B.a !-..a'u'llah. During the lifetime of~ :.'.3.'u'lla~1 f\bu'l-Fa~l li•1ed in Iran and tau~ht the Faith t11ere to Je\áts an:.. á:0roas- tr.i.0-.11s. 'itbdu' 1-Ja:~a sent ~in to Eg:rpt to teach ~-iusli;ns "l.nd to counter -~ t:;: Etttac!':S of the :Ialá:azeen.;.:; (Covena.nt-3reakers). Ba!la 'u 1 llFá á~corded t he title ''Abu' 1-á.- :\11'' ( ! fFat~~er of á.iis(to:-.111 ) u!Jon this great 1 i schol- - ~!', r\nd 'A"'.Jc.1.1 ' 1-Ba:..a said t1'1a t : .e i.á1as t ne mot11er a nál brot!:.-c -: 1... l .?.s t he fat~ter of 'iiis,l om. In 10S2 !!.e ~-.~ ote :!?,.:!.il al-i\;~it.a_JJ r á- á . . . .:.:: .;:.J: • :J ~! ,) to azt3'.'/e~á E.G. :2r2á,.,r ne' s cl3i~ th.at t~e ~~!1.~.a t ~1' .1:_-iáá:a~ i.::; ::. ~arliest and oost ~~ eli J.ble 3a '.Ji and -5.?.'.i.a' i :1iA;.. tor~t. In 1 Jg.} (• . ~1e á;rr\) te J~ _-"'..i\-ir~' i d to a!: sá.-!er t l1e accu:;;~1.tio1IB of Siyyid rif'.i.i3, a iál uslir.i di~1ine of Tiflis. Ife .-r.c cte Al-.1.i•J..iai al_ -33.:tiá,~ ~r:i.!-: to ;ins•.-rc"'.:" so1neone •.o1l10 asked .-rhat ne\-1 teac!1- - 1 1
ings -~ : 1aracterizeái tá"': e á~ ,".'\.l".~' i D:'....snennat ion as comnarc : .: i th the á~ l~ist- - ian )á5.spensation. :1e :.:rote !1.l-:~it2a ad-:J,1~ ;i;,...:i1-~á~aá:1i~ -.,~ , ~~ i :: i8á)r3. ~[ is - ~--~------~----~~--~--------- - ~ Sha_rr.e, p.ár~te :--. 1uáTá"l ~: ~1á:'.:~ is concarned_\-1ith t11e fulfill:;~ .. : of prophecies f iáa,..,'"' v"" á o:~•s re 1 l.<:,, ,,,,.1 r:u . áá ions . . t .. in n e .!af'i3 _\e á1~ l ::\ t i. on. ~ . - ' 1• ....., A1_.....,,.i á. . ao- . . ' ;)_ 1. - 'oa11 ' "! ".11 t i. • r:r 1~1 •
marr.J:=ataf is his tra..'1sl ation -~f 1 .~.bdu 'i-;;3.h~' s ta l~:::s in .?aris and .~mer ic1 fr-or.! Persian into Arabic. :1is last book •:ras nubl ished in 1 ) 20 and is en- 1
titl~1i :!aj~i.t' a-vi ~n.=::a' il. ;-!!1ilst livi.fl - "" in Isr.ia' ili1 , Zr:ypt, .'lbu • 1-Fadl á- 1 & .. F I -~ ' I
\•Trote most of ilis á1oolts but :1e also li,1-ed. in Cairo !l.!ld in Peirut, Lebanon. á:ihile ' ~' bdu' 1-Bali?: ':1aa in A:":lerica, Abu' 1-Fa~l finished -v.1. C>l;.- '_;.,~ 4~JH 6>..>1';: /y, later p1.1 blisr.ed in Cairo. :::e moáJed !rom Is!Ja' .ilia to j0:.~ut w .1 t'.á:en left Beirut and died in Cairo, accorliin;; to ~)r . :::abib'u' l ln.l1 lloayy ad. Sona parts of 'r~is book ~asl .n.1- :.:11itaá'.'> á,á1ere 3tollen o:r :C'~id - a j ;
' I:á:. ITf~ 'l
11-) !Jr. Badi 1 u 1 1 lah Parsa
Int erá1 i e~.,: - i~n ;\ssad'u'llal1, son of ~!irza .\ssad'u'llah, but t~1e rest of t~e book á:1aa -nubliahed. ' ..\briu • 1-Ba!i.a chose six or seven !3a!1a' 1 teachers from f1. .an to complete ::i':isl a1-;;a,i tab anrJ Siyyid ~-lehtii Gttlpaygani, a resident of Ishqa- II l 1 • oaá...1., .:\.(;;;1!.roayJan, • - ...l • W •- i.1n.sI as<<:e l d b ~r ;J~1ogni ., • 1 • .wr'"'f en.d J.• t o cont inue """ • t l.1is • , -. • ~..,or:c. ~I1or;11i • •
Effendi ~:arned ar:;ainst t":ie use of this hook in teacl1ing because of t!.1e po-á litical content,both of ?asl al~::hitab and of Z.G.Bro•:1ne's editio11 of t!1e :~~lntatu•1-;~af to '!Thic'.-1 it ;es;onded! . 1\bu'l-Faáil , caine to lá:no\'1 af Jrflá.:rne's e- di tion of t~e 1á1'119tatu' l-]~£-.f, according to 7Tc. Habib 'u' llah lloa;.ryad by read- i!lg an article in a :i3eirut ne\orspaper áá:ritten by a C1tristian p!'Ofessor. Dr. ?area asserts that !1irza ~~i - -- - - 'f.agani, t!1e supposed author of tl1e I~ug,ta.tu' 1.-. - ;:af, \á1rote sometl1ing on 3abi ~1istory but not much, and tl1at t1::.e bool( ~-1rit- . ten by him ~-raa ar:1plified by tl1e .:\zalia, •.,1ho t:1en pretended t11at t:ie entire ':10~1-: !lad oeen \tritten. by áIanf l(a~a.nr l:-.i~.1Self. á~n1ile in Jeirut Abu I 1-?adl á- - '.-ras a31-:ed by t~1elve Iranian students at t!'le Beirut Ar.ierican Collec;e to ac- "'
cottnt for and explain tl1e origin of E.G. 3rovrne 1 s 1:-ianuscript of tl1e !Iuqta,:t:- u' 1~-::::af, and 11e responc!ed t~1at this ::ianuscript caae from t:1.e 3ibliot~que ' r:atio11ale <le Paris, originally from t11e p~iá.rate collection of ti::.e conte á:ie Gobineau. This nanuscript is not in iá1irza Jan[ !:agani' s l1andtárritirl6, and t'b.e Irar~lan students found that tárirza T-~ane .Gl;.azvini, an avoá~1ed .l.zali, 110.d a:icled r.iaterial to tli.is manus~ript t•tor!t a~d tl1at _!:1is copy of the !~!.1.ta_tu,',1,-: ~-~af \1as in t~e hands of .t\zalis after Jani ~{ashani' s death. - gested that this r.ianuscript may be ,.,ritten in t£1e hand\áJriting of :átirza - Dr. Parsa sug- - iliJaz- vfnf. Other copies of the i\T11s_ta:,ttt 1 l,-~C.3;f are extent and t!1e text of t-=1ese 1iiffer _from the BrlP copy; tl1e original is to be fo~d in the Ketab~aneh }ellrani and the copy in t11e 2.I~P is clearly an Azali adulteration. !Jy •.-1ay of disavo\-1ing the claim of the .t\zalis and of 9ub{l-i-Azal hir.Jself that l1e tá~as appointed leader of t11e Babis after the Bab's decease, Dr. Parsa point- ed out that the Bab iiimself declares t~1at t11ere will be no leader among the Bibi - a until the appe~ance of Ilim '.fnom God shall m~-:e 1nani fest, in 1/allid á- VI, 3ao 14, Ea;ra:n-i-Fa;!'s~. E.G. Ilro\me stated that ~ .~:-i-Azal copie~ from l~u scripts in the Bab's handwriting appointing hi~ leader of the Babia and de- claring 11is high station, but ~ub~-i-Azal seems never to 11ave sent Bro\á1ne the originals or even photostats of the originals, just copies in his o~m :tandwritin.;. .l\.bu 1 1-Fa91 said, iá1hen Bro .áme \á1as \-1ith ~ubl}.-i-Azal in Far:tagus-
ta, 1:1hy didn't i1e ta.lee possession of tl1e original r.ianuscript of the Bib in the Bab's 11and111riting stating such t!1ings and publish such documents so that all could read them and judge for themselves'? '-.fuy did he publish \'1hat Azal said, w~at he sent 3rowne supposedly copied from originals instead of the original documents themselves? And where are those famous documents refered ta by pubti-i-Azal, '"here are the originals no\á1? Dr. Parsa !(indly spent a long ti~e telling me of prophecies fulfilled by the co~ing of Ba~a'u'llah, aa identified by various Bah9.'i scholars in Zo- - roastrian and iá!uslim sources. : lost of t11e next section of this report will be á.-.rritten iri Arabic and Persian s~ript, ~.,it~out transliteration or trans- lation a.~d therefore of little benefit to the reader unfamiliar with these tongues. ?u1~t11ermore, I have uná1erta.l<en the '.,rriting out of these citations f1... om various sources myself and in my 0 1.-m script, and so t~ere may be some difficulties in understanding the i.árords themsel~1ea given the poor quality of ray pe~anship. In the first citation I have endeavoured to preserve as nearly_as possible Dr. Parsa's pen~anship. ( 1 )'.,Jadit!1 (tradition) of t!-!.e Prophet ?á!lli;.am:nad, quoted page 91 by §E.aykJJ. ?•tu- "!:-p.r.unad r~ateq, <.[;l 4l.L;:t: ~ t published in 1923, rega:ding the leneth of tr1e Islamic Dispensation--one thousand years, from 260 J\.H. to 12GO .~.H. T... !" 4"!' , l A T - \ ~ -á á-- :--...:...J ; _ \
-- 4) !.fr. ... . a .,.J. . 1" ' ~.i •11 . ....,á-_ ........ .,,....,... . _ :l.11 -~- ~ ~
c }~astise :ár:er~t . Sut Cod cannct fai~ t:á1 reat • .~n:l áre::..~ilár, a rta~r ~~i t:1. tá: .á,~ T.Jo1.. d i'3 as a tl101isn.l1á.:l ~iears, a s ~re ~.-ec!-:- ..... át ~1 0 .l• ááá .I It . e l.•
( ,~o dá.-1ell t:'anslation; co1:ipa=e S11rat :.:::<:TI :3.) ,~ I - ..., - .,1.~ 3..n, ~~tr;;# .á.. +. •.r•cr-át \.L\.: o J ra .. . '.\11::l t ' á:; ~--~ :.:haJ.l be a á blast on tl1e trtt'1pct, 1 1• ~ .á:áto anr.l .;21.__ • :u' e in • t'i"! Q , : ea,áens an d a ,_... , ':T '.!) yr l
a:-e i :'. tr~e ~z...r ti1 s~!.all expire, sa 1e t l;ose 1
• -1~ 1 0...., ' L• &; & Go~ t. ~ .-.á,ai 1 .7,:> ;.. ......._ árouc • • !O ..... f"'e ri""~ ....._ o 11"1'e 'J • r.i ••. á .,.,, r.;:á:,all ..... .. .&. ..., • "'
t::ere he a.~1o t áá~.e~ bla..st on it, and 1 .: .-~ a.risir1g t1::.ey shall ::;az ~ ai-á01ánd. ther.'l: '' t:'ur 'an, sm.~at :a:.irv:49 ''?aste t~1is:' for tl~.ou forsooth art t i.1e Arabic worj traru:>lated by r.lit~ ;~ty, tl1e :1onoui.. ablel '' ::ioC:.á;;ell as ''hor.()'.>.raole'' i s ''~:ar in 11 ( t"='_,> ) • (3)Zc~oastr~un p~c)hecy. quoted page 36, ..Jlay!gi Nateq's booK, vitinc a letter o! Si~atsasan, inc ~Lu-1ed in. the _.o\,:esta and á.-tri.tten 300 :fears before the 3.p- !)earance of Ba:1a 1 u • i_lah, for •.-1 hic}1 I ca~1 offer n.:> Enzlis:1 t: ...!1~1slut ion:
J~ ,,,_ :_>J J-5' ) I f. á _ .áf 0 6~á 1 - ;I_ ~-'~:. ,>.\.-~~ ~._/ •.\~, . áá~ ,_:.L; ,-;.., a:; LJ~ <:>t \~ ~ \_.. \. l _ ......,,.- I •" .,,.,.,,,, /" 9
• •
~y 0'<~/' 0 ..• 0L~ •• :. . ~áá ~~ ..... • \ .... •••• - &wt •::.r /
. (4)Anot!1er ::Soroast'rian ~r opl1ecy also c i ~ed. s .x :;e ~aGe of ráIate~ Is boo!á: , t!1is 0ne autho:ááe(l tá.-10 111.ln <lred ~rears. a :.; o and á . ence 'oefore °Jc.Lta'u'l2..ah's ti.:1 e a.11d irom a bool{. entitled . ....>, ~....;,_ 't!l... ( : • ...., - ~/;/f ~ ~I; ~ V'"~" r-uát~ '? /I • .. -.J~ er: / C.. ••
á~ .~;::~!r. u/~á• • ;; ~ • ~\ P~;, .. ~ /~ . ' .-:J4'
,. ( 5 )r\not ~1er • • • • •
•
4) Jr. J a á:l i 'u' l. la'-1 ?a::ása
- Dr . P?.. r !3a :nor>t ~". indl~r p:-0 1i::le <j :~e '.-Ii t 11 a rie t ail ed 1 is t 0 f t ~ ... e Jab i and Ja- - - Scri'!)tures .1n-j '1istorical a nd apol o:: et ic ~:.a ' i
'.-ror ~á~ s i n ~1i s per sori. .al l ib:c a- ~-:át , till•i t~1is, á..1it!i. his pe::á:ni s sion, I am s!:ar inr~ 1:rit ~1 ::ou: ,. )(l.J - á~n:r.~il::IU ' l-1'\s111a; ~\saráe ::1. 1~)3.r.~-:e; .Gaá;áan-i-iá'.i1.. sI; Tablets refering to ~1 1 1a:rl~l1 1\ ::-::iad and to 3 iyyid I ~.3.~i:n in var iollS collect ior..s; quotations f r oi:i t l1e J a b's ~árri t i n0s cited by 3a11.a ' u' llah in Ki t~b -i-3a ' di, and in o 1. ~1e r b o o::s. • 1 .1.,, 1
n -. 1ááa•u 1 11ar. • ...,, <....4.- .. ..i... - ~ I. - !{itab-i-1 a ' di ; ;: itab -i-S~.. atu' l-~álulu~-: ; Pers i an texts of por- t i o r..s of ri'abJ.ets t r a.ns l ateád by S!1o g l1 i Effend i; peer.is \áJritten in t :1e 3 iya.11~'c~al; La•::'.1 -i-f\ ullu r~:i ' an, Baghdad, 1854 ; poems ':Irl. • t t en in . u~ U 1 a~rmaniy:{in; .. • • ' .-.a. T, 1- .. i r:1a- t - J.. - ,iá::t_:nt1n; • 1 - • f ft k.a . ' 1 d.,. - i.-v a . 1.; Ja 1aher al-As sará, áI<itab-i-!~'in;' La•,1h-i~il(ar~ekan; La 1h-i- .. W IF k Id .--aJ • --- - - • ..
~ :aloa ulauds; La~árh-i-Sura t 'u' !.-Gabr; Avah-i-Salat1n; Ki tab-i- !1. ~asá, nraá1.re::.. . s for :tolyá Days and Feastsá, Asar:~1 - i -C)alam-i- ' A .k y • • 1 • H iáaI •
four volumes); Cod ification o f t l1e l( i tab-i-1\ <las with T"a~. 1h- i-~ arni.al a ppended; iá!oadev-i-Ase ma.."'li n i ne volumes); nasna11i 1:tritten in Constantinople; copi es of oany unpublished Tablets aa well as of all or virtually all published Tablets, includ- ing in the compilations of Ialiraq-Khavari: Airam-i-Tis' i; ~l1ari,,i'~lJ;-i-Iál~!lth~.~; Xi tab-i-Tas,b.1:, ;.-1a••t,aq,\i.l; and also in !he cor.ipilation of 3 aha'u'llah's \árritings in Fadl • iátazanderani's l\.mr ira ~1.alg,. . ' lt bdu 1 l-Ba l1a iá!l1farezat; >!akat i b; t ia da.ni -rrih; Si'r rasi-rri h ; AffariYJ_~h ; Al- á.r..a h-i-Tabl,i011i; Khatab at; .il.lva'eh v a sa'ra..1-t; and many other ~'/orlcs. Tof7'~1iat e : !ubaraJ~e (Tablets á to the Persians, 1921-57); To:'5~~i Saso~.iz.<~~h ( \á1hictj'.' Drá. Parsa described as the Guar- dian's last •1:ork in Persian language, lil<e his testament, in 'táThich l1e predicts thatá the Persian 'ularna will regain - po\'fer in I:::-in and that after t l1at tl1ey \fill be put do\m and rendered power less).
T":1is, Dr. Par~ i nsisted, is only a ~táial listing of the BabT and :3ahi"1I related bool<s in his persona] library. I did not l1ave occasion to ask Dr . Parsa regarding the possibility of es- tablishing an :Suro-oean Baha'i Studies Association, nor did \á1 e discuss an E.1cxc,l,opedi.:i. 3a1a ~.r. e:<:cept in passing, \á1l1ich elicit~d fro!'!"! thi.s rlistin- S- tisl1ed J~ia' 1 s c holar hisá r efe rence to I s hraq-I\l1avari 1 s ency clopedia based upon Sl10G':1i :Sffendi ' s La•.-Jt!.- i ...:~arn. • • I S k • W -
5 ) ... oná"i :~.zio!":.e C~et!l.!'1.i ne: . .~l i. ~itu 1i.; á~ á~ltsu l:.:an:. .1.cc~ái~:".'!ia :: :1zion9.le áiei. T"'ince i
I r:lacle an 111-too-hrief -; '.1it to t:1e ~ :1r::iry of t1e Ji.CC.'.l:ier:1ia ::a- ziona ,_ e á~ei Li.!.1cei in :1c~e • i.1 3earc h o; i: . ? 34 2e!'sia!l :tni ;\ratiic :"1a...'1u- scr1pt.s • on ~ - , á.- .J ~ " á - , --:- á a.!:<1 :..~n~t t i: )T)l.CS • :. , • ts t c áá ":: á ,...,.;lu.3enni á á ("'! .,.;aor1e " • 11 l.á ' s.. -:a tal oi.:,- - .5!'."'l".ll. á á t 1 á- t á , . -á of t~:e ~'.lnusc~1.?ts in '.1e co lee ion or ..... a :: on:1az1one 0:1e r -. ' ,.. ': ~niá oaát" .,~ 1 lá st11,ii :::1~sul'.::::tni, !'á'if.;e 73 :)f t~e 192.S eii ti,.::, a cop:/ of á.::1 ic~1 I :iiacoá.rered in t:1e ~::.:1i'i i~.:ition1l lib~-1r\" of .Ital~r, ~~-:') 1.ccated in ~tome <•~ee ln~t report). /tfter CD,reful !3earc 1 of tr.e libr á: .á~r st1c .J t~:e library staff •.:ere unaole to locate an~r of ti.1e 34 r:ia."1.usc ~ái "::ts ~ . Lái~ .i.t if ie!i i!l the cat.:t- lo~, ::in1 t~1ey su;;.:i:~sted t~"!at one of tl1e profe3.sors :.ttacneJ to t:1e .i!"1onda- zione Gaetani r..ay á.-rell i1a .áe ta1~en t~em '.10~ ~ !ith nim for p~-:-sonal pe':'"usal. I á.r'.ls encoura.'~ed. - ,.. t.:> return "inti t3.l1~ ~:ri th o.:1e orofessor in á á irtict<lar re- gar,linr; the disn.9peara11ce of t~1ese r:1anuscripts and tl1eir p::-esent '11l1er'.'á - abouts but •.:.ras unable to do so, anti 30 ~~t:st 1.ea"/e the locrt ~ion á'l."ld re- vie,,1 of tl-:.ese .nanuscripts to another tr:.1.á..reller or to some inqt1isiti11e resi.:lent of Po:'!le. Unfort11nately, I marl 1 no reco:-d of. the ~"1 "11.loCripts ~-;uáppo::etily i!:clurled in t:á ~s collect ion., so no listing is :pá: ~1sible here. i~o1.á1ever, if :rou ~1a~1e need of such a list T ;1r0e you to á,árri t.e to the :r,~ tional Spiritu3.l ~\ssenbly of t':"~e 3a:1a' is of Italy, via. Ant or. ~.o ~3toppani, 10, 0á)19? ~on.!i, Italia, and ask for a photocopy of page 7.3 cf their copy of Clabrie áLli' s catalog.
6)Biblioteca I-lazionale Centrale di Firenze Firenze ' As I •;:3.S abJ~e to spend t\-10 weeks ir.. Florence I used t~ ..3 library on .Jeveral occasions, alt:iou~h I ~áras unabá: e to :-:la}:e a complete :3urvey of its co:itents .9.s rel~ted to Bai'.: f and Beá... ~á f studies. rrhe follo111ing is a list of á.ihat I f'ound, in loo:.á:.ng thi."o:.:.,.;h áthe card catalogs .:or boolcs and ru-ticles related to or authorei by 'i\bdu' 1-Baha, the 3ab, :)al1a'u 'llah and Dr. Alessandro Bausar..i: ! ,\báiu' 1-3aha, Le lezioni .ii S~n Giovanni ri' l\cri ••• , ~ioma: ~Jizione (lel Cc!nitato !3a.l-i~'ár di tra(iuzloneá eááptlbl:.caz'ia';ne (T{p. G. Baiácii), 1961. (312832); 1976, second edition. (o.27.6. 144) '"\b .iu' l-~a_£a, La s:ig0;ezz.:3. tfi ...' .~.-}du' .l-:13a11a~ •• , Roma: Edizione del Comi ta-
t a Bah.1'i di traduLione e pub"!..icazion~ r -i.p. G. Bardi), s~cond edition, - 1957. ( 3i.3633); f 1., tirth edit ion, 197 ". .,,,, A, . . 2?. 6. 547.) Bab, L;;...3,eyan J\r~be, traduction en franc:-.::1~ :áá3.r A.L.Iál. Nicolas, Paris, 1905. 1c.11.295) á . Baha'u'llah, Il libro 1ella certezza, traduzione di Helen ]eed Bishop (from t11e En.1lish .translation of Shoghi Zffendi), 2cma: E::lizione <lel Comitat~ Baha'i di traduzione e publicazione (Tip. G. 33.rdi), 1955. (.).i.2562); 1970 reprint. (J.2? •.S.54á~) '. "Cl .. 1..h-a' u '11 J..A:l.i . a h , !-ráe~.1ier1 n...... 1 • .á.e aáJ.. • ,e 'f . á á:o~: 1~azio'.'.:l., , '-r:' C "'T ......... .:> • •P• (-) : , má t:'dát .i.l.p ..... á i rice ~-loman1, 1961. (3 i 29015; 3econd co:}~' s~me edition. (B.27.6.543) Ba:1a1 u 1 llah, Le parole ce~~te 1i la'la'11 1 1l:'J.h ••• , l~orna: :S!iizione (iel Co- r.iitato Bar..a'i di traáiuzione e publica.zione, 1977. (3.). á.2993) '.3ai"?.a' u' llah, :.~ ~>Ja-role ce late, tr1duzione cji iJso r~. Giacnery, :<or.la: G. Jardi, 1949. ( 11310. á1t) Bal1a'u'llah, La !lrocl:::.~::azione 1i :~;1':-:a.'~1•i_1'3.. aá re e "l. r-::i•t:; á. - ..... tá ~on1o, Roi.la: .'tssemblea Spiritua.le i'áTazionale <iei Ballll.' i t •Italia, se- . co:nd edition, 1977. (3.o.31r.:6) ~aha' u' llah, L,e sette á.ral li ~ le q_;1a tt!"o á1all i, traduzione di fJGo l.{.
.:. ) J iblioteca :-razionale Cent!'ale 1i ?irenze
C}iac :1ery, :{o::1a: G. J ardi, 1949. (1131 8 .53); second e ciition reprint. ( 3 . 7 . . ).2739) .Ja;1a 1 , -r 1 .:... ' - , 7" . T).3. tt o e 1 1 ~ -"~ :-:i 1.n:t5 • • t t'QZ i• one á-;i.JD. \,,. ta - 1. , "'l I -:" ..-. ~ • :á.oma: .:.:.\.... • l.Z 1one d... e 1 Co i.11• t a t o 13.'.:a•i" ctl-tr.3.riuzlo.ne e public:izione (~-ip • G. Bardi), 1957. (J• 20.2.709)
.., . -, 1, .}.'.l.::a ,.. T ..1 sant.1 ~:')a,1a . .',lo:áá h. ' - '-:'" i a_ 1 cen t ro :.ioná..1.1.:l_e, ..1' 1 "~'-1 or:!a: 11ssern ~ "' . . t ua1 e bl e ái .::>piri iiazionale dei :3a!1a'i d''Italia, 1977. 3 . 'á: . \) .2)97) á Jc..usani' .t\.lessandro t lJn 1'Gazal'' :ii r:,1r:~atu' 1- I,'\. in, ]o:na: Tip. G. Bar di' 191.,9, estratto da Oriente :-:lorierno, A. }C\I:\, n. 10-12, 1949. ( 15726.10) '"3a.t1.sani, La letter a tu::"a i1eo-oeá:~siana, \S toria rlella letteratu1~a pe.r.s_i.a!'l~, >~ilano,' 1 9~0, pp... '11+9á_393: '(Sala Lettura': Lett. :c-:::01r,if' '3ausani, IJ~ iá~a.:tirio rlel 1'3ab 1' Secondo l .:J. :irra.zione rii l'á! a.b11 Z.:1,randi, - m. ,. , .,.., .Ll.p. Ve w:::u' •.\l. 1 ,I. 19r.::o ; 1 eS ra t tt 0 á~..a 0 !'l.e'!'l. . t e :'10 ~.er ~o, -áár~I' .\...\. />.• 1 ,-~) á'.)/- a • :.) . ;3ausa...'1i 9 Persia r el i;::-ios:'l rl :i Zar :'l.tust1~a a 'l,"J. ' ~áa.' i1 • J.la1:, :á1ilano: Tip. P.E.G. 1 19á59. 3ala Lettura: S tori~ 1ella relig ioni IV,?) -qa11sani, I nersiani, ?i:--enze: Tip. T.:S. ::3., 3ansoni, 19:;2. (C.3.1oo8.1 01) (L isted (lere are all of t he bo<91á;:.s and artic'le . s b~.,r .. Dr . Jausani 1:1 hich rien- tion t :1e 3abI and 3a'.1a.'f religions and .are to b e fott..'ld in t ?1is collection; al to~et her t 1-._ ere are thirty-nine separ~te titles 1 isted un:l.er Dr. Bausani • s r...:'1.r:ie in t11e card catalo~e, and hence t~1is is a -.rery .Partial listinz.)
7)iáá! ationa1 Bal1li' i Library of t!1e á Ba11a' ls of Italy
•• .ti..s a result of the generous and \-1arm hospitality of the Ojerr..ark and Vahdat families, I tátas able to sta~r in ~o~e for over a \•1eek, and during that t iine three days at least á.-.rere spent carefully sifting, reorganizing and partia~ly catalo.guing t l1e contents of t :iia large Baha' f librar-J. In order to a.void ái uplication of effort, .l;.: ~a.v.~ raar~á~ed all U •JOl(S aut11ored by Professor Bau~ani and included iz: t 1.1e. f~~ .0;f Italy ~..1ith an asterix ( • ). ~áJ:'lat follot'l'S i.s not a complete li.stin.£5 of all 1Jook.s and pamphlets and .periodicals in this collection--! ~.e.nt .mq&~ of my tine rearranging thing s á cJld so •.-ras unable to r:ia.l~e a complete li.~tini-s--but it does represent many of t l1e rru""e and interesting naterials h eYe aá:ailable to the Baha'i scho- lar.- Of course, all translations of )Jah:i' .i ~átritin[;s fror.t English into Italian 11ave been left off this list a.s., t h ey are still in print and a- vailable f romá the Casa Edi trice Ba'ia' i, Circoncallazione iáiomentana 484- ..\./1, 001 02 Ro:na, Italia. riere cited . . boo~{S . are ,..1!1ich I l1ai1e seen :tere for the fir st tine: . - Lucienne i iig ette, J3a!1:~'11 1 1.1á3,!;. (12,17_-1 0~12i),,.l~essa.::;er rie Dieu. 2!'.q_9lape ~'. / )
Uni. te :tu : Ionde, Trois conferences; publication approuvle na.r 1 1 .c\.ssemblee S pir i tue l le des Bal1a' Is de Lyon, f e\..rr.ier 19 )3. George To\,m~hend, trar..slated into Gerrr".an hv K>t1.-iolf Joc~~el, Die alten !-:ir- c:. . en ' lr..ái, lie!"..ne~1e 1.~e.l tglauEe, carbon CO!!'J stapled and taped together; t h=-ee printed copies, 3a11a' f-~/erla6 , Frankfurt-am....;áfain, 1959. Oli'ál ia ~(els e~r , ']?á.-10_ s hall ap,pear, 1 A .. á~eli;)i o.i.1s-!Ii storical Drama i n fi.ve :'\ cts, a pproá1ed for publication by t r.e iTational Spiritual J\ssembly of - t }1e Ba t a'is of the United States of A~e~ica and Canada; copyrighted in 1943 by t t1e author; I.a~bert :á!oon ?~ inters and Stationers, Independence, :iissouri . (copy is inscribed by the author as a gift to the Giacherys.) 14-0 T '.' ;-. :'1•1ár !. ,, .... -á~• ...J .
/)i:at '.o ::;il á2aá,7i• i - Li~rar~r of tiá.e . );".\á~.'.l I 'I' - -1.3 ' •
:~o::i•-t ':of::-ia~1, .'\ So'i~1e'.!1t ,álr 1 r :in t á á.e á.ii l 1 J.nd Testo.~.~ent of '~\bi~'l-l;i>!1:, ~on- .i_c:á.: ~2:\~1a•I ::?u'blis'.1i!lr:t ', T:táust of t '. te 3:.-itish ~3les, 191t3 1 copy ; ~ec•1n.i e1itio11 , 1S47 (2 -~o-pi~s). ""\...-[.-. á.~.. .,-.-..J. .....) á'." ,.,c.,.o -Y-..A. t m,_,,.. . .... ,,.,.,,,1,1--.le r!ont.,..i"but .;,... .., of' tá., ~ Ill • •• - _ . ... - _,/ - A ;.,. ~ ... .I,. - <#' ... e '' =3 a ~.-.3.'i ~:J.u.se", Shan .- "'"tr.-,':1ai,
- 1 Ja.::u .:i:::-~.' 1 q32 ; , :.á . '....,., .. 11.~ese. á-: 11 .~.--- ") O;'et.. : (C""' ..J • J. l '\ •.: Y"!.; e1- t m~' ;..J<.40.... . • - ._ ... - • .=> '."Jnell . of .i..i, ~ .• e Mo; .• v -áá ~ ... ~:..,"', -á ' á1 ájá-- . ) ,.... \_
E!1Zo á:~ ;i, ''~:ulla :Ji nuo,10 e tutto di nuovot 4 . ..\less~""l iro Jau3ani, . t:rsia .:e:i.i áiosa, 11 P~'á 25-?.5, I.l.. )ac;~ia_,t,ore,, cataloeo !áJ .3, ~'~ut-Inv 19S9-\ .!l • ...!,. . ::"3..."'.::: e~ co Ca."'l.d e 11 _ iá , -. LS .:..:i.::i1.:. ~ . á -:o, .:.-.., o:.~.a: ~ácc , a :.a > mia • m. b . i.: J. eriP..a. I r.s t 1't ~1t o ~11 '. ,, 1 1..1 ll ...- • tu.::á'1 lJniálersi-:aria e di S~udi Superiori. ? a colta' di Scienze Psichic!1e, 19 - ~ ), pn. 94-":02. i:iicola Turcfii, 11 11. La ~-ii3tica. Capito lo TJII: L' Isla..~is-".>: Il Babi.sr:;o, Il :~al:ais!.!lo,'' 11~. 2 á;2_:~3, ~::1nuale .ji 3to~ia .áf ella Reli~iá0ni, Torino: .:.:-:-at- - - & ± ..... I• • IE II L IE ... 14 • I •-
clli Bacca, 1912. _ :\lceste 3antini, -~1."1-1 :•e :\rtissi, Gioreio Capezz:uii, ''T,a ~"'ede Baha'i,'' PP• 30 á -:-3o8 , '. .. . i . ino-~ ?..r-..ze o 1. -_. ~J...Js . -t , . ..... .J • • ,.. i á . . 1 :i ~ o. ..... 1.a, ..c..o. t izione _--:e 1;;1on1 (;. .:~ ;i, . 1 ("-,;; áá9 .á • Cu1~ i.o. 'r . ár_ ;,á'.l..n. ~a r-r1::1io . :Ol't art, . . ;d'. áI\~s~.. a. ~:,1..:tE:f1.0_ • • ~ : -.:1 ml :i..r;r1 • • .st1._ :1ar .cD;s:;:10 . ~ 3ocieta Eái itrice Il1ternationale, árorino, '1942, !JP• 200-202. J:ái_' no ~:1cati, ~ 'TsJ.ar1, CollJzione Omnia, 11, ]or~a: Pr;.olo Cre1!1onese, 1á; .::ry, .,. . 44 -tot• •
~~m-t~.10 :tario rtoreno, ''Le Eresie, 10~-Babismo e Jehais:-.10, II PP• 105-106, L' -~..Jlamismo, !á1 ilano: Instituto Ecii tc_:-.;_Slle (~a lil~o, 1947. ,,ar t 1no .• . ..1ar10 { . ''i-.oreno, ''C ap. •r, - L' T_5 1 U!:~ sci.sma . t o, 5• .n,,:ib.is!:l0 e -q • .:..aá1a t 1s:~o, • ,,
pp. 123-25, La Dottrina ~ ~ 11• Isl~m, Bologna: Li~inio r ;pelli, 1035. á Eduard ?áIontet, ''Cap. V . - 'l 'entativi di roJforma nella religiop.e (li ~'\.llz1h, 11 PD• 119-40, c~.._e Cos'e L' T sJ.~á :-i , t"?'.'ad11zi.one di Aldo. Sorani, ~"'ire!'..z~: Li- b~eria I~ter!'lationale A. Tie l tra~. , ~.d. 1Ieimut:1 van Gl.1 senapp, rJe r,e,ligio~_i. ~11."ln cri.st~_;:ir~e, [áfilano: l!eltrinelli ~- 1itore, fourt~ ejition, 1971, p). 1i, 29-32. Frie;_lrich f~eiler, ''L' Isla:nismo ,'' p. 2:;9, ''"rentat iá1i di t.::::"3. sintesi delle religioni, 11 pp. 296-97, :St.or.i._a. rl.el le re áLifjiO_A,~.t traduzione di Giulia Dei, Vol. II, n.p., 1959. á Lucio.na Loi• Alcuni aspetti delle Fede di ~)aha 1 u 1 lla."1, ' tesi di laurea
Uni1r~rsita' de!!li studi di C::i~l_i.~.~.;_, ~Pl.col!:1' i i scienze polit l che, an- no acca~e~ico 1973-74; 429+22+11+10 pp. Sangiorgio Gi11seppina, 'Il i:\ovir.iento religioso persiano babista e il suo . sviluppo nel r.iovimento 3a~-:a' i,' tesi di 1_1urea, Uni11ersi ta' degli studi - di Bari, á?acolta' di lettere, i\nno acca'iemico 19~)6-67. Augusto ~'.cbia~i, Uo~o ;Svesl.i.~t.~, ?.oma: Casa E:::it;ice Baha'i, 1973. (2 cop.).. n.a., •t;! !_l.1nova:11ento Spiritualista e notizie árarie: Il Baha.is mo ne~.l' ..\nerica del t-lor-: , 11 ~;p. 61-62, Ultá.~a • .2i~ri.~~-+:9. Teosofica <i.i Rona, iá!o . 5, anno VI, Ott. 1<á12 .... 14-1 'r ..... • ,. ,. ,.,..,M-"-\ .i;\. • '..,. .....,, ' J.. ' .....I _I ...
J,."lr1;~13.,;es: 2r1;;l ist1, Ger!ilan, '"';" -.~ - J. e nc i., . 1
De;;!" ees: 1."'11 . D. in ll.. ;ir!linistra- tion , U:1i~/e:csit~.r of \fienna; á:lissertation topic: • J ie e;e- - se llsc ~1aftspoli t isc!1e ]olle der i3a'.1a I i -Ver :1al tun[;Sordnu:ig innerhalb cier
- Ger:ieinsc~aft Qer laha' i, under besonderer 3etrac1r'..t'.lng der zá.-1ei leitendená Institutionen,' 1977 • . Intervie•,1: :.Jr. neá1eririGe and I ha..1e been corresponding irre_sulL!rly since spring of 1978 , 1:111en I started to cor.ipile my S11ayg:l/'3abl/3aha' i biblio,:~ra pl1y. I ,..,as most fortunate to be able to spend over a ~.-.reek v1ith Dr. Bever- i (lGe and his family in '/ienna, and to r:'la.!-:e f11ll t1se of t!'lat time, s tudying in t~<10 of t ':1e Gl"eatest Austr.ian book and r.ianuscript collections, visiting ~useums, and talkin:~ for many hours \á1itl1 Dr. 3everid3e and for s !"'.ort per- iods á.iit:i. other 3a '.1a•is resident in t he city. T:1e follo\áting notes are not organized, are sketchy, but t hey have been reviewed and amplified and cor- rected by lli-. 3everidge hi.;~self, so ~r ou nay b e quite sure t ~1at t hey a ctual- ly represent \-/hat h e said and not some invention of my fertile imagination. i~e ~entioned t hat Ulrich Goll~er, a Ger~an political scientist and Baha'l has made p~otocopiea of some of the ~aterial originatin~ from the Te~pel sesellschaft in Stuttgart. As I \-Taa not able to intervie,,., 1-fr. Gollner rrr1- self, I •:1as unable to verify this point. I asked Dr. 3e ..1eridge about his t'10rk in the field of Bar..a Ir scholarship and he spolce of the follO\áling: ( 1) he organized the i,Iational Baha'i Archives of Austria for a number of years and kno1,1s this collection .better than anyone else, and continues to be as- sociated therewith inasmuch aa the Spiritual Assembly of' t11e Bafia• is of Perchtoldadorf, of \'1hich he is a member, waa nade responsib-le for the de- velopment of the Austrian Baha'i Archives by the rtational Spiritual Assem- bly s !-101..tly after my departure from Vienna9 h e sho\á1ed me the collection and I found it to be the most comprehensive and best organized 3ahat'i:: library in all of t he European communities I visited; (2)he established and operated the Bahi'f distribution service and publishing trust for five y ears; (3) he \1rote his Ph.D. thesis on 'The sociopolitical role of tl1e 3aha' f ad.~ini s tra- - tive order inside t he Ba!"ra 1 i community, \•tith special reference to its t\áro leading institutions,' the Guardianship and t he Universal iiouse of Justice, and a copy of this thesis ha.a been deposited in the ',Jorlc.1 Centre Library in I!aifa--this dissertation ".'/as read and h i g hly praioed by Dr. lJdo Sc!'laef- er of ~e idelberg as the moat-comprehensive study of the Administrative Or- -- der of the J a.hB.' i Faith as yet undertal-:en and '.árell tárorthy of pttblication; ( 4)he has researched tl1e connection bet1..1een the Baron von Prolcesh von Osten (hereafter riesignated as Pro1i::es'!1..0sten) and tl1e .3 a11a' f Fait~ in the I-Ia.us-, -- .iiof- und fitaats-Archiv in "'lienna (see report on this collection), sent a i'eport áJetailing his á:iiscoveries to the Baha' i ',Jorl<i Centre and recently •..rrote a paper on one aspect of t h is research, \•111ich tá1as accepted b~r t11e Canadian Association for Studies on t11e Baha'i Faith ( no 11 t 1:.e Association - ) - / for 3a l-;a' i Studies for publication in t heir periodical Ett1des Ja11a ' ies ,, ,, 'laha 1 i St tldies in 1982, and for á..1~1icl1 '!-1.e •..ras ai.á1arded a prize of á:)100, _5 ) 11e has collected articles in Ger~an l a%-uage on the J i 11a •1 Faith •.vritten b~r non-Ba~-.a •Is; ( {) )he has started researching Austrian Ba11a •1 hist ory, but <iecided to concentrate on t he connection of Austrian non-Baha 1 is ,,,ith t h e Jai-ill. ' i Faith , and so 11e turned over all of his tapes and not ea to ~-tr . ;i:DL'l- biz Poostchi (see report following); \-Ihen supplied iáIi t'.-1 pertinent questions by ?lr. Poostchi or others, he \o1ill continue to tape intervie\-1S '.áIi th indi- vi1lual 3a}1a ' fs in the vicinity of Vienna, inasr:ruch as the early believers :-: • .:\!J3 TRIA
Int ervi.eá,1: in ..\ustria :i..re ,J~ri::ig O'.~ t:; (7) ~: e has studied t :á~e :iispa.tc~:es of ;\1:1.strian dip- lo;1at :~ =.n t?le ~ li ;:! t!le "F.:ast '! ....... i..:in-:; dt.i!'.'ing i3a:1a'u'l lah 's lifeti::ie, á.á_il'.ic :1 ::ien- t ;.... on .. ".':;;;-.\ ...,,...._ ... _ ~3 .~- o- -,a~ - ;-, Ts "-'-"'" ... ' á"'•• ',"'• d ., ...á. á"I .S (~ ~nlre"" 1~"'.""! ... ..,..ead /,.. l-......l-.. . ' ;'! • ~:-;., all '11 ..,:.A,;,•" ,,_ á -ST'1tC~ !"' á -" e,:: ~. .., ;o..,_ . t '.á1e :re á::...:ás 1 ~'A-1':)00 from árr.:;.!JeZn!ld. an.1 Constanti:-iopJ.e; 'f ilrr'iin .:1 n:.l J eiráá .t t"iles. an.1 t ~,\~ ~ab~_et of la:1ilu' l::.:.i1 to S11pe::.--o:- ? ranz Jose! can not be loc<.ite::i;
(f}}1á~e :!as l""ead a ':1U."Jber of r'.cader'.lic ntudies of Aust-;.~i.an .~orá e ir.n ~'á:l.3tions in t :-:e r: ir..eteent~1 cent~1r~r, inc ludin~ La•:rrence ~ab~~. . • !3 'Prol:es 1 '!0:1 Osten :l!:ci ~\•.lr;t:ia'a 3al~~a:i Po~_ic:r 18 . :0-72,' P!1.D. 1isse: :.tion, Uni~:-= ~~ sity of Pen."'lS.. ,. .-:ani:i, 19?3, and .rel!:Iut Slaby' s Bin .iensc:1ilct .11:,:f Sonnen2. . á~á.r Ft, an
:iiG".:vr:~ of Au.atriar..-Irania :: relatio;_:; , to* be pubiiahe:j. iri. 1 982; :1r: has ass:..3te .i i!s. ':!endy :Ieller an:i .\ Tsars. Jan J:J.sian and :i.~1t i.1ony T.. ee as a re- searcher; (9)he will coIEYlete his report on the Austrian co!LTJ.2á~tion to t :1e }1istory of the 3al'Ja' i FL-;.i"t;h in ti1e Orient, that is of the contact bet- t-:een At.1strian non-Balm t 1s an,1 Persian, Tli1ákisl1 and Arab Baha 1 Is ~n a year or so; (10)!-ie has done so:-:Je l''esearch on th11 boat journe~rs Bana'u'llah anái Ilis cor.i~'1ions made, incl".ld.ing the var~ous stop-overs, on iiis 'iJay from Adrianople to 1A}:lca, builc:ir.g on research undertal-:en by iáir. Pooatchi at the request of Dr. GiacherJ (see report on t-ir. Poostchi), and l1e sent me a r,!1otocopy of tl1e report on 11ia findiI'~S to ..iate; ( 11 )he plans to study reá-o orts of Catholic and Armenian missionaries f~om various locations with- in t~:e Austrian (Hapsbur~~ ) 1-::: apire to. locate -:-eferences to t r.e Jabf an'l Bana' I religion.s--there ~rere hundre•ia i!" no~ tho11sands of sue ~1 n1i:.:sionar- _!es during Baha'u'llah's li~eti!':le in :::hlssia, Tur~i:ey, Palestine 'in .. perhaps Iráan and 'Iraq :is \.fell; ( 12 )he plans to be making contact •,11i-: -~ t ~e i\ustr ian Orienta.lists' societ:.r, the _tammer-Purl!stall gesellscli..aft, :t:oundeái in honor . . of He!'r !ia.'!lI!ler, an Austrian Or ientali.st ,.,ho to/!'ote a ma.sterful study of the Ottoman E:ipire; (13)he r~as been \•rorking as an assistant to ?á~r. Jan J;:i.sion (see re:;>ort rmder United !':ingdom) in locating bool{S and periodicals for the i1orld Centre Library. In response to my various questions, Dr. Beveridge gave his concise and ex- pl~.cit responses, \othich I \~ill endeavour to communicate to you :i.n t!1eir pris- tine purity. ~ {e is in fa~Tour Of the development of an inforr.-.ation-sharing net1.vO!:'k among Ba:á:a 1is scholars, and is also in favour of cooperative en- dea,1our among scholars except •;1hen t h ey do not share interest in the sub- ject matter--for example, Dr. Beveridgeáis eager and able to ~ollaborate - \;rith other ac:~olars on Bahi' i historical studies but is not -'.' t:-:.1.. ;1 cted by SUCtl s11bjects as the Shay},illf doctrine of resurrection and night-fli0ht or an::-:t!1ing else 11 esoteric 11 for t'hat r.13.tter. Regarding his disser+.ation, he \'1 1 ~tlld be l'rilli14:-; to translate it into Eri.glish if he t-rere to rt:) á ..!ive an ad- vance fro~ a publisher to <lo so, with the ai~ of bringing it o~t in English. :111en asked -:.'1r1at kin:: of literat~e li.e believes to be necessary to au;.;nent
\i~.a!_ is already available, both for . t :1e in tel 1_~ctual refinemer.-:; of t ~1e Ba- ha'i co~rnunity and for tl~e conveyance of Baha'i -concepts to intellectuals of our Gener~tion, Dr. 'Beveridc;e responded that t '.1ere should b"' 'lcholar- ly books ';Tritten and publisl1ed, made readily aá..railable, books such as t~ose b~r 1á1r. :Salyuzi, ~1it:1 more notes on sources s o that they v1ill b ~ acceptable to the academic standart:ia of so r.iany conter.lporary intellectuals. I!e also h~ a high regard for Johná It11nrileston' s T!le Ear.th .is 3.~~ !J.ne C;)1mtri,, as be:lng botl1 scholarly and read.able. ~lie need bo\1l:s on Ba:1a' i 11 ; ;._ á -:-,ry and doctrine related to world hist or:-" , currant events, interri..ati c::~~l law, the future prospects of htimanl{ind, bá:.o~:s eJC!)loring parallels bet,.,een B~1a'l teachin"".'s and the teac'1ings of Ia lam an.ct ot11er reli,~iora, on t i1e sit;riifi- cance o,f Cove:ianta (in tl.,_is connection he mentioned a book begun by :á!:=-. J.L. Jonnson in Canada), a scholarly study of the social, ~olitical, art- .,. .. á•• ~ .......;...J ...... \. • \.'•I ,..,~~-~
~ \
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I!1t e1.. árieá. 1: i~ti.c, le';al, econo~.1ic, ráel iE;ioi.ts, p11 iloso!)~:ical a~1-i p!1.~rsical 1'c lina te'' of I-:_á::i..n tli.r..~in;á; t:1e 1.ifeti.:-::es of t .,_e Jab a?id ~a:-a•u•11~:1 (1317-1:392.1 i.e., the
1 Sti.1 cent11r~r), i.nc ltt lin;; t'.1e "'.1istori.cal ~:;ac:~,:;~01.tn1 of tl1e la'.1a • i .?n.i t!1, on t'::e state of T3l.~::1 in t:.1e 19t~ centlt1~~r. :-re is fi..á.11 of i~leas, of topics, so if an~r of 7ou are at a loss ah out •. 1~1n.t to study ::.nd ,,rri te about, a'lcl1áess :rotl!áselá,,-es to Di... :_jeá.reri:iz.;e ••• :_1e' 11 suá....,1i~:e t~1e o!1slau:=~t; I r:iay not! 1\s to the :;ierennial qt1est ion of met !i..odolor;:'r in stt1á1yir.g t~1e Ba~a' i Faith, Dr. Jeve:?:"idge stated that !1e does not re5ard it as ir.iportant o.s 11e sees :1is f".L'lction .;ts fact-gati1e~ing, . leavin.1 it to futu:.. . e scriolars to try to ex- ylain tl1e facts. Fu1... thermore, he is a belie'f1~r first and a scholar seco!ld. L.3.stly, as he lcnot-;s of no specifically 11 J.3J.1a' i rlethod'' of scholarly inves- ti~ation he steers a.1:iay from th.e sctol1rly sturly of t!le teachings and fo- C'.lses on l1istory ábased enti1..ely on ei:ipuáical sources. Tl1e 1'German'' r:iethod et-:ployed in At1stria is 1•critica1 1• and as 11e refuses to be ''critical'' he <loes !'lot follo\ár this met11od1 but ratl1er er1ployes 11is otm, of collecting facts,co~relating them and steering clear of making jud.6ements, conclus- ions of any l{ind, ot11er t11an those \'ihich follo~-1 clearly and factually fror.i the clearly established documentary evidence itself. Ir.:'. Beveridge oited some of the sources r1e has collecte~ 0 11er the yea:rs for tl:ie study of the ''Austrian connection'' and of the Baha'i Faith in general: 1?á:-iedrich Engel-Janosi, ''Austria in :the summer of 1870 1 •• Journal of Central :S1rronean 1\ffairs, vol. V, no. 4, January 1946, pp. 335-53 1 this article based upon the diplomatic reports for the years 1869-70 nov1 in the iáJat ion- al Archives in \áTashington, D.C., upon the protocols of the Viennese consuls for July and August 1870. in the Staatsarchiv (HHStA), mem~irs in the pri- vate archives of t!1e Baron Schleinitz-Prokesh, formerly in Gmunden 1 Upper Austria, now in the IITIStA. He ha.a photocopies ,2f pilgrim's notes, origin- als of '1111ich are in the Austrian rTational Baha • i Archi"1es; a sr.iall collect- - ion of dissertations written by 3aha'i scholars; excerpts from periodicals ,. , - on Islam; and selections. :.fro~ various sources on religious history. Regard- ing the Horman religion he told me of an article by Artemus Lamb, translated into German by Etty Graef'fe as ''Die Erfullung der ?~formonen-Prophezeiungen, '' and published in Baha'i-3riefe, Heft 10, October 1962, 9p. 2~5-48. He also pointed out two articles in Ti~e magazine which are of interest to me as an historian of t:ie year '18'r'i, and befol:'e I left Vienna he gave me photo- copies of both: August 2, 1976, ''Prophet or Plagiarist?'', under the 'Reli- gion• byline.examines the somewhat shaky foundation of the Seventh Day Ad- áventist Church; ~á!arch 30, 1981, ''And They Knew ~lot Joseph, An 1844 paper raises doubts about ti1e Jáforrnon succession,'' p. 51 cites evidence that the entire Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints may be founded upon sand rat~er t~an upon the will a~n testament ~n~ ~coo~~ing to the instructions of its prophet-founder, Joseph S~i!h• Dr. Beveridge also mentioned two re- f ere nee boolcs of use to sooe Baha'iá scholars, Paul I1engge • s Die Bibel-I{or- re~-ctur, '.•/ien:Verlagsijet'leinschaft Orac-Pietsch, 1980; and F. á,á/ustenfel1 und E. itahler, a re-edition o~ .t~:i.e J. :ta.~rr and B. Spl1ler Vergle.ichungst8;b,e.l;: 1=,~n zur .mt1slini.schef1 ~!nJ ira:"'!.:Ls_ehen Z,eit,r~chnu~, first publisl:led in Leip- zi3, 192~, and in t~1ia re-edition in 1:/iesbaden, 1961, and consulted b:r S11oghi Effendi in its first edition for nal~ing the correspondence between - Christian and ! Iuslir.i dates (as in writing Dat-1n-Breal-:ers). Dr. Beveridge as~<:ed me to lool<: for a nllr.lber of yublisl1ed and unpublished bool<:s and pe!'iodicals in the BIITJS and BlIP and upon rtrJ return to the U.S.A. and a.":long these •.1ere the folla\áring, •11hic1-t I cite for your interest and \o1ith some ~ope t~at some of you may be able to locate some of these items for . , .... .. " '>:."""'l •\' f'°' ' ~ -á....:;, ~ .. ~ ....
-á ... ' -- -á\., -e r á -1~á J . ~-- á á• ~"' ;~ - .. - á áá { ;') "" d -á~ ~... ~ - , 0 ""e -:> ....... .1. "" •.) .'"'.• 0... áá•á10,... • ..... :.. - á. •' ) •• • r.a • ááááou'• , I <:::. ' 1 .,•. _ ..,, . .. ~ o f 'áá. is ' ..á. .,1 1 r o".°' . ean ..,,.;1, .,_,,~ • :\ ...,°' ..,... 1.C . u. ~"" .i.. "" 're1.....s 'áIJ. á--~á á..•• . t \i ' ''áá) ' ",U I 1- - 'J 1 . á-:-:- á ' ,_n á '-"áá "'ááá . - • ' á -. ... ... . \ - á "-áá ./ .. - ~.. - - á ;~ • •• .•• • : . -.; - • . • •• "'' T)r..á á .,.1á.,,., ... \,:.ii u. 1.. -. !:,.) ... .... . áá á-, a o r.; ,., .. ........ - - :á:>- 1 i--, ~1 <'1,.,:-i .. ... '...\. _ .. ... --... l lf'l'li,-.'.1 or _ .. :...'l i-:-i C. .) r ....., , á1n t1 1 ~""calacá;'."''1 _ . J .. - . ~,..,,.. . .. i ~ 'D03:3ib - .. . ~ • l e • - .ll -- á - '
Co 1.::,á á:. ~!" :! ' C r.;_e :1t, i 3sues of t :-:.i..J '?á.-- enc ~.1- ~. :.: ~ .::u á1;:e .~ ou_" n.'.l .l ~)1~:; li s::ed ~-!1 c...;c, t1- .::; v . . . :.r:• - . .)p.1 e, .:- or :\ ll.'~'13 t 1 0 -c:.á á . -;: "'\ :.., , á1,):) ~. ~<)... ; J- ; ~ :1.. :-...".". .,á_ -"'1 l.,~o nG t nnt 1..~0~ . 1..e i.ln• .i á-J o t1 r~r.. ~:.. ~ ' áin.ái t J :'1.. ..1_ 1o,;v - .... ....,ttbliás i~ e •i _.,, ...,....;n,'." .... .. .,t á!e;-:..,,. ,~ 1á á, , ( ~--- ~ - 1. c.....,_,.., t~ ~á.., 0 ~) 1 .a. 1Jut áu1~ n.-á ~il :ib le .,.::: -1- ;.. l _. - ..... .._ •J . ... - . á- -á á á • •••A. • á- ..,; .. '-'-• ......... .. - - t .. ,.-;,.<\.- -
t c tá .3 '.:arr :lcctor; J..ev~ ;. t Ti;.ie::: '1.::lC .J~~iu1.1 i..~,..á~ a ~.'.'.':e tte, 'w.:ich s t<Já.~lri i~en- t io!l 3;/ J ' to qtt0 t e Dr. 3ci; 1;.:' i d3e ::i.:;self ( te11 p oi n ts i. _' ~{ 011 ca~1 ;~-uc.s s -.!/iat -i,G n~~ri.n~--~nd it does not :.... e f er t o t 11a ~~ in.~ of t r:e 3l t1e s eit:~er.); ~er~ch ...,.,.,,, ,.,,:l r.i...:. ~~ á ... -~ 'á. -.I. . ..,.., r. .::.•- r.-~"" ne.,.. :'lcc o•á.-.-+- .... ""f t l-áe nuá- ; s •,., ..... e,.,t o f °""•á10 ''he "eti " 3 11 1án i •á- ,:,..._l .I. - - • ! ..) : J•.Cl L ~ • á,.
d:ti:-~"'r:~; t ::e ::ieri0:á of .::o,te!:.':,er 1 á:4s to J J.nua..-y 1 '~46, re ieri ~1~ of c cá.trse t o _, 'á á- • ...,..;) ' # • '. . • • lo • •á•á• .~ \,, , . a 11I • .. áJ • -
:1uá~L : 1:!"s ':.n•::l ;.~1 11.la ..ia'.1eq; ~1.i1:}lonatic r e!)orts ~á ela ti !'l.~ to t '1e COr.!te a"~ :~o c l1 e ciá.ouard, ?-re :.c h c~á.arza ._ i' atáfai1~es i n ~ i;1ran in táá ~e 1 8 ~Os; r.. es i) e ".)e -:á:á1es ')i- 1
blrc ., ..,t.;• •. ""' ~á . •• tl=!S ' á~' . •l c ,-..ááá á-1 ' á ~ 1 +e . ,, • ~ ,,•.e á~ob,_á '1ea•' l • • • ' -u ,......._ '-• . ' . .;. .........1á..... , 1 G / ' :::,9 •' o '~.; á~ Q .... iá na á ,..,.,<;u. .. á áJt .,,_.,.nus c á,.-1 .~ .I. ;. c o l""- .. ' ••• • ••
i.<Js of á.1i:."Ouhl - .. á_s á~á.erl 1.etters of Prokesh-Osten t~ :ie Gobinea.u re lat in;:; to t h e J .:-.!:a'.i. ~áu it l1 ~d unavaila ble in t :1e i-!~!..Sb\ ~ c cp i es o f all l ett Brs 'oy t he c o1nte de Gobineau ~entioning t~e :13aha'l ('.:á Bahl religion; letter s of St rat- f•)t'd Canning :'1entioning I3aoia or Ba ".-:a •la; ~;-á:ol:esh-Osten' s correspondence 1.á1 itl1 Sir ~er~r 3ul1.'1er. á For fly i~esearc!'i. on the y ear 1844, Dr. Bev • :á id.g e \>Jas most helpful 5..~'l intro~ 1
ducing me to Dr. Springer, historian of 19t h cent11ry Austrian histor:r an11 a"':'c '..1ivi;3t at tl1e ~lliSt,\, -v1ho furnisl1ed r-;e \átith an excellent biolio r~raphy of Ge :.-:-.1 an-l.G.?1.gt1age s ources for t\e pe ::..~io_i! in qtiest:'...on. :re also r'?c orrunencled i-f .2aoa, ilibliographie Francaise de l' Iran, Pari u : Domat. :-1o:--_ehres1: : en, 1936 , !>P• 1?! -20 or. t he l3iib1 and Bw..a• i Faiths and otl1e r pages relLl:ti ..áa 'tO t !1e 1 1?th century in ,::;eneral. ~Ie told me that Iá!aria von !Iajmaj er' s iá iu:..~l'áet-i.11- :s~ á;:i : E5_n J ild aus ? e ásiens l!euzeit, ~1ien, '1874, s oon to be reprinted by 1
t !ie .!\.ustrian Ba:áia•i 2':1.b lis_:ing Tr ust ~t1it !i an ~'listor ical and ioctrinal in- - t:-oc!uction lJy ?-tr. Poostchi, exists in f;_:á~st edition at .t 11e /\á. istrian !fation- al Baá.Zi'i .•\ rchives and in t~1e Osterreic ;:ische riationalbibliothek (call no. ... 110.187-:'\). . On 16 August 1981, Dr. J everidg e sent ~e his revision of my renort - on our taL~s tocet h er, a.nd t his report included an appendix of his auth orshir.> \átl1ich I n ow cite in full: - '
'Accorádin0 to ~! current kn01:11.edge, t"1e Austrian co~::::ection to the early ~listorár of the Fa ith can "oe (li 1rided ~- :-. t o four part.:: : l)Prolá: ech-Os ten; 2) r~~rts of t ::e pe:-secution of the Bal; ~a f c 1 . lo~.,ring t ,1e attempt on t he life of t~:.e s:1iih in 1 :~c.2 in Austrian nev1spape::.--s :tnd their so1irces; 3)11ter )'.'e- . poác ta reg arding t l: e 3abls/Bai:a•Is by Aus t -.:- ian diplomatic -,ersonel and other -~ustriana ( :1ave já.ist found a report of :.: ~-..e r.i. artyrdom áof Da dI by á -i 1~. -__;. stri :~n ciáril engineer in t he emplo;r of ~Ta~iri' :l-Din ~~.h , :aa -le to t :-.e c-.. áLSsa i or in Constantinople/Prokesch--Ostenl/,• w!lich•• á~. e passed on to the láIi :::i .:;tr::r or á Foreign Affairs; and ~)the papers of the Csterreic ~ ische Lloyd r ~~a:din(; tr1e passage of Bah.a' u' llai1. first :>art i .... : r.iore or l ess fin i.3 á:1e rl , as T~.e I 11.a 11e found no ne1:1 nater i al; t :'le second, I "1ope to finis~1 in 1 981, t~1e t 11ird in 1982 and the four th t~1ereafter. T11e part regarding tl1e r:iission- aries is t t uz for t~e ~ istant ~ut ure.' !>r. :Severic4~ e and I spo~-:e of t >. 3 yos 3i11 ilit7 of es tabl i shing an Eu:ráopea!'l - Ba::a' -i Studies -~ssoci.ati>J::1 and. ~le found t :'lis attractive, I think ••• r~e sai ái t !w.t if seminars ...,ere to be or;::anized for J a1:.a' i scholars ..,,~e ~á;ould try - ... to tal:e part. ~re 1..;as u::~able to nal':e it to tl1e June conference i n FriYlce andá t ~1e July confe:. --e nce in ~n~land , but on suc h S~"?.ort notice \á1!10 can ex- . .
1)Dr. ~Cent .D. 3 everii"ig.e -t . .Ln erá1ie\á1: - pect t~e attenc..a.nce of s i..!.c '.1 a . busy person.? As per an Enc;rclo-oe d.ia B'.l:'?.a 1 i, :e ia interested in contriouting to this pro j ect if it e;er" ;-:~ts ot"'f t'.:eáá ;~o:.tnd., and ~1e caulcl '..:rite articles on P':::'o:~esh-Osten, the .:\ uatri.an ccrJ1ec- t10~, t á"le :\~cJinist1.. 9.tiá:e .0'.::'der, on t:te fall of the. qapsbtu-g ~r:lpi!'e and. tn.e other Ettropean 1~ir..gd0'.'1S as predicted o~r J ar.at 1.1' lla}1 ( á" lfter '.1e ?10.s a C~"'.a.'lce to ~esearc h t ~ese subjects ••• ).
:Jr~ Beveridge, as noted hefore, has ~ade .:t.n extensive collection of r~re and apparently valuable literat~.tre related to the 3~;ia•i Faith, and, althougl1 Dr. 3e,1eridge is not a public. library, he does. !'espond ~;á1ell to b eine used-- I a.-n \árell acquainted ~.,ith t 11is fine attribl.tte of our American expatriot col- le~~e, '.1a~ring m.de full use of ?li:n for an entire 1:1ee:<l --and •11hat better \áJay • to :isa . him t han in the servicáe of the Cause . o! God? ':lith no furt!ter ado, Dr. 3. has printed or photocopied exemplaires of t he !ollo~:ri~~ tit l es: Atkins, Gaii1.s Glenn_, á Modern Re l i á io11s Cul ts a.l!d ~á!ove ~ents, !á-!ew I orl-:, etc.: :?lef1ing. E. R e~1e11á .C o., _1923. of t.' lhich ''Chapter :{I ••• 3a haism, '' pp. 328-35, 349) .. Flasche, Raái ner; ''Die Religton der Einheit. und. Selbstver~-1ir1clung der 1-!enscheit •. Geschichte und Iá1ission der á Baha.' i á in Deutschland, '' Zeitscfl.r ift fur iiissiori.S- ,,.1i.ss.e..ḥ_eh~ft upd Relig:ion.$.,issens(:ha.ft, . 61. áJahrgang, 1977, ;:~unster: Asc'.:!.en• dorff' pp. 18[-213. " - a . .
á •:/arneck, D. Gustav t ''Richter: ?á! issionsrundschau, D~n Bab is,'' Al.J-se!ie..ine 2áfis-:, siona-Zeitschrift, Berlin: á?á! artin \/aránee~ , 1903, p. 242. Huart, Clement, t 1Bab,'' Enzy~<lona.ed.ie desá Tslamá, Band I, A-D, Leiden-Leipzig; 1913t pp. 566-68. . • . . 0 0
• • •
Keene, James J., 1'Sa.ha' i ~-lorld Faith: Redefinition of Religion," Journal for the §Eie,!l;t_ifie_Stud;y of Eel;_igion, r-rew ITaven, 1967, pp. 221-35. á Kt:ene, James .J•, 11 Religious Behavior and t'feuroticism, Spontaneity, and 1,lforld- mindednesa, Ii .Sociometry' vol. 30, June 1961, pp. 13?-5?. Fischer-Kowalski, :rarina, Josef Bucel{, t'Struktmen der Sozialen Un,: ;leicr.heit in Os.terreic!-1, '' Sozialberieht, . Teil II, t1arz 1978, Endb eric ht, Band II des Projekts, Ii:n ..~uftrag dea Bundesminiateri11ms fur 1.Jissenschaft und Forschung, rt.d. . . . VaJ't...."?lant Fereyduri, ''Baha' ismusá, _,, Th__eologische ? ealenzykloi,i,die,, Eerlin/IáIew York: 1.-lalter de Gruyter, 1981. Balise, David, 1'The Baha'i Faith and The Divine Principle, 11 The ',ála"r of t~1e i,!orld, Iroly. Spirit Assoeiati.o n for the Unification of Cltristianity, Septem- ber-October 1974, PP• 35-45~ - Gumdens, Hauptmanns Baron de, . "Reise riach Persien,'' Ceaterreichischer Solda- tenfreu nd. Zeitschrift fi.ir á militarische I nteressen,á tio. 24', •i J a hrga.11g, á PP• 99-101; rát o. 57, á'11 rnai . 1852, pp. á2li'.1-42; rl;. '59, 15 mai 1852, p. 2 50; ~ro. 80, 3 juli 1852; p~ 333;. tár o. 122, 9 act. 1852, PP• 509-10; I-ro. 22, 1853 ? , pp. 174-75; all those which follow r.iention Babis: 1',(\.us Persien, •1 1-Io. 121, ? oct. 1852, V Jahrgang, Pl'• 505-506; ''Aus Persian, 11 t1o. 123, 12 oct~ 1852, V Jahrgang, pp. ? ; reprint of this last article as r!zur Culturgeachichte Persien'at'' Die Pres.se,. t-Io. 24-2, 13 October 1852, V Ja."'ru";;ang, . .iiei1, p. 2. ?átornen, Dr. l1oo j an, Dr. John Eber..ezer Essle~ont, London: 3aha' i Puolishing ~J.St, 1975~ ' . . Goldziher, Ignaz, ''Die .Religion des Islams, VI. 1Teuere Sekten, tr Die ::teligion- en des Ori.e nta Ufld Di~. A.l.t~~~n;_sel-i~ P~1. ~.. ":iá. ?"• Lei:pzi.t:,-Rerl in: Dr J.Ck .und
lerlag v. B.G.Teubner, 1913, pp. 138"41. Brugsch, . Dr. Heinrich, Reise". der K. _Pruss_i:,sc~en, Gesandtsc~(~ nac~h Persien 1860 u. 1861, r:rster Band, pp. 1S7::8S, 310; Z•:reiter Band, p. 36~; Leipzig: J.C.Hinriehs'sc!!e 3uchha.n.d lung, . 1862; á 18S3 • . á . á •• •
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i:ig; 1egree in 3-:Chitecture . I :1.terá.::.ew: :~a..y 18, . 1981 r. spent a.11 eváening •,1-:.t:1 ~ :!". Poo~to:1i an:I i1is f c;_--::il:r in the litt; a .\ust1.. i&"l to•..1n o.f Scr~t.,az, not f~1~ f('ovr> S1lzbur~ . ~.-le d.isc11sseá:i :-.12.ny natters and he also sl1.0~á1ed ::.e his Bah~( \\ 'o~ a.ry, '.»~1icá~ i::1- c.l~áied a nu..-:iber of boolai and docU:Cen ta \á: hichá I ~a.d ár:?.:r e:....7 er never s een ~e :f o!'e. On t hs subject di J~a' I l1istor:r , - ~áfr . Poo3tc r.i ás tate.-! t~'lat ~1e 11~s C .; ll ected sources for the documenta tion e 1.re:ita .<llld pe~"'SO::!S in :-!'.l~l:~-ary t of Y"..lt"scsla•ria, Czechosláova1~ia .3nd Au.stria; a."ld he is seru-c~in,: for sources .for all of ti1ose countries á..1hich o:i.ee for:ied ya.rt of the á:a9sburg Srnpi::."e as it '.á:as coM:titutt_!d d-i.tri!l.% the. ti..-:ies cf J3aha'u'llah ~>;.ái 'Abdu'l-Ja:ta, - fr cLi 1817 to 1921. ::-re -,,,.as t.1.-ced - coná.rersations '-"itti> . sorne !':':trly ;'\ustrian :Sa~1a' is, and ~.!as seá.,rer~ tape casettes recar1i;ng con~.fersat.; o-r..s ',árit:t :-t:- . :?ol- . . . li?l[;er, the fi r.3át Austrian. to .beca~e a Ba!-~a' i, a long :-1i : .-1 t l1e pages of. - questio!lS :1hic!1 '.'/ere asked h im, tra.nac.riptionS Of the :tapes and !10ta s per- taining to t :tose transcriptior.a. i~e i ás -presently p!'epruáing questions to :?.sk :-rrs. :Oi.lppingerá and i irs. ':áIi tt~ann, t •,;o early Aus tria . áJelieárers; .....:1i:=n t :;.e .questions are prepared, Dr. 3everid;:;e ~-;ill conduct t ::e inter~rie\-1S .:ts .')ot á~1 of tl1ese belie,rers :U-e residents of \lienna. ::rs. '_,Iittr:.?.nn ""a.a t~'le hostess of t~'19 first . I!aziratu'l-Quds in árienna. i1r . Poostc~i indicated. ~ ~
t~-:a.t nobody i~as á ~:-et ".!3de a seat-ch for t' '1. :erso:p.al "Cáar- ~r~ aná~;. lii:r~ies.., ... .i...
of á:!ec~as9d belieirera, and that to i.1 is :::_,o;.1ledge t >:e nost ~raluable papers :;ai,-e . been contributed . to t ~e ,\ust:r . i an 2a-:a' i . Archi ~res (l.Dd are the1'e . pre- á s er~red for t ~1e use of f'.lture se\~o.lars. . ~ r ;. áPoostchi ~l~ed -. '.\e to inter,1ie,.., :-1iss I::ia :-littler 'l'lhilst in England arl.,1 ~fá á "3 • . ~~..t z.ieh Gail ':.'~1e;1 I =etur~ed to t~e United Statee. (In England I f ou:-: ~ <:r1at ~á!iss :-:ittlar ~ad ::tied in 1979, ar..d in the United States t hat á11rs• ~larzieh G.a il :-_.aj :710á.red fr om :áJet'f' ~ngland. to California, but- God 11illing--"L will á intervie\<f her ;-;ret ! ) 1
>!r. Poostchi . spent a feá11 ~rears tá1orking . \áii th ~átila..ti Jorgic in VieIL-ia and ~ . . á.tit:i i-fario Piarulli and :Iasrur I r:iani in Tr-ieste at t he request . of the Hand . of the Cause of God Dr. U<~o Giac h ery to loca":e doCUI:lentation specifyir..g :<. ~\USTJ.L\
2)~a:ab1z ?oostchi
Intervi e~áI: t11e ~ating of 3a...1la • u' llah' s sea •1o:rase fror:i .'\.rlrianople . to • A!-<!-:a, and 11e ci..nd n:-. 3e~reriá:lge as!~ed :ie to continue t'1ia :-esearc:ná ~.:!lilst in r,ondon by iná,,resti;;ating t11e .:\ustrian Lloyd's li!le t~1roui;h the 3ritish Llo:y-1' s ~nd other Sol.!rces of infor1!'.:ation on 19t'1 century !á!editteranean shipping a- ~:ailable in t:ie TJ11ited I{ingdom. Dr. Beá1eridge save rae a copy of :1r. Poos- tchi' s eis:1.t-::9C\;:;e '~e9ort about the research for details about t!le .'\.us- t'.':'ian Llo;;ád S tea-:ers ttsed by !3a'!la' u' llah fro:'3 Gallipoli to Haifa (.~ugi..lst 21 to 31, 18S8),' dated October 1978. lTnfo1~tunately, I \•1as unable to ptl::.-sue this research ,.,hile in London; if any of you happen to be going . ' to London and ha..1e a few days to ''kill'.', I :-iave just the r.?aterial for ..vou! . . lá!:'. Poostc"!li beganá to do research on the 3aron Prol~esh-Osten at t11e be- ~'!est of iJr. :Joojan !lor:1en (see l ... eport u:ide.r rJ. ~-:.), and Dr. :?:everid3e re- ce'ived a letter fro~ Dr. ::omen and contintted ,,.,it~1 the '•!á:>rk, ~..1!lich pro- duced its fir.st fruit in his naper sttbnitted to C• .i'\..S.3.::?. (A.13.S.) this * - - year. z.-:r. Poostchi ~as an excellent collection of Ba.11a' i and. other i-eli- 3ious literature, including tá.10 ~ticles ..,,..1ritten by Professor _q,varegan, bot:i in Italian, •studio :::'.azionale dei Cristiani.emo; • a."'ld 'Tl1e !áIorning Stars,' (only t?le title is in En~lish!), of .,,~ich }1r. Poostchi sup:9lied :ne ~-rith p~~otocopies at my request; also Dr. A11med Ah.i""!ledzadeh' s Ger1:tan translatio~ of Isabella Grinevs~aja's-bibliography and review of Bibi and - 'Ba1a•i topics in ~.isaian-lano-uage literature, entitled 1BabI und Bana•1. in der russischen literatur,' of ~árhich he also supplied r.ie t•rith a photo- copy. As far aa I kno\-r t none of these \'lOr~:.s 1-:.a\áe been publisl1ed--they a.re' 11otárever, aál!'ailab~e in photoeoP"Já from me, and at cost. ~átr. Poostchi called Dr. Aii."11edzadeh one of ~he greatest Baha 1 I sc!-.c.olars !le ~as lmo\ám, formerly a resident of Is~qabad, then of Innsbruck, and finally of Ger~any (Berlin?). !!e ',á:rote a ~reat deal about t!1e Faith in English, Persian and Gernan but published little or not~ing. According to Jir. Poostchi, Dr. ~\h!11edzadeh' s •:rife IIelga is responsible for his payers no•:t, and so all efforts to :-:.ave access to t~1ern vsould have to be :permitted and s~pe1~vised by he?'. 'llhen asked l1is opinion of an Enc"'rclo-pedia Ba1ia' i, llr. Pocstchi indi.c~te-n . ~ .. 1.ntet"eRt ~-"!!- s~.~,;;;ested t~:at t~:e basis of such a -i..rorlt miGilt be Dr. Iluhl- schlegel' s ~assive a.~d co=prehensive ea.rd catalogue of topics and informa- tion related to the 3ab'i and Balia' f Fait~. ~!e ur~ed me to locate and haá.re .. a lool~ at t"his card catalogue, and I did--it is in the !lands of I~rs. Ursu- la :lu11lscl1legel, sa.f'e 8-'ld sound, and not likely to r;o any•..rhere for a long - r ti::1e. '.1e did not discuss an European Baha' Stu lies i\.ssociation, but ,,.rhen
I susgest~d t'.lat the Ba.lia~ i architects ;,'esident in Eu:ope get togetl1.er, lá1r. Poostchi ~.,as definitely interested inyarticipating i ! possible. á.:e also spoke of the st~ndardization of :3a!!a' i .4.rc!1i-:1es, or rat!'ler of their accord ~á1it~1 t~e system of care and classification employed by the ':lorld Centre Li- - brary and I:nter:iational Baha'i Arc11i ves in !Iai.fa. I sugg-~sted t!i.at t1"'le Ar:.strian i1ational Spiritual Asser.ibly might consi.d.er spon:loring a training session for !iational 3a..i~a•I Arc~ives personnel from all over Europe and in- vite Jan Jasion from Haifa or á?.oger Dahl from ':Jiloette to provide tr..e.. train- . ing. lie suggested that I fo:-::rulate such a pro~osal .q,n~. tl-.e~ :!~rá.-1ard it for- ?:lally to the I!a.tional Spiritual Assembly f'or t:-ieir consideration. (In ~lil nette, in Augi1st 1981, I spoke with Iáfr. Dahl and he recor.:mended that sone- - one trained in one of ~is archivist '"orl-:.s~o'Os and 1'arrned11 - '"i th t:1e r.ia.."lual he is compiling for Baha'i archivists address this. ltind of sathering rather than ~e hL~self, as he is very busy all the time ar.d besides, his expenses 14f' ;{. lt!JST~T \
. 2)~~..nbiz Poostchi
Intervie,,v: .. á.1oi.1ld 11a~re to be defra:1ed, and they •.voulái a~ouht to a considerable su.nl.)
Ps.pers: 'Report about t h e research for d ~tails about the Austrian Lloyd Stear.!ers !_tsed b~r Baha' u 1 llah froá., :} alli.poli to :raifa (áAu;: f ;st 21 to 31, 1363),' ~ pages, October 1978. . ?ublications: Introductiont '' ?!aria á.;on I-ia:ma,jet", .1.urr.a.tá--L' 1.. .-.' Am, 1874,
reprint -f art11coming, . Aust~ian Bana'! Publisl1i!l6 Trust.
3 )O.sterreichische r:rationalbibliothek • ~e!.den-Platz, \áJ i.en Th.is .. is a library .á I . could ha,re happily SPent a decadeá . . exploring, . but . as I had only a few hours .scattered over a few days to investigate, I res- trained f.!J-self 9 . and spent moat of my time looking for photogr~phs relating to 1844 in the Bilda.rchiv-Portratsarnrnlung, áand fer . Baha'I-related books al- ready listed in ':IIY bibliography,á in t h e c~d catalogues. T11e forner searc!t led to tl'le discovery of ttvo photographs ':!':1ich ár gttard jealously, against the mice for there are. no . thieves in rural lá!aine ( ! ) ; the latter to this assortment of titles: . . 'Abdu'l-Ba.'-"lat Las Le or...s de Saint-Jean-d'Acre, traduction par I-iippolyte Dreyfus, Paris: Ernest Leroux, 190 • 7; 5. 838-B) Bab, .Le Bevan Persan, traduction de A.L.If. i'Ticolaa, Tornes 1-4, Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1911-13. (484.879-B} . á á . Bab, Le Li"'n-e des se-ot preu"J'es de la mission du 3~, á traduction áde A.L.!1. 1'Ticá~á1áa-s', Paris: 1-r;-is;r~euve,á 190á2~ (tf-22;á519á~a)-. Andreas, Dr. áF.cá•• áD ie Babis j_n Persien, Leipzig und 3erli!'l, 1896. ( 39.103-'3) . Dreyfusá, I{i:ppolyte, Essai eru.r le-Ja.'1aisme, Paris, 1909. (465.$61-B) . Ethe, Carl 1rerma..llll, ?.~s.~.J.S~ l1}1d_ Stud,i,en, Berlin: F. !"Ticolai, 1:37;. ( 57 .4G3-3) GoldzL1.er, I~.z~ Vorlesun~e.n:_ ub_e_r ~1.e.n ~sla'TI,, Iieidelberg, ? ( 40o.036-B,Per. IlF. 1912,4, 4 r4.207-B.1 . '.~li, TJ11L'Tled, Babism and Bahaism examinedt l'Tew Koti,1aliá, .~gra; sá.R. & Bros., 1956. (882.§1~-B)" 0 3 30 3
- • "' . ' -
Ferraby, John, All ~}t~ng~ .!á1ade IáTew, George Allen & TJn~Nin, á 1957• (901.711-B) Zir.l!!l~r, Flerr.ia.nnj Eine Testamentsfalschu_ !7 T-iertet die 3al1ai-~eli~ion ab in . á :ien !'olit.~;=>cfien Shoghis~, ~á/aiblingen, 1971. 1 ,O á .230-B á I-~uhlsc l1legel , . Adelbert, ?lU'l ado en la. d1.l 3aJ1aa-Kunveno áen Genevaá, Stutt;art, 1925. á (~,061.522-B) _ . . 3a.~a''u'lla.h, K.i!=iJl !!1~~~.at~l:!,_t1an 1 1áfisr: l-1atba ab al-r1ansu. at 1318, 1900. (795.306-BT--Arabic. : .. á . . .á á . 3ar.i 'u' lla..ii; Per"r sborri.ik oslani 3abida . Beh :~.ullacr.a, lzd. Tc/ .Rozen (Die 1á. Slt. á.ron Abh • ., Arabicá and Per sian texts, Russian notes; St. Peters- burg, á Inp. Ak. !-iau!<, 1908. (454.631-B) á Bar..i'u'.lla.1, L'Oeuvre de Ba.lla'ou'lla.l-i~ t!"aduction de Hippolyte Dreyfus, Paris: Ernest' te'!-oui, '"1~-28, trCiis tomes. (566.598-B) . 3aha'u • llahá, Ha!J! ~iadt _(~ea _Sept Ja11e:es} 2 • _LS;'á"he-AkdB;,a ,CL~, .Tr.e,s .sai.nt.~. 'f..a-
blette), traduction de :iippol:,..te Dreyfus: áet H• .Shira,ai 1 Paris: Ernest á Leroux9 1905~ (!+35.583-A) . .á á .á BS...i.i.'u' llah, L.'EP:!_1:._re ~u- fils d:t l,?,1.:lP•.• ~.. , traduction de Hippolyte Dreyfus, Paris: Champion, 1913... (492.367-B) á á , á á Ba..1.i 1u' llah, Ki tabe A:.:dea. ''Sv;a~~enne .i ~a.iaá lU1.. i3a'' sovreme~..nych babidov • .. Te1:st ••• A.G. '!U.~ana}~ago e livre le plus saint des a ys mo ~ernes.
. . 3) t i1"'!et _.;,:) ::.~-a1 OJ • • ~ • c.11sc-~e ... , • t• á1~ ••1• t' • á4' '.
áá~' 10...a. o-i_a_ 10 .. e ... .•.,,. ~ á~ •• ~ ~ . ~'"> T
VI.• ..,Ate""'~áo,,"\""? ::-.._ -- _;:i ~,.._,, ,.,, ..,.,.a .~_ ....:.._ ....... '.'°t~! 1 '-- ... _,c..,_.._..~, ~~e"Moiá"!""a.s á1:1,,,90.,,, :l ... .._...., ,.,e i•~c.sct áá ~- 0!"'1iáeá ~,_._; .•. I .... pe......'"1~~1e áááá"' ._ ....,,_ ..:i~ á.• "'c1'ences ... ..) • .J.e ~t. ~~tersbt1r-3, c:r. ~:ist.-phil •. 8,3,6. (392.831-c.cr. hist-pl1il. 813,6) s~10-;:.1i Effendi, gott seht ;ro.rji~'Jer, translation by ;1eide Sch~-tarz~aGe~, Jo!lann =::u-1 Tettfel, á:lutl:or-ize~i for pttblicat ion by t .~e ;rational .Spiri t1.1al ..\sse~ bl:r of Ge::i:~aey ~~d Austria, Oxford: . Geor?~e ?onald, 19.54. (3=;0.100-3) . I!:olle;r, :rorace, T'~i.e '.!or l~-Eeono:-:rr of 3a!-:.a 'u' llah, !re,.,, York, Bal1i' i Pu.bliah- - i=ig Committee~ .. 193á1. á "('":;.893'76°:3á;) á 'á .. á. á á "') • -, u f 1 Ja!~a __1 an, , á" "- á; e~'~2.:-zene. 'r ~:o:.t ~ á(. á3.--rá.a. " -át a l -::ia;(:J.una , t rans. 1 a t e. d b y J o!'tanna 1 T.. l ir:a . 1 - )á
. ..r. ~.rerti'1ern, assisted by Adelbert :-~1111.lscli.ler;el,: :lul:ta.'n."".1ad Zabili. and Gurllother :!ey-1 9 £:.. on ~\r.3.bic and Persian sources, approi1ed for publication by the !la- tiori.al Spiritual Asaeobly of Gerr:ia.~y a..-.id t'l.ustria., :;'ran.'ttfurt-am-~á!ain, pub- lis~:.ed by ~:or.J.er in Stuttgart, 1948. (912.073-..:\) . Ja!:a'u'll3'!1, .L".1-~{itab al-aadas, translated ~..nd edited by Earl E. :S!.der anái ~lillia..-n ::cz1,,.;ee IIiller, London: Royal 1\siatic Society, 1961. (390. 7)()-B, Per. 38) . ,.. r:O11 ey, .,.~ _:orace,. ~.e '!"') 1...is_ion • • ~ ' • d t London: ..:.Ormarucin George Jonald, 1966. ( 1,0~3. 317-B) . . , -- , . r • •• • ...
Bal1i'u'llal1, Das ?11ch des Gewiss~1eit, translation from Engoliah, á- I l"\J, , , ll A ) .... M' second edi- T t ~ T Z ,- ( á _...
á tio:i, ?!'anl~fttrt-am-iá!ain: Bab.a• !.-\lerlag, 1909. 1, OrJ8.U'14'-3 - ~:ent '3everid.ge, ':9ie gesellschaftspolit isct-..e. Rolle ;~ler 3a1-ta' i-Ver-r.'laltun.ss- or~11ung in..i.""le:r~ald •ier Gemeinschaft der 3a..~a' i inter besonderer '3etrach- "tttng der z-:::ei leitenden institutionen,' ';lien, TJni~;ersity dissertation, táruly 8, 1977. á (1,143e.629-C) á. Essler.iont, áJol1n Ebenezer, ,?V"aJ:a'u' lla]l J::,a,j la no,i:r;.,a_ ~!>.ol{o, tra..11.Slated by Lidia Za":1enhof;á bisdatigis, Roan Orloff Stone; Portland: Eld. Bahaa Esp.-Ligo á 1978, second edition. (371.8o8-B.Esn.} • • á •
Da~tl, A::-thur, La r.iondla-edo nor la nuntem1'B. ho-maro, translated by Roan Orloff Stone, ':!ilnette: 3a.~a'f Pt-.lblishing :rrust, 1972. (708.347-B.Esp.) á3a1,~.:.zi, 1rasan l!., E.G. 3ro,.;me andá the 3a:~a•I '?aith, London: George Ronald, 1970. (1,08;.16~-B) . -á- 1
- I .... ". . •
Geor;::;e To~ár!lSr..end, Christ ~nd Baha •u' ll~h, London: George ~onald, 19-;7. á (912.079-B) . . . . . - '4\.br!u' 1-Ea!la, TJ!.e. 3a:1a' ,i R..eac~..~cg:ra.m, from the ~árorI{s of 'Ab du' 1-Ba.~at átorlt: Bah.a' i' Publisl'ling Com."ljittee, 1930. (589.354-B) á
4)iTational 3a'-li'i Arohives of Austria -á T:1ir.'lig;;asse 12 A-1180 ::lien
Dr •. Be'!.f~riá;ige introduced r:ie to t:1is, t!:e best orsanized and :.toet extensive collect ion . of "9al1.A 1i literature that ! sa~4 in all of Europe (of co,.irse it is - not as !xtel"..si~:e nor !l.early as ~ra.lua'ble .for st1ldy of tl'1e sources of Baha'i o.nd 3aoi :ioctrine as t~-e va.rioua re'!)ositor-iea of' manuscripts, chiefly in Eng- lancl, ~or does it :1.ave an extensiá.re a c.~llection of En;lis1;.-language sourees á:lS are to be fotL'ld in t2e British :Sal-ii' i Aro:i.i-:res, or more than a fr~ction o . á. t~e French-language titles in t:.i.e French Ba.'!a' i Arc hi ~:es; but in . its size - and organization and large selection of liter~ture á fror:i áall 0~1er the '...:orld, t:1is is indis'!>utably. the largest library of its kindá in Europe), but I ~,1as . not able to catalogue its contents., for indeed, that \;rould take me the bet .. ter part of a month~ Among other thir.ga, they l1ave a conplete collection of all issues of 2__aha' i lle\'1~ from the U.S.A., of iá/orld Cr:ier (both incarnations) At~stralian 3a.:1a•r :re•.-1s, Glorv ma,~azine,á Sonne der :.!alli:"~"'-eit. . , •• • Pi F & ¢ • • • á . .~T -~á r-!""'! ~~ -- .,.,,. ' 'T j) ~ á. ) • i u.:... . .-r...-.:"\.~ . • • l.,. •
~ 1~~-....::rees: P~: . J . in social psy - cá .... g"/ .-~t =- ~ 0 1-...I 1:.......... lá,I.e .a... . s.;- ;.."1... ..._,..,.p 7.u.,..- .,, , .. . - A . ~ ~ - - i_c~.1in prog.:. ~ ss; ':!.as receiá.:-c d l. izential
!ntervie1.'1: lrn!'ortunately for thi~ report 9. al:r.ost..;.á~l'1Ctcr Git.3. ani al- ncst-doctor l-tusband Felix Steiner-K:tarnai á an.i I iid no-!: tal!-< :nuch abot1t t".leir ~á1orkt but rat11er !;!Ostly about the s~_dy of psyc ~~.-jlogJY, a bout t=:e . _practice of p.S )'"Choth~1:"~py • espec ialiy in ...:: ..ái tzer l a nd, .::~á:ldá áa .bout Baba.' Is in tn.e social sci :4 i\Cf2 professicn.s ,. and the. need . forá org~.!1izing some !<ind of conference of Baf\a~, ~:~s in these -orofession.s á i or the ~~:.. ~-oose of fnutual support, sharing . of 1-.ieas and info~mation and maki::.-ig s;oe- ki!ld of practical contribution .as a rel igioua ácor..rmni t:;, or a 51l~-set of tlte greater 3al1:i •'I . cor.imunity, to t 11e mass of rr~~ind ,..,hich ia so. r.1~nifestly in need of being understood anái o.f understa.ndi?Ig its elf. ';f~i: ile staying 'Iii t:i. ?áIrs. Steiner- 1
Kharnai- and ~e~ .:16cr.o-b{e_ husband (she• s adorable too) I had the pleasure of áspending ~r dciy li.vht hours in the Zentra~bibliothek in -3lirich, and cc- casionall:r . in t'rte co::.pa.ny . á of these frien::iás. and. their Ba~1~'1 neighbors oná outings. Frau Gita 1'..1s studied. social . psychology for a nu;nber of years, and h.er á,.;ork in progress and area of pri -:- á1 -roy interest is in what she des- cribes as ''life-span developmental ps-:rchi:-, .. og-.1: an in~.:~~~ for social á:'5e, ' 1 and ~ihile I am . not acquainted with the r.!e ~ a.il$ á of her ""'°se~rch, I gaths:á á that it ia r~lated á in some way áto- !-1s. Gail. SheP-hy ' a, ?as.saj~_ s:.~- á f"r'e}.ict.ab l e Crises of ~. dult _Life, published for . _t. he fir.st-. -': irne in ~áta~r á áá. by E.P. Dutton in iie':'/ Yor1.i:, and áreceived áwith ra,re reá,:iewa and consi-1 .etable in- .tellectual impact by scientists and laymen alil{e in the l!nit.e d States. !áfa. Steiner-i\hai-nsi had never .h~ard of this Ar:ierican product on t~e subject, and I susuect ... that. her research is more clinic,.l and statistical an:i aer data more carefttlly formula-:.-=!d and more e~2.. :~.á - ._ tly. expressed than ~;1s. Sheehy's best-seller. á :ve di~cussed the need .i::or Saha'I social scientists to be more accurately apprised of the Baha't teachi t:.r7s on soul, Gpi:-i t, bod- y, psyche, mental _faculties, the relationship of body and so~~l, dreams, sex- ua.Iity, so as toá study these phenomena empirically. vii th an eye towards draw- ing parallels between scient.i fically and 'religiously 1 revealeái info:--mation, and to. bring. t hese topica--where. appropriate-~and the . Bah.a' f ~1ie\vpoints-- .-1hen propitious--to the att~ntion of thei:• fello'.á: social scientists. Also, ~..,e . shared th.a •Jieá..; that a :~.ore intimate cc.n.ta.ct . bet ,.,een Baháa • I social scient-
i:Jts coul..i assist 3.ll par.ties in reconcili:tlg their professional and reli- g ious livesá and perspecti't1es, and in discoát ering á md developing ~'lhatever elements in either field which might augment . t~e experience, _appreciation and understanding of the other and of the ~"hole. In particular, 2.a.~•I social scientists má:.:.st come t .o.g ether to as> themselves ál'lb.at they can contri- bute to contemporary society as social scientists an1 as 3a~a'Is •,:hich is distinctive and clearly ~-rorthy and ~.itorth1,;h i.le. á ':le ~poke Oáf t~e real gaps between individlial 3aha •is wbQ practice the Freudian, Jur..gi J.n, l'' \dlerian methods of _t herapy and also ::;et-\.,reen psychotl1era:pists and research á ps:.rcho- logists, anthropologists, sociologists- and the ot_:-ier branches and twigs of the social science áorofesaiona. • •
~1a. Steiner-Khrunai and I spent several hours discussing the pcsaibility of o.:-"ganizing a !'.!.onfe?"ence of' Ba.hi.'1. psychologists (or social á s cientists in seneral). for July 1982, to be held in Sá..,ri tz!rland . or England or ?ranee, and including the efforts of the many Bah.a' is in the social science profes- sions residing in Germany and s~11itzerland and elsewhere iri Europeá. Last XI. SWITZERLAND
1)Gita 3teiner-Kh~msi rnter'l1ie,,'1: year (1980), she took part in oreanizi~g ~ snall conference for Swiss psycho- logists, r~eld in Ler..zbur~, to vhic'h fi 1e áprofessionals contributed, and u-
pon t:ie success of this endeavour. s:!e . - ~.ár.3.a appointed a r.iember of. a com."'.'littee . of the rTational .Spiritual ..\ssembly of t~e Jahil is of 3'11i tzerl~1nd and asked - to 1:ielp organize subsequent conferences, a."1.d on ~any topics ;-1ithin the range of r•3~~a' i studies''. Dt1e to previous coilirni tr.ients of an academic and ertploy- ment nature, she had to resign ~er ~enbers~ip on the cor'.1.~ittee. She and I disc1.issed the possibility of re11i~1ing this pl~n, a.11d of t,>1or!.-:ing. together ~.,ith ?eter Soith, sociologist at the University of Lancaster a..~d 11.áell-known through- - out Europe and "\merica for his organization of yearly 3al'l3' i studiea semi1.1.ars in Lanca.ster for a number of years; b.ut September 21, 1981 s~e á.-1rote r.ie a.n- no'.mcing that her professor. had decided that she 111.ist subr.iit :1er completed P~.D. (lisaertation by ?álay 1982, and 1:.enee that she must 'forget everything except working and finishing rrry thesis, this has absolute first priority in this stage of life of mine.' t!/e sympathize! The also indicated in this let- ter t!1..at 'The Sá11iss NSA, though, is very interested in such things and I am sure they are still very o~en-minded to su~h projects. A person you might be interested to contact is Prof. !á1ehri ~assegh, she used to be Psychology Pro- fessor in !eheran and iS. in Piagetian PsycholOg:'J• She kno 11s about our plans
and is very, very enthused.' á Ms. Steiner-Khamsi feels t~at the organization of a conference, and actually of a series of conferences of Baha'is in the social sciences, e1.nd in other scientific professions is 'a subtle wish of every academic Baha'i and I be- lieve, it repl'.'esents a big ho~ for raising finally the level cf deepening -3...'lld proclamation of the 3aha 1 i.Faith.' She is in favour of áanything that i~proves the fortunes of the Faith, and ~ence would be supportive of the es- tablis:mient of an European Baha'I Studies Association and the co~pilation and publication of scholarly and scientific publications about Bahi'i topics, in- cluding an ~~cyolcpe.1i_~.....Bahi;' i. . . .. .
Publicaticr.si '~he relation 'between prit!'.ary and secondary socialization,'' n.p., 1978. . ''The ir.iage. of old people, percei"ted by S111iss middle-aged people. A representative study on the ser..iality of old people,' n.p'., Bern, 1979. ''Critical life-events. A biographical approach,' n.p., Zurich, 1980. .,.,-...'. -- .-J, .. . v........., ,.~?T' ,.,• áá::i ' ~ ,..J • . _ . .... . . .
á~- )á••' ál '"""' ...:.. ,...áá ~ -.' • ,,.,. ,..,,,1z á .,. - •.,..,1ag .. •. :"'I"'• • c . . ,. .- . ..... . - . .._._v. ..,•• \ .> _.._ 0 .-. • á -~ .., I \ :... . 4 'á~ _. ' ""'~ . 1.Sn ' : J_ ' ~
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á '- -r ""f.':.S -á p- .-... c; - •• á• á - • ' •C -.I • ~~ L .• -- - ... L "" 'W' - J ;,
. -, nee.,...1 t J. .• • • ~ • ..... - t •.\1 • . - exá-: .. . 1 :~.,......-i~ • á-áá .. •('; . "'" . =á nt'!•?r- .. .:> á- . ~'T:• ..: , ':>.. " • á' -
-,~~cá11 ~-r oc T.'r:r--1 .,...P.er i' ná:- - á- \ ,. - ..,, ""' .r. .>i 1 ()71..,. ,; ' ...... 1.:.".. .J'"" . . . .., -
1917!~:_7-::;, áá~ueer. '!'3 7J:ii,rersity, 2el- .... ., ~ t '. ár o.,... t •" ,.,e-áá á -1á- '.,.t=::i '. -:an"""' ~á-- t "l' ' '."':"' á-,á ...,• ' ":J:r ' ... - á ;;;> 1' ... - .. . . - - ... ... ' :r 1'áuá--tr 1 "'1 á .--..- ~á• r:i,.t ...i.,., ..; ,...,.,ent ~ • 1 f'.';'7r:i-<-:P. -~:;t.- .... . ; 1 :' ; , ' f L .~
7 .. ._.;cá'~!-o.I. 1Jniá,re,..'.<'1..; i- 1 " _..., •,. .,i.. l II' Ji, - Jo. '•.,T ' 5 4\J •,r1 á1i.án<'f' ...... ""'-,:. ~) Inrl,á -- •~L'...r,...l .. _. 1 ,.., "'á ta t.conomy.
:'!:. tar 1ri e~'1 : :á ~r. I'ierouz and t'.1is renor'ter talked f or less thar1 o:!l.e 10~.tr 1
-:ine a ...'"~,,,,e::!'.'noon '. 1.~.tr1 ng á :'jy v1.s1á áát t o i-,á .:i - á.4is 'r-~o!'!'ls 1n ' • ' .D'ie t"' .. "". 1.Kon '.'11. "f á..:- .á.s. .zi• ..i.~a !3teiner- 1,...,
f:'.:~.A-~t'.1s i (!u r i:tg the 13.st •.-1eek i 21 ~!ay .1981, and since t ".i.at t .::ie ~.1e >!ave ex- c }:anged t~á10 letters -?..pie.c e on t'he suoject of á or ~a.nizing 3a~a' i stuii es con- - fere nces......in ::2 1.~rone. in. t~e :::.ear ft:.t11re • . :-lr. iáJeroUZá is ua.rt icularl~r inte!'ested. ~ . ' • '. 4 ' ~
in ' .."1.;-ia' i .~:ppi"oac áá::s to political and economic probler.18 ir:clud.ir:á='; t!1e :--.(1_- :r.i.nistration and .3ag;e of eri.e rgy-generating r.tateriel. JP..iri!'lg ou:- ::;~etir.g i! r~ ~áf ero').Z i~formed me that he had \n-itte!t a á paper cletailing his :3ol ál.ti.)n to the nuc:.-i-discussed 11 energ:-f crisis'' , and that he •1101Jld lil<e to . 3 '.':.•;:r.e t;-i.is ~.á1i ~'1 otter B.-:i,'b.E'is an~l ,_;rou~d pro,rid e me ~:sith a COJJ:f thereof i n tte ;ááear i'!.i.- t u:e. '.{ is r.1a11Y obligations haá.re not. allcw.ed him suff i cie?J.t ti:ne t:l ::..- ans- l a te t~1is p3.per f ro m Gernan into English and á to send ?:::e a copy , bá á?: i ex- .,...e.c t t '"'"" ar.,...:~.. •ral ::."' -á'W . "~i-ereo w-.. . - 9 .... n:y da~" • ,f no"-'á 71á• .-.... n ..,,.,.1.á;_ás , ast 1 et+o::::i,,.. 'Cl. v -á to me ~.., ...L J..e J. 1.,~. r•Q.- ..z ~ ... - • 4• ' ...
ce=nber 1 6 1 1981, 11r . i!erouz ~..rrcte. ~e . tr. at 'AboiJ.t ~r subject 1'A !',Tew .4.nswer to the Enerw.r Puzzl~, 11 I gave three tall{$ in different place~ in S'tli tzer- lo.n:~ . ~.1it:101.it ar,;y succ ess, ne~ year I 'N'ill give a tall~ at t':le Zu:- ic h. l;n i~1er si t ~r .' ":-! e also . r-ei terated t hat he •.á1ould ~ontl"ibu te as r!UC ~ a s ?Ossii,le to t "1e o!'gani zation of future 3a:.ta ' i studies conferences in E:.iro;:e and t ''"!e - readers of t'lis report. should tx-ce note o:- th.at--in I<aged :Ter:::i1 1z ~r0 u. \-,ave a ':filling collaborator! :\one of ?á[r. rfe:!."'01..: ..::; , s putlications ha-..r~ beer:. in t'. ~e field of 3a~a'I studies., but I ,,,il l cite t l~em nevertheles~, as t ::3y ::v1~r . 1Je of interest to some áof you á readers:
2\tblicat io:l.S: . 1'Squeezing of s~.elis b~{ 'rot9.tinP; balls t II thesi~ - Prod1.1cticn. Enii n eering , Uni•1ersi't ~r áof -~~lexandria, E;,-rpt , 1')14. .l\. ir {3.nd Coolir:i...g 1:.1a.t er Te!1peratu!'e Ef f~cts c:'.1. t:ie T'.'ler;~al Eff".-ci.ency and :::1ectric9.l ~")0 1.áfer OiJ.tput for Cor:l'-: ined Cycle ?oá.ái9r Plant J siT'..g GT 7 :r-pe 11 Dc;, 1• 197.1 . "Comp:ir ison bet,-reen :á:> i ngle , Double anái ::ul ti-~i' lash .SyGte.ms i .n Geothermal Poá,.rer Pl.ants,'' 1978 .. ''Energ<J fro:n C:attoná.vood, :' 'study to ut iliz.e t he a(;riculture á.ára.Ste in t ~'le á:ievelo:)j.ng . . countries to . prorl,.tce er~er~~l •' 1931. . - Mr l'fero1.i.z. ~á~no\ots ."Jác t :: áof t~1e c.oncept of an European Sa:á~.a' i Sttt<lies ..\ssociat- ion and t~1at of an Eáf'\c.láolo pedia 3a~a•I, andá '.'le is partic1.1larly eager to con- t:- ib11te to the for~er i.biea~1our :3.3 planner aY-t;i PáTI'tic.i pant. ~re does not . - :r er.:a.:t-d. ~ 1i :.ts elf as a Ba.::3' i. scholar, but is e .:.l~e r to .s:1are :1is á ~á:: no'.át l e dge á.-1ith ctá:;.ers and to learn . fro~ Ailá .and One. ár- . . \. I .. .,...á- . .,. . . . . . n ~ ' á ,.. ....,; - . .,.... ~ ., --. t . __, . \ á- 1. .1'1 - .:..l.~_, , .. ., ~ .... . ,_ ~ .:.:> • J.
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but that :1is brother Feizollah ~-!~S ol~e~ and. ~1as ~ ~uch better . ~e~cry for f -?.cts. ~-:r. Feizolla1:t ráIarndar :t.nd I ;;,et . in his :to:.?e one late i [ay :-;;ornin~ for an})!'oxi.:ately ten :niá!lutes, 1nd d:uri~g t i1at :tL'1e t ~1is s ental ancl in- sisr~tful soul con..1eyed the. fo!..lo ."1i:n:g , ~ár'hich .á r;i.ay be of ii1terest to -s o::1e of
:/ou: ~le 'ioes recall many details of the yea.rs he spent in i tosco•,ár , incluái- ing :::ost of • t~1e á belieT1ers in t he ci t::-r at t l:at t.i~:le an:l t '.:e 3u1.)3eqttent for- • •
t ti.nes of a~ny of these i.ndi..;idi.tals, á'3.ná:i ~:.e ~..rotll rl be r:tore t~1an '1-Jillinz to .~ns1.-1er any questions I mig11t asY<. ~~e '.f i.-:1 recom:nend ~10~.-1e ..1er t:t:it ! ta.I!-< iáritli !áI essrs. . Kazem and Ziaollah KazemzadeJ:i... and Dr• Fi:-uz Y.azer.tzadeh. D.nd also t 11at ! do some. reading on the subject of Ba:W. ' is i:i ~Ioscoá.~ before returning to interview áhi."n. He á also ~ent i . one:d .á that f.1r . Fereyd-un ~álazlu.--n, resident of Locarno, Sl1issa - (Italian_S 1.-1 itz~rl~nd) has ior.e r e searc'.'.'l on
t ion on ']ussian :3al1a' i histor~r. ':!e s~~all ~:;e - T... eo Tolstoi' s contact t!ti th t h e. Ba..,,.,~i°' i Faith, and as a aource of info.r r;,a- touch. God willing. in
4) Dr. C!tristine Sarna.ndari-Hak im • I;:inguages: Persian,_ ?rench, ':'n.slish De gráe es: ?-'l.D. in Jociolo gy .of Religion, Universite de -:..:>ar 1.S, á 1 9,..,8 '. ( ?• ) ,• .i' 1 ' . A• , • .:.>O- in r
c iology of Religion, Univer- si te de !áIa..nterre, 1971; dis- . . sertation topic: ' ?-faissance de la Foi Baha'fe, et Son Proces- 9u.s . Social,' 1971 .. Intervie~t1: .itctually; ~.,1e r.1issed out o~, tr~e intervieá.1, and so I left Zurich •:rithout talking to Dr.. .. 3~"'i1andari-I!akim in person; but •,re did engage áin a. s:tort telephone conversation du~ing á.i11ich áI found ti'lat t:1e chere doc- teur is equally fluent in E~glish and French (and, I assume, in Persia..~ as á •;relll ) J tl\at s~e i~ a ver-J. báusy nother and auth or, an1 currently at - \á/Ork ápreparing aá bo.ok á in Fr~ilch .for a S•:riss cor!h"!lercial publisher on the . Fersecutions of' Bah'i' is in Ira:t, the assa.ssiIT..ation of ~er fat l1er, t~1e re- ḥ'...i.'lC'.oited )r. _l~Ianout-cher ?.:akim, á 1.-1it~1 an i~,_trodµction át o t::e 3aha'1 ~.,aith- its 11istor.1 and principles--<les_i gned for th~. educated European (particular- iy t'r:e S .-1isa md French) reader. I á.1ill i::ie suppl~ring you \ári t ~'l nore 1etails
ofá Dr. Sa-:iandari-i:J akim' s paper s, publicatior..s áa nd professional á.-rork in ny =.ext re:Port on 3a ha' f St1..ldies •.-rorld.- .tJide. 15.Jf
De <::-rees: ~ . \vhat for?
Interá.riew: . ?á!r •. Dieter . ~t:e~rer~c.Ii..mid 9.!'ld . I met at a gatherih.P..' in honor o f t '.á. ~ :{and á of the Cause of God Zikrullah Kha C.em in t:te hor:ie oá: ~1r. and. ~ ::.:-s. :-::1a.;lsi, Basel, S;-lit.zerla.."'1d, in Jan;la.ry 1981, and •..te kept 1.!1 touch b:r :9CSt c_,~ing "'::!Y travela, and. á..;=:en ! declare d ey intention to :eturn to Ga.3el, iá! r. iá!eyer...Sch.:nid most generously and á~O'ringly invited .ne to stay '.-i it:1 ~il!l and his .far.'lily. I. of course accepted his invitation anrl. '~it:t .io~r. ?á1r. :á:l eyer(pleaae let t~e . Sc!-'.I!lid be un,.i.el'ástood!) i::s a talented and pi.cfessional . . sir.ger, . a chorister in Easel ~ -- á some seven years no•,1. Ee ~ á á 11 y rrom i~ ori.~:.na_ .. '..:i ermany~ ('! . F or: maL: á -r ~r ear :_ s .:1as b een a .: :. t u dent and pr3.ctitiá~!"l.er of reli;Eion, a mystic á.,:.'1!'lá1er.e r indeed, and rl.uring his vran- '!eri.::-.i.i;s ~1e haa been a Budd...i.ist, .tJ. Tr ""::scendental rá!editator (and hence, ~le explained, oore or less IIindu) a:: i -9.~Lso attracted to Theosophy. For ,£l nlL:tber- of yea:s he taught T .!~. in Ger~y, : until he r:iade cet"tain dis- coT1er i.es t-:!:iqh. :,aT:e. set him a gai::-w t t h is method of meditation, a.t.'"ld this !'e2.ic;i-:~ rnasquerading as. sc_ience. !áIr. !áieyer '.iOtild. have those .of you ._f~O !.1".'e .attracted to T.?á!. be~1a-:-e--his years of experience a.a instruc"tor and 1.11iti::.::or á and transcendental meditator qT1a1ify hi.Cl to separate .,,~~eat f::-c::i cl-...aff and see t l\e realities of this Cz':'ganization, techr.ig11e ~:ind p;1ilosoph:r as disti:ri.guished from theá_ appearances. Those of ~.-,:-;i •át:io ':!OUld care to d.iSCUSS t.'1is SUbje~t l\lith :-lr. 'f'fey er can refer ;{OU.:-selv es to h irJ ádirectly. r.'fe spent most o! our ti.'?le. together diac1ir.s1ng Buddhist - a..Ttd Ba.~a' i "lifeatyJ_e ''á :md concept io:ri...s o! life 'l...."ld purpose :i nd art. ~á!r. lá~ eyer is a long-t~e student of the :;::-t of ikebana, of Japa.J,1ese flo\'fe!'- . arran;ing, and of the tea ceremony, a~other Budd~iat-in!luenced Japanese ettstorn. :!is. gar1en iaá beautifully . . :"'l olded and. f oliated : to be conducive to medit;ition, a.~d láfr. l'l eyer willá soon build áa little teak tea house fo-r ~is tea ceremoniea áand meditations. He has composed some love!;' lovely ~elodies to en.':iance theá beauty ot selected verses fror:i the :Sabi and: Ba- r:i•i Scriptures Wl1.en recited for 'the :pleasure.á of the spiritually-attract- ed. :rr. iáreyer dQes not write papers, nor does he normally give speec ~es or t~ach c l asses. ITe is an artist and a mystic, a sir.ger and a sculptor of colour and form and .thrcu.gh his art he seeks to expre.sa trl tth and beauty, a.."'ld . to convey t he Bah~i rn.essage. á He 1.~ould be interested in discusain.~ with ot~er Baha'fa a...~d. with Buddhists the parallels between t:ieae two religio"'.1.S, t :~ese two world-~riews, and the greater spiritual lii'e of t~e Buddhist in accepting and glorify~~..g and living according to the "::?.evelation of Ba:1a1 áu.t llah. á. This soul is pure !'i eartl How I miss his lov- ing co~pa.ny and th.At of his affectionate and practica1 and devoted spouse, and their two winsome children! If you happen to come by some beautiful ~rocal -:::ruaic for l:r:-ic tenor; please consider sending a oow to .this won- •l erful soul.
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á.-ro::... ' ~s ~')~' Jr. ? á: :irel, ;:ecipie:nt of a Tablet frori ' ..:\b(iu' 1-Ea~á 1 an~i :-cputed - - to ~~3.á..-a :-:een one orá t'.'1.e first declared 3aha' is or s~._ri_ss r...atior1ality. . ~\l- so 3.t ZZ !.ire conies of 7-Joo:<::s ':.rritten bv tr~e 2 e-:rerend >~a"::uel 2ob ert Louis ~ v .
i~aussen, about . one •:lozen in all, he l".aving b een .a. fa:;'1011s interp:-etáe r of y:áop~etáica.l literature t tl1e only S~.-1iss natiorial iistin31.iisl1ed by SltC:t t :: eo!_o~_~ ical r:eri t. áA c orrrplete list of all 3a11:a•1-:áelated tit 1 es fa t.ind cJ. t ZZ f olloi..1s: ~:\fnan, Rufii !áIuhsen, Zoroa&ter's Influer.ce on Greek T11ou,- :;ht; lá~ev1 York: Phi- lc3osphical Library; "1 965 ... (":?a' 371+B ) ...-á-- • á~ •• • ;\-:-3.S t en' , .~á:. .eza , ~uuc a t.1. on !J.n d. S. oc . 1a . l !'\•,:a~~ • T_!' 3. n 18 " . ' e ni• r~F? in '°"'.3
z•.J. BX-ill, 19:;2. . ,SL 29130 ' .A bdl1' l-3al1a, ::\.n nUru' l-ah2a..fi. !iutá~.:aia.t•,table tal1-:s collected t;~/á LaU:"a . - áJ }.iffoti. 3ar:!e~~' ; ~eiá~en:. E. J • . _.(rill, T.Jondon, 1908. (3J 266) ( * . .. = ~;&J,_c.>t,.. (.;;>~,t... &ir§{~,--1.~\ ) . . . . ' .J\.bdu'l.;..Ja:áia, Le.a Le or..s de Sai1:t ifean-d' ~l.. cre, traduit á1u .per-san pa ::- ~1ip :polyte . Dre:rft!Sj Paris: 1954, troisi eme edition. (.E~3 574) ' .i\t)du'l-3a!i.a, Ansn1~achen in Paris, tran~lated from r.-!isdorn of 1 .Abá:l11 1 l-J'3.i1.;t ávy Elsa lá[aria Grossm~'1ll, r-ter~ann Gross:na.7lll; Fran.1.cf:.irt-aG'l-i-iain: 2-al1a Ii- ára:-:.?.5, 1963, 5 .A.ufla3e. (.r"B .,030) á ., á . . áá ....~ G-:) ' ..t\.'~á:lu'l-3al:.a, La 1>To~ra ta:""'.'o . ~lortoj. (3a.11a.j i:--..str~o,j.) o0(19 •• ). ( . - '"'-~ "-: ".'> 'áa-'T áááo- 1r - ~~1 áxá,á~i ('1á0~3-.<: ,Q ) -:r á~.~á "" 0'74 (rm. .?~ ;::. ) á á- - . ... á'"" , á - ,A.• ~á ~ ! á:al._""'. ~ J ,.. á : . • ,) .. Iá" :. •. . :..J _ _,, _ •
-~. ar~,3. t u ' lla..'!, :.. as1 ta. á.ro:-t --:> .1 . 1TOr1.s 1.nale s!-:r-in::. taJ en 9.raba 11ng'/OJ1 =-~e 1 la ?J_e .~strpera ?J.u::o' á Pseud. f. B. El á.da 3.ngla li:n.~10 t r aci. '/;J.si.ly .J • .E:;:o- ~enlc:o, 1.-cun. h elpo rl.e A.~es 3. I\.J.eksand.ro. J apan: 1915. ('Sspá G1 ) Ja~'"la 1 u' llah , ~:.2.~ita,i . ~t.or_toáj. El la li!'lgi;o trad. Lotfulla:'1 S. II<'ll-: :::i., ,J()~in á E. EssJ.e!':lont; I,o:!"lc on: .. 191 s. (Ssp G.501) á á 3a!~'u'l}. ah, ,\eh~enlese. Ai..1s den Schriften 3a~a 1 il'llar.s. t:.. ans.l ated f.rom t ':.e .un;s... , :... . s.~ . o f ..,~!.o ~ ,.. . ,g:-~1 ' . z..r!_en . . . .. d 1, . ,..1 . •h .. . ~ I I 11 ' u ean:.tn::;;s rron 1. . • e i.•1 ri.~ir~-;s o t .:..Ja ~1P1... u __a.."1; ~ L • .,. -. •
E':..... a..~:furt-arn-l1aLl'J.: Bal:a' i-V'erlag, 1971, reprint o.:f' 19j:; , sixt:--i edition. (?3 9373) ~- ~1!'á u.' lla.~' -~--.~-' <f ne. "'"'K •ftfMIC i. llOC.A . ' ;.J..~ . ..•. s# ,l \ \ '. " ~~;!9!.~á==~:--1-~::.G.....:L::::~:..á St1t.a.,-'A~•, ~J~as.i., E>tpo~• &.. '10Sattll, . - na.np ~rr Tw.noc-fa•\A '1MttepaTop«.\(oA .-.kAA~JioC•~ I ., '.
, IUjt<"" t ,0.i •~t...d\l.C.t; Ott, l'T. 1<ot<OSLl08\,• . ( DJ 233) 3ahai 3~ist~es (~ersisch; 25 Briefe L~ F~csimile).o.0.(192~). (contents: Facsimiles of t1á1er1t y -fo.u r Tablets writtená in ~i.a..~d~<f!' i ting of ' ~-...b1u' 1- Ja:~, :icst á..rit:1 I!is si3natu.re; letter f:;:-o;:i E. ~!all , ~.-l.at.ed 29 ;ára:r 1922, return á9.ád.dreSa of :'Fernbank'', 161 Queen 1 s ~cad, á Finsb~J Parl-:, L on~.on :i4, i!ldicatir.g t~1e 8ailing of .>in nUr'.l 1 l-abh~ ••• and of t ~~-e t :1anty -foi..ir . - • 79
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