The Baha'i Faith
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Source: Bahá'í Library Online (bahai-library.com), curated by Jonah Winters. Used by permission of the curator. Original citation: Robert Stockman, The Baha'i Faith, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, bahai-library.com.
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The Bahá'í Faith

Robert Stockman
published in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008

(Note about terminology and spelling. The word bahá
is Arabic for glory or splendor; the superlative form is abhá, most glorious or
most splendid. From this root is formed Bahá'u'lláh, “the glory of
God,” the title taken by the founder of the Faith, and from it comes Bahá'í, a word used as a noun to refer to a follower of Bahá'u'lláh and as an
adjective to refer to things pertaining to the Bahá'í Faith. Grammatically, the
word “Bahá'í” functions identically to the word “Christian.” While some
academics have used the term “Bahaism,” it is not used at all in Bahá'í
authoritative texts or literature in English and most Bahá'ís find it
offensive. The standard term is “Bahá'í Faith” (with a capital F, indicating it
is part of a proper name).

A
standard transliteration system for Arabic and Persian words was adopted by the
Bahá'í Faith worldwide in 1923. Academics and dictionaries have transliterated
Bahá'í terms according to various systems or dropped transliteration
altogether. This article will adopt the Bahá'í system, which has far more
currency than any alternative.)

The Bahá'í Faith began in Iran. Its founder, Bahá'u'lláh
(1817-92) taught the oneness of God, of religion, and of humanity, stressed the
principle of unity, promulgated the religion’s personal spiritual practices,
and defined its main institutions. His successors as heads of the Faith,
‘Abdu'l-Bahá (1844-1921), Shoghi Effendi (1897-1957), and now the nine-member
Universal House of Justice (first elected in 1963), have continued to develop
the Faith’s teachings and institutions and disseminate it worldwide.

History and Major
Figures

The Bahá'í Faith emerged from Twelver
Shi’ism, the form of Islam dominating Iran, which believes that a succession of
twelve imams followed Muhammad and
expects the return of the Twelfth Imam at the end of time. On May 23, 1844, `Alí-Muhammad
(1819-50), a young merchant from Shiraz, in southern Iran, announced that he
was that promised return. Taking the title of the Báb (“the Gate” in Arabic), he began to pen texts that he
claimed were divine revelation. His followers, Bábís, grew rapidly in number,
prompting strong opposition from Iran’s Shi’ite establishment and his imprisonment.
Executions, army assaults against Bábí groups, and mob action resulted in the
deaths of thousands to tens of thousands of Bábís. The Báb was executed by
firing squad in 1850.

One of the few surviving Bábí
leaders was Husayn-‘Alí of Núr (1817-92), son of a prominent member of the
court. He took the title of Bahá'u'lláh (“Glory of God” in Arabic). The Báb
hinted in his writings that Bahá'u'lláh was “he whom God will make manifest,” a
messianic figure to appear nineteen years after the beginning of the Báb’s own
mission. The Báb appointed Yahyá, Bahá'u'lláh’s teenaged half brother, the
nominal head of the Bábí Faith, presumably to draw attention away from
Bahá'u'lláh yet allow him to continue his role as informal leader of the Bábís.

In 1852 the Iranian government imprisoned
Bahá'u'lláh, then exiled him. He went to Ottoman Iraq, where he withdrew into
the wilderness for two years, then established himself in Baghdad and began to compose
texts that, he hinted, were divine revelation. In April 1863 he formally announced
his claim to be the messenger of God foretold by the Báb. The vast majority of
Bábís accepted him over the next decade and became Bahá'ís.

In the next thirty years
Bahá'u'lláh suffered additional exiles to Istanbul, Edirne in European Turkey,
and the Turkish penal city of Acre (modern Akko in northern Israel). His half-brother
Yahyá broke from him and established the Azalí movement, which never attracted
more than a few hundred followers. Bahá'u'lláh produced theological and
philosophical treatises, Qur’an commentaries, prayers, responses to attacks on
his religion, mystical poetry, ethical works, and epistles to his followers. His
literary corpus, encompassing some 15,000 extant works in Arabic, Persian, and
an erudite combination of the two, comprises the core of Bahá'í scripture.

In his will, Bahá'u'lláh
appointed his eldest son, ‘Abbás (1844-1921), his successor and the head of his
Faith. ‘Abbás took the title of ‘Abdu'l-Bahá (“servant of Bahá” in Arabic). His
literary corpus of 16,000 works in Arabic, Persian, and Ottoman Turkish is
regarded as inspired interpretation of Bahá'u'lláh’s works and form a part of
Bahá'í scripture. One of `Abdu'l-Bahá’s major accomplishments was coordinating
the spread of the Bahá'í Faith to the Occident, starting in 1893. After the
Young Turks Revolution in 1908, ‘Abdu'l-Bahá was freed from house arrest in
Acre and was able to travel to Egypt (1910), Europe (1911, 1913) and North
America (1912). He gave hundreds of talks, interpreting and explaining Bahá'í
teachings to western audiences. He also began to establish local and national
Bahá'í organizations and oversaw work on two Bahá'í Houses of Worship.

In his Will and Testament, ‘Abdu'l-Bahá appointed his grandson, Shoghi
Effendi Rabbani (1897-1957) to be his successor and the Guardian of the Bahá'í
Faith. Upon `Abdu'l-Bahá’s passing in November 1921, Shoghi Effendi took
provisions in the Will and Testament
as a blueprint for establishing local and national Spiritual Assemblies, the nine-person governing councils of Bahá'í
communities, and then gave the national Spiritual Assemblies goals for
spreading the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford educated, Shoghi Effendi created
authoritative English translations of many of Bahá'u'lláh’s works. His 36,000
letters in English, Persian, Arabic, and French are considered authoritative
interpretation, but not scripture.

When Shoghi Effendi died
unexpectedly in November 1957, the twenty-seven individuals he had appointed Hands of the Cause of God as “chief
stewards” of the Bahá'í Faith assumed temporary responsibility to coordinate
the community until the Universal House
of Justice, a nine-man supreme governing council, was elected in April
1963. The Universal House of Justice, whose authority and functions were
outlined by Bahá'u'lláh, ‘Abdu'l-Bahá, and Shoghi Effendi, is elected by all
the members of the national Spiritual Assemblies every five years. It has continued
the expansion of the Bahá'í Faith worldwide, answered hundreds of thousands of
letters asking for clarification of the Bahá'í teachings, issued statements on
Bahá'í principles, coordinated the Faith’s external relations, and guided the
development of local and national Bahá'í institutions.

Teachings and
Practices

The Bahá'í teachings are often summarized as the oneness of
God, the oneness of religion, and the oneness of humanity. Bahá'u'lláh spoke of
God as an ultimately unknowable essence which manifests its qualities and
attributes in the natural world and vouchsafes revelation to humanity through
chosen mouthpieces termed manifestations.
He identified Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Muhammad, Zoroaster, the Báb, and himself
as manifestations. ‘Abdu'l-Bahá added the Buddha, and Shoghi Effendi, Krishna,
to the list. Bahá'í scripture attributes the differences between religions to
differing cultural and linguistic contexts, fallible interpretation of the
teachings, and humanity’s unfolding needs. The religions’ messianic expectations
are understood to refer to the Báb or Bahá'u'lláh. Bahá'u'lláh’s writings
contain many interpretations of qur’anic and biblical texts.

The
oneness of humanity refers to the idea that all human beings come from the same
stock and therefore are fundamentally equal, regardless of race or gender. The
manifestations have been their divine educators and an important source of
human cultural and ethical progress. Bahá'u'lláh claims to be the manifestation
for the modern age and to bring teachings that will serve as the founding
principles of a world civilization. Among them are equal rights of women in all
social spheres, including work and politics; universal education; the harmony
of science and religion; the elevation of work, performed as a service to
humanity, to the level of worship; the central role of consultation (a system
of collective decision making that starts with prayer); and the need for an
international system of governance that prevents war, protects the environment,
coordinates the flow of commerce, and reduces the extremes of wealth and
poverty.

The
principle of unity is central to Bahá'í doctrine. At the practical level, it
refers to groups of persons consulting and serving others together, but the
ultimate goal is being “one soul in many bodies,” a mystical level of trust,
intimacy, and communion. Partisanship prevents spiritual unity and thus Bahá'ís
do not join political parties (though they can vote). Bahá'í community
governance is based on electing nine-member spiritual assemblies in an
atmosphere of prayer and in the complete absence of nominations, campaigning,
or any mentioning of names. The religion has no clergy. Complementing the
elected councils are individual advisors, consultants, and encouragers: Counselors at the international and
continental levels (appointed by the Universal House of Justice), Auxiliary Board members at the national
and regional levels, and assistants
at the local level.

Anyone
who recognizes Bahá'u'lláh as a manifestation of God and ‘Abdu'l-Bahá and
Shoghi Effendi as his successors, accepts the Bahá'í institutions they created,
and strives to follow their teachings, is considered a Bahá'í. Bahá'ís are to recite,
daily and in private, one of the Faith’s three obligatory prayers; fast
(abstain from food, water, and tobacco) from sunrise to sunset every March
2-20; read the Word of God every morning and evening; serve others; follow
Bahá'í moral laws (such as abstaining from sex outside of heterosexual marriage
and from alcohol); go on pilgrimage (currently to the Bahá'í World Center in
northern Israel); participate in Bahá'í community activities (such as voting
and attending Feast, the monthly
Bahá'í community meeting); and support their religion by teaching it to others
and contributing to its funds. A strong personal connection with Bahá'u'lláh
and `Abdu'l-Bahá is an important part of the personal faith of Bahá'ís.

Current Extent and
Status

The Bahá'í Faith moved beyond its Iranian Shi’ite milieu in
the 1870s and 1880s when Iranian Jews, Zoroastrians, and Sunni Muslims joined.
By the 1890s Sunnis as far west as Egypt and as far east as Indonesia had
become Bahá'ís, as had Lebanese Christians and Burmese Buddhists. ‘Abdu'l-Bahá oversaw
the conversion of one or two hundred Europeans, a similar number of Indians (mostly
Parsees), and of Burmese, a few thousand North Americans, and a scattering of
Japanese, Chinese, Hindus, Sikhs, Hawaiians, Australians, New Zealanders, South
Africans, and Latin Americans. Once Shoghi Effendi established a network of national
Spiritual Assemblies, he encouraged them to found Bahá'í communities across
Latin America (1937-53), Europe (1946-53) Africa (1950-63), and Asia and the
Pacific (1953-63). The Universal House of Justice has continued the spread of
the Bahá'í Faith, especially in former Iron Curtain countries after 1989. The
World Christian Encyclopedia regards it as the second most widespread religion
in the world (Christianity is found in 238 countries, the Bahá'í Faith in 218,
and Islam in 204). Its membership, about 100,000 in 1900 and 250,000 in 1963,
was about five million in 2000. Persecution of the Bahá'ís continues in some
Islamic nations, notably Egypt and Iran, where 222 have been executed in the
last twenty-eight years.

Bibliography.

`Abdu'l-Bahá. Some Answered Questions, comp.
trans. Laura Clifford Barney, 4th US. ed. Wilmette, Ill.: Bahá'í
Publishing Trust, 1981.

Bahá'u'lláh. Gleanings from the Writings of
Bahá'u'lláh, trans. ed. Shoghi Effendi, rev. ed. Wilmette, Ill.: Bahá'í
Publishing Trust, 1952.

Bahá'u'lláh. The Kitáb-i-Aqdas: The Most Holy
Book, trans. ed. Bahá'í World Centre. Haifa: Bahá'í World Centre, 1993.

Bahá'u'lláh, the Báb, and `Abdu'l-Bahá. Bahá'í
Prayers: A Selection of Prayers Revealed by Bahá'u'lláh, the Báb, and
`Abdu'l-Bahá, 2d. ed. Wilmette, Ill.: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 2002.

Collins, William P. Bibliography of
English-Language Works on the Bábí and Bahá'í Faiths, 1844-1985. Oxford:
George Ronald, 1990.

Hatcher, William S., and J. Douglas Martin. The
Bahá'í Faith: The Emerging Global Religion, new ed. Wilmette, Ill.: Bahá'í
Publishing Trust, 2003.

Shoghi Effendi. Call to the Nations.
Haifa: Bahá'í World Centre, 1977.

Smith, Peter.
The Babi and Baha’i Religions: From
Messianic Shi’ism to a World Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press,
1987.

Smith, Peter. A
Concise Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: Oneworld, 2000.

Stockman,
Robert H. The Bahá'í Faith in America, Origins,
1892-1900: Volume 1. Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1985.

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-- The Baha'i Faith (Used by permission of the curator)